9 Bibliography

The following papers investigate the causes of deformity in real populations of frogs:

• Blaustein, A. R., J. M. Kiesecker, et al. 1997. Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 94: 13735-13737.

• Burkhart, J. G., J. C. Helgen, et al. 1998. Induction of mortality and mal- formation in Xenopus laevis embryos by water sources associated with field frog deformities. Environmental Health Perspectives 106: 841-848.

• Gardiner, D. M., and D. M. Hoppe. 1999. Environmentally induced limb malformations in mink frogs (Rana septentrionalis). Journal of Experimental Zoology 284: 207-216.

• Gillilland, M. G., and P. M. Muzzall. 2002. Amphibians, trematodes, and deformities: An overview from southern Michigan. Comparative Parasitology 69: 81-85.

• Goodman B. A., and P. T. J. Johnson. 2011. Disease and the extended phenotype: Parasites control host performance and survival through induced changes in body plan. PLoS ONE 6(5): e20193. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020193

• Johnson, P. T. J., K. B. Lunde, et al. 1999. The effect of trematode infection on amphibian limb development and survivorship. Science 284: 802-804.

• Sessions, S. K., R. A. Franssen, and V. L. Horner. 1999. Morphological clues from multilegged frogs: Are retinoids to blame? Science 284: 800-802.