Anthony G. Greenwald, PhD

SELECTED ARTICLES & CHAPTERS, BY TOPIC

Most of the publications on this page are available as downloads — click on "PDF"

Implicit Social Cognition (1995-present)
Unconscious Cognition (1989-present)
Student Ratings of Instruction (1995-present)
Attitudes and Social Cognition (1965-present)
The Self (1980-1994)
Research Methodology (1975-present)
Control of Voluntary Attention and Action (1968-1973)
Reward and Punishment in Human Learning (1966-1970)

Click here for a separate page with some unpublished papers [return to home page]

IMPLICIT SOCIAL COGNITION Back to Top

Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., Maddox, C. D., Nosek, B. A., Rudman, L. A., Devos, T. Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., Steffens, M. C., Lane, K., Horcajo, J., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Quinby, A., Srivastava, S. B., Schmidt, K., Aidman, E., Tang, E., Farnham, S., Mellott, D. S., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2020, in press). Meta-analytic use of balanced identity theory to validate the Implicit Association Test. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. [PDF - 1.4MB]

Greenwald, A. G., Brendl, M., Cai, H., Cvencek, D., Dovidio, J. F., Friese, M., … Wiers, R. (2020, April 7). The Implicit Association Test at age 20: What is known and what is not known about implicit bias. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bf97c [PDF - 1.2MB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K. (2020). Implicit social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 419-445. [PDF - 1.2MB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72, 861–871. [PDF - 149KB]

Rae, J. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Persons or situations? Individual differences explain variance in aggregated implicit race attitudes. Psychological Inquiry, 28, 297–300. [PDF - 539KB]

Kirby, T. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Mental ownership: Does mental rehearsal transform novel stimuli into mental possessions? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 125–135. [PDF - 465KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2017). An AI stereotype catcher. Science, 356 (6334), 133–134. [PDF - 435KB]

Capers, Q., Clinchot, D., McDougle, L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions, Academic Medicine, 92, 365–369. [PDF - 267KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2016). Implicit measures for preschool children confirm self-esteem's role in maintaining a balanced identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 50–57.[PDF - 673KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 553–561. [PDF - 453KB]

11 Dec 2014 (Just published): Nosek, B. A., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., Axt, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (2014). Understanding and using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended scoring procedures. PLoS ONE 9(12): e110938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110938. [PDF - 481KB]

Kang, J., Bennett, M. W., Carbado, D. W., Casey, P., Dasgupta, N., Faigman, D. L., Godsil, R. D., Greenwald, A. G. , Levinson, J. D., & Mnookin, J. L. (2012). Implicit bias in the courtroom. UCLA Law Review, 59, 1124–1186. [PDF - 618KB]

Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Greenwald, A. G., Simard, D., Pontiero, J., Brnjas, A., Khan, B., Mills, J., & Dovidio, J. F. (2012). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 562–575. [PDF - 100KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2012). Balanced identity theory: Evidence for implicit consistency in social cognition. In Gawronski, B., & Strack, F. (Eds.), Cognitive consistency: A unifying concept in social psychology (pp. 157–177). New York: Guilford Press. [PDF - 737KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Brown, A., Snowden, R., Gray, N. (in press). Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable. Basic and Applied Social Psychology. [PDF - 324KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A, N. (2011). Measuring Implicit attitudes of 4-year-old children: The Preschool Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109, 187–200. [PDF - 203KB]

Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Math–gender stereotypes in elementary-school children. Child Development, 82, 766–789. [PDF - 342KB]

Leavitt, K., Fong, C. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Asking about well-being gets you half an answer: Intra-individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 672–687. [PDF - 123KB]

Sheets, P., Domke, D., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). God and Country: The partisan psychology of the presidency, religion, and nation. Political Psychology, 32, 459–484. [PDF - 172KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). A comparison of minimal group induction procedures. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 14, 81–98. [PDF - 575KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Brown, A., Snowden, R., Gray, N. (2010). Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 302–314. [PDF - 373KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Sriram, N. (2010). No measure is perfect, but some measures can be quite useful: Response to two comments on the Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 57, 238–242. [PDF - 81KB]

Andrews, J. A., Hampson, S. E., Greenwald, A. G., Gordon, J,, & Widdop, C. (2010). Using the Implicit Association Test to assess children’s implicit attitudes toward smoking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 2387–2406 [PDF - 120KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (in press). Balanced identity theory: Evidence for implicit consistency in social cognition. In Gawronski, B., & Strack, F. (Eds.), Cognitive consistency: A unifying concept in social psychology. New York: Guilford Press. [PDF - 342KB]

Sheets, P., Domke, D., & Greenwald, A. G. (in press). God and Country: The partisan psychology of the presidency, religion, and nation. Political Psychology [PDF - 187KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2010, in press). A comparison of minimal group induction procedures. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations. [PDF - 195KB]

Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2010, in press). Math–gender stereotypes in elementary-school children. Child Development. [PDF - 401KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Smith, C. T., Sriram, N., Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Race attitude measures predicted vote in the 2008 U. S. Presidential Election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9, 241–253. [PDF - 435KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17–41. [PDF - 634KB].
Also: Non-technical brief summary of meta-analysis - 105KB.
Also: summary of articles showing IAT validity in "real-world" samples.
Also: Archive for above meta-analysis (it's big — 95 MEGAbytes; please check description of contents before deciding to download). The archive is intended to make the database of the meta-analysis accessible to others who may wish to do further analyses or are considering doing a further meta-analysis that might use the same database. To download the 95 MB zipfile, click here.

Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 56, 283–294. [PDF ].
Also: Supplementary materials [PDF - 323KB] (mainly stimulus words and images) for Sriram & Greenwald Brief IAT article. This is the only source of these materials — they are not in the journal article.

Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Sriram, N., Lindner, N. M., Devos, T., Ayala, A., Bar-Anan, Y., Bergh, R., Cai, H., Gonsalkorale, K., Kesebir, S., Maliszewski, N., Neto, F., Olli, E., Park, J., Schnabel, K., Shiomura, K., Tulbure, B., Wiers, R. W., Somogyi, M., Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., Vianello, M., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 10593–10597. [PDF - 233KB]
Also: zipfile including article reprint along with supplementary materials and analyses [zipfile - 269KB].

Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B.A. (2008). Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean? In Petty, R. E., Fazio, R. H., & Briñol, P. (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (Pp. 65–82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PDF - 792KB]

Schnabel, K. Asendorpf, J. B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Implicit Association Tests: A landmark for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews and D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory and Testing (Pp. 508–528). London: Sage. [PDF - 355KB]

Perkins, A., Forehand, M., Greenwald, A. G., & Maison, D. (2008). The influence of implicit social cognition on consumer behavior: Measuring the non-conscious. In C. Haugtvedt, P. Herr, & F. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology (Pp. 461–475). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PDF - 1.0MB]

Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Hansen, J. J., Devos, T., Lindner, N. M., Ranganath, K. A., Smith, C. T., Olson, K. R., Chugh, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. (2007). Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 36–88. [PDF - 562KB]

Yamaguchi, S., Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Murakami, F., Chen, D., Shiomura, K., Kobayashi, C., Cai, H., & Krendl, A. (2007). Apparent universality of positive implicit self-esteem. Psychological Science, 18, 498–500. [PDF - 75KB]

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review (pp. 265–292). In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior. Psychology Press. [PDF - 222KB]

Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we know (so far) (Pp. 59–102). In B. Wittenbrink & N. S. Schwarz (Eds.). Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies. New York: Guilford Press. [PDF - 652KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Krieger, L. H. (2006). Implicit bias: Scientific foundations. California Law Review, 94, 945–967. [PDF[searchable - 1.4MB] [PDF[LexisNexis version - 280KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Rudman, L. A., Nosek, B. A., & Zayas, V. (2006). Why so little faith? A reply to Blanton and Jaccard's (2006) skeptical view of testing pure multiplicative theories. Psychological Review, 113, 170–180. [PDF - 610KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Sriram, N. (2006). Consequential validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on the article by Blanton and Jaccard. American Psychologist, 61, 56–61. [PDF - 403KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Klauer, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience asymmetry interpretation of the IAT: Comment on Rothermund and Wentura (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 420–425. [PDF - 58KB]

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166–180. [PDF - 160KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2005). Clarifying the role of the "other" category in the self-esteem IAT. Experimental Psychology, 52, 74–79. [PDF - 75KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Understanding implicit partisanship: Enigmatic (but genuine) group identification and attraction. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 7, 283–296. [PDF - 114KB]

Brunel, F. F., Tietje, B. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test a valid and valuable measure of implicit consumer social cognition. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 385–404. [PDF - 893KB]

Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. H. (2004). Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands, consumer attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 405–415. [PDF - 91KB]

Cai, H., Sriram, N., Greenwald, A. G., & McFarland, S. G. (2004). The Implicit Association Test's D measure can minimize a cognitive skill confound: Comment on McFarland and Crouch (2002). Social Cognition, 22, 673–684. [PDF - 231KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216. [abstract] [PDF - 287KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Oakes, M. A., & Hoffman, H. (2003). Targets of Discrimination: Effects of Race on Responses to Weapons Holders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 399-405. [abstract] [PDF - 247KB] [samples of stimuli used in this research]

Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25. [abstract] [PDF - 649KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Pickrell, J. E., & Farnham, S. D. (2002). Implicit partisanship: Taking sides for no reason. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 367-379. [Abstract] [PDF - 174KB]

Uhlmann, E., Dasgupta, N., Elgueta, A., Greenwald, A. G., & Swanson, J. E. (2002). Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America. Social Cognition, 23, 198-226. [PDF - 197KB]

Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S. (2002). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17, 482-495. [Abstract] [PDF - 198KB]

Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1164-1178. [PDF - 121KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85-93. [abstract] [PDF - 215KB]

Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814. [abstract] [PDF - 457KB]

Swanson, J. E., Rudman, L. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Using the Implicit Association Test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatized behavior. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 207-230. [PDF - 344KB]

Park, L. E., Cook, K. E., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Implicit indicators of women's persistence in math, science, and engineering. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 6, 145-152. [PDF - 580KB]

Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. (2001). The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2, 61-79. [abstract] [PDF - 268KB]

Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316-328. [abstract] [PDF - 72KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038. [abstract] [PDF - 516kB]

Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17, 437-465. [PDF-1.5MB]

Farnham, S. D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji (1999). Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams & M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 230-248). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. [abstract] [PDF-719KB]

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. [abstract] [PDF-501KB]

Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198. [abstract] [PDF-590KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27. [abstract] [PDF-1.1MB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Schuh, E. S. (1994). An ethnic bias in scientific citations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 623-640. [PDF-345KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1990). What cognitive representations underlie attitudes? Bulletin of the Psycholonomic Society, 28, 254-260. [abstract] [PDF - 305KB

UNCONSCIOUS COGNITION Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1705–1721. [PDF - 558KB]

Zayas, V., Greenwald, A. G., & Osterhout, L. (2011). Unintentional covert motor activations predict behavioral effects: Multilevel modeling of trial-level electrophysiological motor activations. Psychophysiology, 48, 208–217. [PDF - 371KB]

Klauer, K. C., Eder, A. B., Greenwald, A. G., & Abrams, R. L. (2007). Priming of semantic classifications by novel subliminal prime words. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 63–83. [PDF - 326KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Abrams, R. L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). Long-term semantic memory versus contextual memory in unconscious number processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 29, 235-247. [abstract] [PDF - 225KB]

Abrams, R. L., Klinger, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Subliminal words activate semantic categories (not automated motor responses). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 100-106. [abstract] [PDF - 169KB]

Abrams, R. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2000). Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning. Psychological Science, 11, 118-124. [abstract] [PDF - 587KB]

Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 286-303. Full-text version [abstract] [PDF - 544KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1998). Distinguishing unconscious from conscious cognition — Reasonable assumptions and replicable findings: Reply to Merikle and Reingold (1998) and Dosher (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 320-324. [abstract] [PDF - 159KB]

Klauer, K. C., Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1998). Correcting for measurement error in detecting unconscious cognition: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 318-319. [abstract] [PDF - 104KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-deception: Further consideration. In M. S. Myslobodsky (Ed.), The mythomanias: An inquiry into the nature of deception and self-deception (pp. 51-71). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 846KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273, 1699-1702. [abstract] [PDF-178KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 22-42. [abstract] [PDF-713KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1992). New Look 3: Reclaiming unconscious cognition. American Psychologist, 47, 766-779. [abstract] [PDF-435KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Spangenberg, E. R., Pratkanis, A. R., & Eskenazi, J. (1991). Double-blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science, 2, 119-122. [abstract] [PDF - 123KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory and Cognition, 17, 35-47. [PDF - 949KB]

STUDENT RATINGS OF INSTRUCTION Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Validity concerns and usefulness of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1182-1186. [abstract] [PDF - 166KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, G. M. (1997). Grading leniency is a removable contaminant of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1209-1217. [abstract] [PDF - 265KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, J. M. (1997). No pain, no gain? The importance of measuring course workload in student ratings of instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 743-751. [abstract] [PDF - 313KB]

ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2014). With malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination. American Psychologist, 69, 669–684. [PDF - 131KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015, in press). Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [PDF - 507KB]

Greenwald, A. G., (2010). Timothy C. Brock (1935–2009). American Psychologist, 65, 678–678. [PDF - 27KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2010). Under what conditions does intergroup contact improve intergroup harmony? In M. H. Gonzales, C. Tavris, & J. Aronson (Eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson (Pp. 267–281). New York: Psychology Press. [PDF - 700KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.

Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198.

Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 1-10). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 4.5MB; includes pp. 1-10 and 429-440]

Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why attitudes are important: Defining attitude and attitude theory 20 years later. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 429-440). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 4.5MB; includes pp. 1-10 and 429-440]

Pratkanis, A. R., Greenwald, A. G., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1988). In search of reliable persuasion effects: III. The sleeper effect is dead: Long live the sleeper effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 203–218. [PDF - 840KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Bellezza, F. S., & Banaji, M. R. (1988). Is self-esteem a central ingredient of the self-concept? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 34–45. [PDF - 962KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318. [PDF - 648KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Leavitt, C. (1984) Audience involvement in advertising: Four levels. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 581-592. [abstract] [PDF - 308KB]

Ronis, D. L., Baumgardner, M. H., Leippe, M. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (1977). In search of reliable persuasion effects: I. A computer-controlled procedure for studying persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 548-569.

Gillig, P. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1974). Is it time to lay the "sleeper effect" to rest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 132-139. [PDF-438KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1969). The open-mindedness of the counterattitudinal role player. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 375-388. [abstract] [PDF-1.4MB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 147-170). New York: Academic Press. [PDF - 302KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Sakumura, J. S. (1967). Attitude and selective learning: Where are the phenomena of yesteryear? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 387-397. [PDF-458KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Effects of prior commitment on belief change following a persuasive communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29, 596-601. [PDF-204KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Behavior change following a persuasive communication. Journal of Personality, 33, 370-391. [PDF-978KB]

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Back to Top

Benjamin, D. J., Berger, J. O., Johannesson, M., Nosek, B. A., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Berk, R., ... Johnson, V. E. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 6–10. [PDF - 2.5MB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2012). There is nothing so theoretical as a good method. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 99–108. [PDlF - 216KB] [Nobel Prize analysis supplement] [unsolved controversies supplement]

Greenwald, A. G. (2009). What (and where) is the ethical code concerning researcher conflict of interest? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 32–35. [PDF - 74KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2004). The resting parrot, the dessert stomach, and other perfectly defensible theories. In J. Jost, M. R. Banaji, & D. A. Prentice (Eds.), The yin and yang of social cognition: Perspectives on the social psychology of thought systems (Pp. 275–285). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [abstract] [PDF - 206KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Gonzalez, R., Guthrie, D. G., & Harris, R. J. (1996). Effect sizes and p-values: What should be reported and what should be replicated? Psychophsysiology, 33, 175-183. [abstract] [PDF-292KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1988). On the use of "theory" and the usefulness of theory. Psychological Review, 95, 575-579.

Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986), Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 18, 299-303. [abstract] [PDF-400KB] [Text file of norms for 399 words]

Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229. [abstract] [PDF-479KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1981). On the conceptual disconfirmation of theories. Pesonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 131-137. [abstract] [PDF-95KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85, 53-57. [abstract] [PDF-121KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1976). An editorial. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 1-7. [PDF-158KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1976). Within-subjects designs: To use or not to use? Psychological Bulletin, 83, 314-320. [abstract] [PDF-158KB

Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Significance, nonsignificance, and interpretation of an ESP experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 180-191.[abstract] [PDF-219KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1975). On the inconclusiveness of "crucial" cognitive tests of dissonance versus self-perception theories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 490-499. [abstract] [PDF-136KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 1-20. [abstract] [PDF-474B]

THE SELF Back to Top

Spangenberg, E. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1999). Social influence by requesting self-prophecy. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 8, 61-89. [PDF-695KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Getting (my) self into social psychology. In G. G. Brannigan & M. R. Merrens (Eds.), The social psychologists (pp. 3-16). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1989). The self as a memory system: Powerful, but ordinary. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 41-54.

Breckler, S. J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1986). Motivational facets of the self. In E. T. Higgins & R. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 145-164). New York: Guilford Press. [PDF-421KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Breckler, S. J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill. [PDF-411KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1984). The self. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 129-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 1.1MB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Is anyone in charge? Personalysis vs. the principle of personal unity. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 151-181). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [PDF - 1.3MB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Ego task analysis: A synthesis of research on ego-involvement and self-awareness. In A. H. Hastorf and A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 109-147). New York: Elsevier/North-Holland.

Greenwald, A. G. (1981). Self and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 201-236). New York: Academic Press. [PDF-2.4MB]]

Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618. [abstract] [PDF - 436KB]

CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY ATTENTION AND ACTION Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G. (2005). A reminder about procedures needed to reliably produce perfect timesharing: Comment on Lien, McCann, Ruthruff, and Proctor (2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 221–225. [PDF - 60KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2004). On doing two things at once: IV. Necessary and sufficient conditions: A rejoinder to Lien, Proctor, and Ruthruff (2003). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 632–636. [PDF - 33KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2003). On Doing Two Things at Once: III. Confirmation of Perfect Timesharing When Simultaneous Tasks Are Ideomotor Compatible. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 859-868. [abstract] [PDF - 110KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Shulman, H. G. (1973). On doing two things at once: II. Elimination of the psychological refractory period effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 70-76. [abstract] [PDF-173KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1972). Evidence of both perceptual filtering and response suppression for rejected messages in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 58-67. [abstract] [PDF-757KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1972). On doing two things at once: Timesharing as a function of ideomotor compatibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 52-57. [abstract] [PDF-155KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideomotor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73-99. [abstract] [PDF-613KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Albert, S. M. (1968). Observational learning: A technique for elucidating S-R mediation processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 267-272. [PDF-471KB]

REWARD AND PUNISHMENT IN HUMAN LEARNING Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Difficulty of associative performance following training with negative instances: A note on punishment effects. Journal of Educational Pyschology, 61, 255-259.

Nuttin, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Reward and punishment in human learning. New York: Academic Press.

Greenwald, A. G. (1966). Nuttin's neglected critique of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 199-205.