Anthony G. Greenwald, PhD

SELECTED ARTICLES & CHAPTERS, BY DATE

Most of the publications on this page are available as downloads — click on "PDF"

1960s     1970s     1980s     1990s      2000s     2010s     2020s

Click here for a separate page with some unpublished papers          [return to home page]


2020s         Back to Top

Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., Maddox, C. D., Nosek, B. A., Rudman, L. A., Devos, T. Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., Steffens, M. C., Lane, K., Horcajo, J., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Quinby, A., Srivastava, S. B., Schmidt, K., Aidman, E., Tang, E., Farnham, S., Mellott, D. S., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2020, in press). Meta-analytic use of balanced identity theory to validate the Implicit Association TestPersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin. [PDF - 1.4MB]

Greenwald, A. G., Brendl, M., Cai, H., Cvencek, D., Dovidio, J. F., Friese, M., … Wiers, R. (2020, April 7). The Implicit Association Test at age 20: What is known and what is not known about implicit bias. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bf97c [PDF - 1.2MB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K. (2020).  Implicit social cognition.  Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 419-445. [PDF - 1.2MB]

2010s         Back to Top

Benjamin, D. J., Berger, J. O., Johannesson, M., Nosek, B. A., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Berk, ... Johnson, V. E. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 6–10. [PDF - 2.5MB]

Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Anthony G. Greenwald. (2017). American Psychologist, 72, 858–860. [PDF - 89KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72, 861–871. [PDF - 149KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1705–1721. [PDF - 558KB]

Rae, J. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Persons or situations? Individual differences explain variance in aggregated implicit race attitudes. Psychological Inquiry, 28, 297–300. [PDF - 539KB]

Kirby, T. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Mental ownership: Does mental rehearsal transform novel stimuli into mental possessions? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 125–135. [PDF - 465KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2017). An AI stereotype catcher. Science, 356 (6334), 133–134. [PDF - 435KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Earl Busby Hunt (1933–2016). American Psychologist, 72, 183. [PDF - 23KB]

Capers, Q., Clinchot, D., McDougle, L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions, Academic Medicine, 92, 365–369. [PDF - 267KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2016).  Implicit measures for preschool children confirm self-esteem's role in maintaining a balanced identity.  Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 50–57.[PDF - 673KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 553–561.  [PDF - 453KB]

Nosek, B. A., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., Axt, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (2014). Understanding and using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended scoring procedures. PLoS ONE 9(12): e110938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110938. [PDF - 481KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2014).  With malice toward none and charity for some:  Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination.  American Psychologist, 69, 669–684. [PDF - 131KB]

Kang, J., Bennett, M. W., Carbado, D. W., Casey, P., Dasgupta, N., Faigman, D. L., Godsil, R. D., Greenwald, A. G. , Levinson, J. D., & Mnookin, J. L. (2012).  Implicit bias in the courtroom. UCLA Law Review, 59, 1124–1186. [PDF - 618KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2012). There is nothing so theoretical as a good method. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 99–108.  [PDF - 216KB] [Nobel Prize analysis supplement] [unsolved controversies supplement]

Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Greenwald, A. G., Simard, D., Pontiero, J., Brnjas, A., Khan, B., Mills, J., & Dovidio, J. F. (2012). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 562–575.  [PDF - 100KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2012). Balanced identity theory: Evidence for implicit consistency in social cognition. In Gawronski, B., & Strack, F. (Eds.), Cognitive consistency: A unifying concept in social psychology (pp. 157–177). New York: Guilford Press.
[PDF - 737KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A, N. (2011). Measuring Implicit attitudes of 4-year-old children: The Preschool Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109, 187–200. [PDF - 203KB]

Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Math–gender stereotypes in elementary-school children.  Child Development, 82, 766–789. [PDF - 342KB]

Leavitt, K., Fong, C. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Asking about well-being gets you half an answer: Intra-individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 672–687. [PDF - 123KB]

Zayas, V., Greenwald, A. G., & Osterhout, L. (2011). Unintentional covert motor activations predict behavioral effects: Multilevel modeling of trial-level electrophysiological motor activations. Psychophysiology, 48, 208–217. [PDF - 371KB]

Sheets, P., Domke, D., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). God and Country: The partisan psychology of the presidency, religion, and nation. Political Psychology, 32, 459–484.  [PDF - 172KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). A comparison of minimal group induction procedures. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 14, 81–98.  [PDF - 575KB]

Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Brown, A., Snowden, R., Gray, N. (2010). Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable.  Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 302–314. [PDF - 373KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Sriram, N. (2010). No measure is perfect, but some measures can be quite useful: Response to two comments on the Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 57, 238–242. [PDF - 81KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2010). Under what conditions does intergroup contact improve intergroup harmony? In M. H. Gonzales, C. Tavris, & J. Aronson (Eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson (Pp. 267–281). New York: Psychology Press. [PDF - 700KB]

Greenwald, A. G., (2010). Timothy C. Brock (1935–2009). American Psychologist, 65, 678–678. [PDF - 27KB]

Andrews, J. A., Hampson, S. E., Greenwald, A. G., Gordon, J,, & Widdop, C. (2010). Using the Implicit Association Test to assess children’s implicit attitudes toward smoking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 2387–2406 [PDF - 120KB]

2000s         Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G., Smith, C. T., Sriram, N., Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Race attitude measures predicted vote in the 2008 U. S. Presidential Election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9, 241–253.  [PDF - 435KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17–41. [PDF - 634KB].

Also: Non-technical brief summary of meta-analysis - 105KB. 
Also: summary of articles showing IAT validity in "real-world" samples. 
Also: Archive for above meta-analysis (it's big — 95 MEGAbytes; please check description of contents before deciding to download).  The archive is intended to make the database of the meta-analysis accessible to others who may wish to do further analyses or are considering doing a further meta-analysis that might use the same database.  To download the 95 MB zipfile, click here.

Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). The Brief Implicit Association Test.  Experimental Psychology, 56, 283–294.  [PDF - 220KB].
Also: Supplementary materials [PDF - 323KB] (mainly stimulus words and images) for Sriram & Greenwald Brief IAT article. This is the only source of these materials — they are not in the journal article.

Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Sriram, N., Lindner, N. M., Devos, T., Ayala, A., Bar-Anan, Y., Bergh, R., Cai, H., Gonsalkorale, K., Kesebir, S., Maliszewski, N., Neto, F., Olli, E., Park, J., Schnabel, K., Shiomura, K., Tulbure, B., Wiers, R. W., Somogyi, M., Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., Vianello, M., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009). National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 10593–10597. [PDF - 233KB]

Also: zipfile including article reprint along with supplementary materials and analyses [zipfile - 269KB].

Greenwald, A. G. (2009). What (and where) is the ethical code concerning researcher conflict of interest? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 32–35. [PDF - 323KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B.A. (2008). Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean? In Petty, R. E., Fazio, R. H., & Briñol, P. (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (Pp. 65–82). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  [PDF - 792KB]

Schnabel, K. Asendorpf, J. B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Implicit Association Tests: A landmark for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews and D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory and Testing (Pp. 508–528). London: Sage.  [PDF - 355KB]

Perkins, A., Forehand, M., Greenwald, A. G., & Maison, D. (2008). The influence of implicit social cognition on consumer behavior: Measuring the non-conscious. In C. Haugtvedt, P. Herr, & F. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology (Pp. 461–475). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.  [PDF - 1.0MB]

Klauer, K. C., Eder, A. B., Greenwald, A. G., & Abrams, R. L. (2007).  Priming of semantic classifications by novel subliminal prime words.  Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 63–83. [PDF - 326KB]

Yamaguchi, S., Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Murakami, F., Chen, D., Shiomura, K., Kobayashi, C., Cai, H., & Krendl, A. (2007). Apparent universality of positive implicit self-esteem. Psychological Science, 18, 498–500.  [PDF - 75KB]

Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Hansen, J. J., Devos, T., Lindner, N. M., Ranganath, K. A., Smith, C. T., Olson, K. R., Chugh, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. (2007). Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 36–88.  [PDF - 562KB]

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review (pp. 265–292). In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior. Psychology Press. [PDF - 222KB]

Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we know (so far) (Pp. 59–102).  In B. Wittenbrink & N. S. Schwarz (Eds.). Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies. New York: Guilford Press. [PDF - 652KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Krieger, L. H. (2006). Implicit bias: Scientific foundations. California Law Review, 94, 945–967. [PDF[searchable - 1.4MB] [PDF[LexisNexis version - 280KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Rudman, L. A., Nosek, B. A., & Zayas, V. (2006). Why so little faith? A reply to Blanton and Jaccard's (2006) skeptical view of testing pure multiplicative theories. Psychological Review, 113, 170–180. [PDF - 610KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Sriram, N. (2006). Consequential validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on the article by Blanton and Jaccard. American Psychologist, 61, 56–61. [PDF - 403KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Klauer, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience asymmetry interpretation of the IAT: Comment on Rothermund and Wentura (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 420–425. [PDF - 58KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2005). A reminder about procedures needed to reliably produce perfect timesharing: Comment on Lien, McCann, Ruthruff, and Proctor (2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 221–225. [PDF - 60KB]

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166–180. [PDF - 160KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2005). Clarifying the role of the "other" category in the self-esteem IAT. Experimental Psychology, 52, 74–79. [PDF - 75KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2004). The resting parrot, the dessert stomach, and other perfectly defensible theories. In J. Jost, M. R. Banaji, & D. A. Prentice (Eds.), The yin and yang of social cognition: Perspectives on the social psychology of thought systems (Pp. 275–285). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [abstract] [PDF - 206KB]

Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Understanding implicit partisanship: Enigmatic (but genuine) group identification and attraction. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 7, 283–296. [PDF - 114KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2004). On doing two things at once: IV. Necessary and sufficient conditions: A rejoinder to Lien, Proctor, and Ruthruff (2003). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 632–636. [PDF - 33KB]

Brunel, F. F., Tietje, B. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test a valid and valuable measure of implicit consumer social cognition. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 385–404. [PDF - 893KB]

Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. H. (2004). Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands, consumer attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 405–415. [PDF - 91KB]

Cai, H., Sriram, N., Greenwald, A. G., & McFarland, S. G. (2004). The Implicit Association Test's D measure can minimize a cognitive skill confound: Comment on McFarland and Crouch (2002). Social Cognition, 22, 673–684. [PDF - 231KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216. [abstract] [PDF - 287KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (2003). On Doing Two Things at Once: III. Confirmation of Perfect Timesharing When Simultaneous Tasks Are Ideomotor Compatible. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 859-868. [abstract] [PDF - 110KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Oakes, M. A., & Hoffman, H. (2003). Targets of Discrimination: Effects of Race on Responses to Weapons Holders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 399-405. [abstract] [PDF - 247KB] [samples of stimuli used in this research]

Greenwald, A. G., Abrams, R. L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). Long-term semantic memory versus contextual memory in unconscious number processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 29, 235-247.  [abstract] [PDF - 225KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25. [abstract] [PDF - 649KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Pickrell, J. E., & Farnham, S. D. (2002). Implicit partisanship: Taking sides for no reason. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 367-379. [Abstract] [PDF - 174KB]

Uhlmann, E., Dasgupta, N., Elgueta, A., Greenwald, A. G., & Swanson, J. E. (2002). Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America. Social Cognition, 23, 198-226. [PDF - 197KB].

Abrams, R. L., Klinger, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Subliminal words activate semantic categories (not automated motor responses). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 100-106. [abstract] [PDF - 169KB]

Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S. (2002). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17, 482-495. [Abstract] [PDF - 198KB]

Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1164-1178. [PDF - 121KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85-93. [abstract] [PDF - 215KB]

Swanson, J. E., Rudman, L. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Using the Implicit Association Test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatized behavior. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 207-230. [PDF - 344KB]

Park, L. E., Cook, K. E., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Implicit indicators of women's persistence in math, science, and engineering. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 6, 145-152. [PDF - 580KB]

Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. (2001). The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2, 61-79. [abstract] [PDF - 268KB]

Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814. [abstract] [PDF - 457KB]

Abrams, R. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2000). Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning. Psychological Science, 11, 118-124. [abstract] [PDF - 587KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038. [abstract] [PDF - 516KB]

Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316-328. [abstract] [PDF - 72KB]

1990s         Back to Top

Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17, 437-465.  [PDF-1.5MB]

Farnham, S. D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji (1999). Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams & M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 230-248). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. [abstract] [PDF-309KB]

Spangenberg, E. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1999). Social influence by requesting self-prophecy. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 8, 61-89. [PDF-695KB]

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. [abstract] [PDF-501KB]

Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 286-303. [abstract] [PDF - 544KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1998). Distinguishing unconscious from conscious cognition — Reasonable assumptions and replicable findings: Reply to Merikle and Reingold (1998) and Dosher (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 320-324. [abstract] [PDF - 159KB]

Klauer, K. C., Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1998). Correcting for measurement error in detecting unconscious cognition: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 318-319. [abstract] [PDF - 104KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-deception: Further consideration. In M. S. Myslobodsky (Ed.), The mythomanias: An inquiry into the nature of deception and self-deception (pp. 51-71). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 312KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Validity concerns and usefulness of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1182-1186. [abstract] [PDF - 166KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, G. M. (1997). Grading leniency is a removable contaminant of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1209-1217. [abstract] [PDF - 265KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, J. M. (1997). No pain, no gain? The importance of measuring course workload in student ratings of instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 743-751. [abstract] [PDF - 313KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273, 1699-1702. [abstract] [PDF-178KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Gonzalez, R., Guthrie, D. G., & Harris, R. J. (1996). Effect sizes and p-values: What should be reported and what should be replicated? Psychophsysiology, 33, 175-183. [abstract] [PDF-292KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27. [abstract] [PDF-1.1MB]

Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198. [abstract] [PDF-590KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 22-42. [abstract] [PDF-713KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Getting (my) self into social psychology. In G. G. Brannigan & M. R. Merrens (Eds.), The social psychologists (pp. 3-16). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Greenwald, A. G., & Schuh, E. S. (1994). An ethnic bias in scientific citations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 623-640. [PDF-345KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1992). New Look 3: Reclaiming unconscious cognition. American Psychologist, 47, 766-779. [abstract] [PDF-435KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Spangenberg, E. R., Pratkanis, A. R., & Eskenazi, J. (1991). Double-blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science, 2, 119-122. [abstract] [PDF - 123KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1990). What cognitive representations underlie attitudes? Bulletin of the Psycholonomic Society, 28, 254-260. [abstract] [PDF - 305KB]

1980s         Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 1-10). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 4.5MB; includes pp. 1-10 and 429-440]

Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why attitudes are important: Defining attitude and attitude theory 20 years later. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 429-440). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 4.5MB; includes pp. 1-10 and 429-440]

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1989). The self as a memory system: Powerful, but ordinary. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 41-54.

Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory and Cognition, 17, 35-47. [PDF - 949KB]

Pratkanis, A. R., Greenwald, A. G., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1988). In search of reliable persuasion effects: III. The sleeper effect is dead: Long live the sleeper effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 203–218. [PDF - 840KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1988). On the use of "theory" and the usefulness of theory. Psychological Review, 95, 575-579.

Greenwald, A. G., Bellezza, F. S., & Banaji, M. R. (1988). Is self-esteem a central ingredient of the self-concept? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 34–45. [PDF - 962KB]

Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318. [PDF - 648KB]

Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986), Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 18, 299-303. [abstract] [PDF-122KB] [Text file of norms for 399 words]

Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229. [abstract] [PDF-479KB]

Breckler, S. J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1986). Motivational facets of the self. In E. T. Higgins & R. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 145-164). New York: Guilford Press. [PDF-421KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Breckler, S. J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill. [PDF-411KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1984). The self. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 129-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF-1.1MB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Leavitt, C. (1984) Audience involvement in advertising: Four levels. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 581-592. [abstract] [PDF - 308KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Is anyone in charge? Personalysis vs. the principle of personal unity. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 151-181). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.  [PDF - 1.3MB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Ego task analysis: A synthesis of research on ego-involvement and self-awareness. In A. H. Hastorf and A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 109-147). New York: Elsevier/North-Holland.

Greenwald, A. G. (1981). Self and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 201-236). New York: Academic Press. [PDF-2.4MB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1981). On the conceptual disconfirmation of theories. Pesonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 131-137. [abstract] [PDF-95KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618. [abstract] [PDF - 436KB]

1970s         Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85, 53-57. [abstract] [PDF-121KB]

Ronis, D. L., Baumgardner, M. H., Leippe, M. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (1977). In search of reliable persuasion effects: I. A computer-controlled procedure for studying persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 548-569.

Greenwald, A. G. (1976). An editorial. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 1-7. [PDF-158KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1976). Within-subjects designs: To use or not to use? Psychological Bulletin, 83, 314-320. [abstract] [PDF-158KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Significance, nonsignificance, and interpretation of an ESP experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 180-191. [abstract] [PDF-219KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1975). On the inconclusiveness of "crucial" cognitive tests of dissonance versus self-perception theories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 490-499. [abstract] [PDF-136KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 1-20. [abstract] [PDF-474KB]

Gillig, P. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1974). Is it time to lay the "sleeper effect" to rest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 132-139. [PDF-438KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Shulman, H. G. (1973). On doing two things at once: II. Elimination of the psychological refractory period effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 70-76. [abstract] [PDF-173KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1972). Evidence of both perceptual filtering and response suppression for rejected messages in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 58-67. [abstract] [PDF-757KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1972). On doing two things at once: Timesharing as a function of ideomotor compatibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 52-57. [abstract] [PDF-155KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Difficulty of associative performance following training with negative instances: A note on punishment effects. Journal of Educational Pyschology, 61, 255-259.

Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideomotor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73-99. [abstract] [PDF-613KB]

1960s         Back to Top

Greenwald, A. G. (1969). The open-mindedness of the counterattitudinal role player. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 375-388. [abstract] [PDF-1.4MB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 147-170). New York: Academic Press. [PDF - 302KB]

Nuttin, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Reward and punishment in human learning. New York: Academic Press.

Greenwald, A. G., & Albert, S. M. (1968).  Observational learning:  A technique for elucidating S-R mediation processes.  Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 267-272. [PDF-471KB]

Greenwald, A. G., & Sakumura, J. S. (1967). Attitude and selective learning: Where are the phenomena of yesteryear? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 387-397.  [PDF-458KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1966). Nuttin's neglected critique of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 199-205.

Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Effects of prior commitment on belief change following a persuasive communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29, 596-601.  [PDF-204KB]

Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Behavior change following a persuasive communication. Journal of Personality, 33, 370-391.  [PDF-978KB]

 

 

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