Malaria Models and Theory

An Annotated, Chronological Bibliography of Mathematical Theory for Malaria

Also see:

1900-1917

The Prevention of Malaria – In the first 15 years after Ronald Ross identified malaria parasites in the mosquito mid gut, he turned his attention to the prevention of malaria and published the first three mathematical models of malaria. In 1912, Lotka proposed a solution to the model Ross published in Nature.

1905The logical basis of the sanitary policy of mosquito reduction, by Ross [1], was the first mathematical model describing malaria control.

1908Report on the Prevention of Malaria in Mauritius, by Ross [2].

  • This is the first mathematical model describing mosquito-borne pathogen transmission.

1910Mosquitoes and malaria. A study of the relation between the number of mosquitoes in a locality and the malaria rate, by H Waite [3].

  • This is an analysis of Ross’s 1908 model [2].

1911 – Ross published the second model of malaria transmission in the \(2^{nd}\) edition of The Prevention of Malaria and in Nature

  • The Prevention of Malaria, by Ross [4]. Note that the model is missing from the \(1^{st}\) edition.

  • Some quantitative studies in epidemiology, by Ross [5]

1912Quantitative Studies in Epidemiology, by Aflred Lotka [6],

A priori Pathometry – Ronald Ross teamed up with Hilda Hudson, a mathematician from Cambridge University, to establish some mathematical foundations for what is now called mathematical epidemiology.

1915Some a priori pathometric equations by Ronald Ross [7],

1916-1917 An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry is a three-part series. Ross started with a solo piece in 1916, but he was joined by Hilda Hudson for the last two parts, published in 1917. Paul Fine has written a nice commentary [8].

  • An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry. Part I. by Ronald Ross [9],

  • An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry. Part II, by Ronald Ross and Hilda Hudson [10],

  • An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry. Part III, by Ronald Ross and Hilda Hudson [11],

1923

Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology – In 1923, Alfred Lotka published a 5-part analysis of Ross’s models. The fourth part was led by Sharpe.

  • Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. I. General Part by Lotka [12].

  • Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. II. General Part (continued). Comparison of Two Formulae given by Sir Ronald Ross, by Lotka [13].

  • Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. III. Numerical Part, by Lotka [14].

  • Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. IV. Incubation Lag, by Sharpe and Lotka [15].

  • Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. V. Summary [16].

1950 - 1969

The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria – in the 1950s, Macdonald published

1950

  • The analysis of malaria parasite rates in infants, by Macdonald [17].

  • The analysis of infection rates in diseases in which superinfection occurs, by Macdonald

1952

  • The analysis of the sporozoite rate by George Macdonald [18].

  • The analysis of equilibrium in malaria by George Macdonald [19].

1957

  • The epidemiology and control of malaria, by George Macdonald [20]

1964

  • The malaria parasite rate and interruption of transmission, led by George Macdonald [21].

  • Prognosis for interruption of malaria transmission through assessment of the mosquito’s vectorial capacity, by C Garrett-Jones [22]

1970 - 1981

1971

1974

  • A critical review of the field application of a mathematical model of malaria eradication, by Najera [23].

    • Macdonald’s model was field tested in Kankiya District, in northern Nigeria and deemed inadequate.
  • A malaria model tested in the African savannah, led by Klaus Dietz [24].

    • The Garki Model, a new mathematical model developed and field tested during the Garki Project [25].

    • The model was developed, in part, after the Macdonald’s model had been field tested in Kankiya District, in northern Nigeria and deemed inadequate [23].

1975

  • [26]

  • In 1975, Paul EM Fine published two commentaries on the early development of malaria theory.

    • Superinfection - a problem in formulating a problem, by Paul Fine [27].

      • discusses flaws in the formulation of Macdonald’s model for superinfection [28].
    • Ross’s a priori pathometry - a perspective, by Fine [8], is a useful commentary on Ross and his philosophy of modeling.

1976

  • Models for parasitic disease control, by Dietz [29]

  • Etude d’un modèle épidémiologique appliqué au paludisme. [30]

1977 - On the steady state of an age dependent model for malaria. [31]

1978 - Further epidemiological evaluation of a malaria model. [32]

1982

The Biomathematics of Malaria, by Norman Bailey [33], is a comprehensive review of mathematical epidemiology for malaria up to that point.

  • Chapter 1: The world threat of malaria

  • Chapter 2: The epidemiology of malaria

  • Chapter 3: Historical perspectives

  • Chapter 4: The scope and role of biomathematics

  • Chapter 5: The theory and practice of modeling

  • Chapter 6: General theory of host-vector diseases

    • 6.2 - Deterministic Epidemics

    • 6.3 - Stochastic Epidemics

    • 6.4 - Small Epidemics in Large Populations

    • 6.5 - Spatial Spread

    • 6.6 - Endemic Models

  • Chapter 7: Elementary population dynamics of malaria

  • Chapter 8: Advances in the population dynamics of malaria

    • 8.2 - The Dietz-Molineaux-Thomas model

    • 8.3 - The model of Dutertre

    • 8.4 - The hybrid models of Nasell

    • 8.4 - The stochastic model of Bekessy, Molineaux & Storey

  • Chapter 9: Statistical esimation problems

  • Chapter 10: Control Theory

  • Chapter 11: Sensitivity Theory

1982 - 1989

1982

  • The population dynamics of malaria, by Joan Aron and Robert May [34].

  • A new model for parasite infection dynamics in mosquitoes was presented for the first time here. We present that model in a vignette

  • The paper also examines age-prevalence relationships largely using the Garki model [24]

  • [35]

1984 - [36]

1990 - 1999

2000 - 2009

2010 - 2019

2020 - 2025

References

1.
Ross R. The logical basis of the sanitary policy of mosquito reduction. Science. 1905;22: 689–699. doi:10.1126/science.22.570.689
2.
Ross R. Report on the Prevention of Malaria in Mauritius. London: Waterlow; 1908.
3.
Waite H. Mosquitoes and malaria. A study of the relation between the number of mosquitoes in a locality and the malaria rate. Biometrika. 1910;7: 421–436. doi:10.2307/2345376
4.
Ross R. The Prevention of Malaria. 2nd ed. London: John Murray; 1911.
5.
Ross R. Some quantitative studies in epidemiology. Nature. 1911;87: 466–467.
6.
Lotka AJ. Quantitative Studies in Epidemiology. Nature. 1912;88: 497–498. doi:10.1038/088497b0
7.
Ross R. Some a priori pathometric equations. Br Med J. 1915;i: 546–547. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2830.546
8.
Fine PEM. Ross’s a priori pathometry - a perspective. Proc R Soc Med. 1975;68: 547–551. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=1105597
9.
Ross R. An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry. Part I. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science. 1916;92: 204–230.
10.
Ross R, Hudson HP. An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry. Part II. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences. 1917;93: 212–225.
11.
Ross R, Hudson H. An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry. Part III. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Science. 1917;93: 225–240. Available: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917RSPSA..93..225R
12.
Lotka AJ. Contributions to the analysis of malaria epidemiology. Am J Hyg. 1923;3 (Suppl. 1): 1–121.
13.
Lotka AJ. Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. I. General Part. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1923;3: 1–36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118963
14.
Lotka AJ. Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. III. Numerical Part. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1923;3: 55–95. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118966
15.
Sharpe FR, Lotka AJ. Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. IV. Incubation lag. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1923;3: 96–112. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118967
16.
Lotka AJ. Contribution to the Analysis of Malaria Epidemiology. V. Summary. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1923;3: 113–121. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118964
17.
Macdonald G. The analysis of malaria parasite rates in infants. Tropical diseases bulletin. 1950;47: 915–938.
18.
Macdonald G. The analysis of the sporozoite rate. Trop Dis Bull. 1952;49: 569–586. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14958825
19.
Macdonald G. The analysis of equilibrium in malaria. Trop Dis Bull. 1952;49: 813–829. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12995455
20.
Macdonald G. The epidemiology and control of malaria. Oxford university press; 1957. Available: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19582900392
21.
Macdonald G, Goeckel GW. The malaria parasite rate and interruption of transmission. Bull World Health Organ. 1964;31: 365–377. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14267746
22.
Garrett-Jones C. Prognosis for interruption of malaria transmission through assessment of the mosquito’s vectorial capacity. Nature. 1964;204: 1173–1175. doi:10.1038/2041173a0
23.
Nájera JA. A critical review of the field application of a mathematical model of malaria eradication. Bull World Health Organ. 1974;50: 449–457. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4156197
24.
Dietz K, Molineaux L, Thomas A. A malaria model tested in the African savannah. Bull World Health Organ. 1974;50: 347–357. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=4613512
25.
Molineaux L, Gramiccia G. The Garki Project: Research on the Epidemiology and Control of Malaria in the Sudan Savanna of West Africa. World Health Organization; 1980. Available: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40316
26.
Dietz K. Models for parasitic disease control. Bull Int Stat Inst. 1975;46: 531–544.
27.
Fine PEM. Superinfection - a problem in formulating a problem. Tropical Diseases Bulletin. 1975;75: 475–488.
28.
Macdonald G. The analysis of infection rates in diseases in which superinfection occurs. Trop Dis Bull. 1950;47: 907–915. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14798656
29.
Dietz K. The incidence of infectious diseases under the influence of seasonal fluctuations. In: Berger J, Bühler WJ, Repges R, Tautu P, editors. Mathematical models in medicine. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1976. pp. 1–15.
30.
Dutertre J. Etude d’un modèle épidémiologique appliqué au paludisme. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 1976;56: 127–141. Available: http://lib.itg.be/open/ASBMT/1976/1976asbm0127.pdf
31.
Elderkin RH, Berkowitz DP, Farris FA, Gunn CF, Hickernell FJ, Kass SN, et al. On the steady state of an age dependent model for malaria. In: Lakshmikantham V, editor. Nonlinear Systems and Applications. Academic Press; 1977. pp. 491–512. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-434150-0.50047-3
32.
Molineaux L, Dietz K, Thomas A. Further epidemiological evaluation of a malaria model. Bull World Health Organ. 1978;56: 565–571. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=365384
33.
Bailey NTJ. The Biomathematics of Malaria. Oxford: Charles Griffin & Company Ltd.; 1982. Available: https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=4MCAQgAACAAJ
34.
Aron JL, May RM. The population dynamics of malaria. In: Anderson RM, editor. The Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Theory and Applications. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1982. pp. 139–179. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2901-3_5
35.
Aron JL. Malaria epidemiology and detectability. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1982;76: 595–601. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(82)90219-x
36.
Nedelman J. Inoculation and recovery rates in the malaria model of Dietz, Molineaux, and Thomas. Math Biosci. 1984;69: 209–233. doi:10.1016/0025-5564(84)90086-5