CONTENTS |
D. The EthnofloraLinks to major plant classes
The following list is organized by scientific botanical taxa, alphabetically by family and genus, with the exception that the non-vascular plants, ferns and allies, and conifers are grouped separately at the start. A majority of scientific determinations are from the Mexican National Herbarium at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MEXU). Approximately 1605 of our 2200+ specimens were reviewed by experts at MEXU, with particular thanks due to Sr. Francisco Ramos Marchena for coordinating these determinations. Other identifications were suggested by botanical colleagues at la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral (CIIDIR Oaxaca), Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca (ITO), and la Sociedad para el Estudio de los Recursos Bióticos de Oaxaca, A. C. (SERBO), or were approximated by Hunn by reference to illustrated guides, such as Oscar Sanchez Sanchez´s La Flora del Valle de Mexico, 6th edition (1980) and the Flora Novo-Galiciana, edited by Rogers McVaugh. Most such references treat regions at some remove from the Sierra Miahuatlán, thus many determinations to the species level are provisional. Such approximations are indicated by “cf.” or by a question mark below. Classification, nomenclature, and citation of authorities follow D. J. Mabberley´s The Plant Book, 2nd edition (1997) and internet resources such as the Missouri Botanical Garden´s W3TROPICOS website (http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html). When San Juan Gbëë Zapotec categories include material of diverse genera and families, they will be listed under each appropriate Linnaean heading, but numbered just once in the sequence under what I judge to be the most salient Linnaean reference. In such cases the headings will be cross-indexed as needed and secondary entries (out of numerical order) will be indicated by an asterisk preceding their number. Numbered items are treated as folk generic taxa, in Berlin´s terms. Specific sub-divisions are indented and indicated by the generic number followed by a lower-case letter. Varietal taxa are indented further and indicated by an Arabic numeral following the number-letter combination of the folk specific within which they fall. Covert prototypical specific and/or varietal subdivisions are indicated by appending zero ([-0]) to the generic or specific name to indicate the polysemous use of the generic term to refer to the unmarked specific or varietal taxon. San Juan Gbëë Zapotec names are set in bold italics and employ an orthography developed by Roger Reeck (1991), as shown in Tables P.1 and P.2 (see Section B for links to these tables). Tones are marked on vowels by superscripts as follows: low tone à, high tone á, falling tone â, and rising tone ǎ. The sixth vowel (pronounced as is the “a“ in English “hat”) is indicated by æ. (Reeck used ë for that vowel, but lacking the ability to superimpose tone markers on the umlaut, I have altered his script as indicated.) I indicate the morphemic structure of each term, separating each clearly independent morpheme (an element with a discrete, widely recognized meaning or function in isolation) by a hyphen. To facilitate this analysis I do not attempt to precisely indicate how the polymorphemic expression is pronounced. For example, I write yâg-guìstòo [`tree´ + `Miahuatlán´] for the baldcypress, where Reeck indicates that the compound term is pronounced yàguìstòo. (The term yâg `tree, shrub´ as an independent word takes a falling tone, but this is elided when prefixed to a term with an initial syllable that has low tone.) In a few cases our analyses are provisional, particularly in cases where the analysis is not transparent to native speakers, e.g., nlí-dûn as [X + `a large ant species´ < ndûn]; nlí occurs in other plant names, such as nlíbâd `guaje´, nlí-quiè `toronjíl´, and nliôdz [X + `marsh´ < gòdz], but its meaning is difficult to pin down. X, Y, and Z indicate unanalyzable morphemes in first, second, and third positions in the name. Zapotec terms used in a generalized descriptive fashion — typically a life-form term with a modifying color term, e.g., guìzh-nquǐts, literally, “white herb” — may be listed as legitimate folk generic categories, but other instances of such “names” are treated separately in a concluding section of this list. Most such responses are probably best treated as descriptive nonce forms rather than true names, however, each case must be judged on its merits. Species labeled by nonce forms are indicated by NON. Those not recognized by our primary consultants are indicated by UN. Synonymous or partially synonymous usages are indicated in parentheses following an equals sign. Such “synonyms” may have a wider or narrower application than other terms listed for the same heading. In a few instances I recognize two distinct polysemous senses of a single term, counting each as a separate folk taxon. These are indicated by a subscripted number, e.g., guìzh-nàad1, guìzh-nàad2.” I list below 457 folk generic taxa, 345 (75%) of which are monotypic and 112 (25%) polytypic. Polytypic generics include 374 specific taxa, of which 46 are covert prototypes; eight (1.7%) of the specific taxa are polytypic, including a total of 23 varietal taxa, one of which is a covert prototype. I thus recognize 724 terminal taxa and 851 total generic, specific, and varietal taxa. These taxa correspond to a minimum of 1075 varieties of 1065 species of 557 genera of 139 vascular plant families. These numbers may change somewhat in the future as the analysis of the Zapotec nomenclature evolves and as more precise Linnaean determinations are forthcoming. In many cases I provide brief descriptions of the plant, with data on abundance, elevation, and habitat; I note whether the plant is native or introduced, wild or cultivated, and cite reported uses. I also note cases of disagreement among consultants as to either classification or use. Algae, mosses, and lichens1) lbæ̀-guiùu [`vine´ + `river´], Spirogyra: a green algae of slow-moving streams; used to treat nose bleeds; stick the algae on the forehead. 2) rrûd-nìs-dòo
[`rue<sp>´ + `ocean´], seaweeds;
purchased; medicine for weakness, espanto
`fright´ (dzéb). 3) bzhǎazh [X]: refers to most lichens and mosses;
extended to include Selaginella wrightii (Selaginellaceae)
and Tillandsia usneoides (Bromeliaceae),
cf. “Spanish moss” in English. Folk varieties may
be distinguished by substrate and color: 3a) bzhǎazh-nquǐts [X + `white´], Tillandsia usneoides, Bromeliaceae, paxtle, Spanish moss: wild epiphyte; Tillandsia usneoides is used to decorate altars and public buildings, especially at the Christmas season ^[[DrcDasSer1]], ^[[SceOaxMar1]]; extended to include certain lichens; 3b) bzhǎazh-nguiǎ [X + `green´] (= bzhǎazh-ló-quiè [X + `on rock´]), Bryophyta spp.; lichens; extended to include the clubmoss Selaginella wrightii, Selaginellaceae; 3c) bzhǎazh-zhlôzh [`moss´ `whiskers´] (= zhlôzh-mén̲-gôl [`whiskers´ + `old man´]), cf. Alectoria sp.: a lichen epiphytic on Pinus hartwegii and Arbutus xalapensis at 3700 m. Ferns and fern allies (Pteridophyta)EQUISETACEAEEquisetum Equisetum myriochaetum Schl. & Cham. 4) x-pàan ngùtsiěts [`it´s tail´ + `iguana´] (= x-côl-ngùtsiěts [`it´s tail<sp>´ + `iguana´], x-côl-càbâll [`its tail´ + `horse<sp>´], guìzh-lèn̲-zhìg [`plant´ + `inside´ + `jícara´], guìzh-zhìg [`herb´ + `jícara´]), Equisetum myriochaetum; boldo, cola de caballo; horse-tail fern ^[[EquEquMyr1]]: used as medicine for kidney stones (guìdz-riân), urinary problems such as inability to urinate (mal de orina), and back pain (yòob-zhìts); steep stems in water with pingüica (Arctostaphylos pungens, yàg-blæ̀æ) and raíz de manzanita (Crataegus mexicanus, yàg-mànzànît), then drink decoction; it is fresca `cool´ (niág); it was used previously to clean out jícaras `gourds´, hence the alternative name. Linares, Bye, and Flores 1999:42-43, cite use of a decoction of the stems and branches for kidney ailments and urinary disorders; it is considered “cool” or “cold” by their sources. SELAGINELLACEAESelaginella Selaginella lepidophylla (Hook. & Grev.) Spring Selaginella pallescens (Presl.) Spring Selaginella wrightii Hieronymus 5) siêmpr-vív1 [`live-forever<sp>´] (< guìzh-yùzh [`herb´ + `sand´], focussed on the Crassulaceae), Selaginella lepidophylla, Selaginella pallescens; siempre viva ^[[SelSelLep1]], ^[[SelSelLep2]]: noted for its ability to revive with the first rains after a long period of drought; used as medicine for “fright” or palpitations, to calm the nerves; boil or soak in water at room temperature, then drink; it is fresca `cool´(niág); see also Sedum prealtum (Crassulaceae) and Commelina sp. (Commelinaceae), which may be similarly named; it may also be used to treat tristeza `sadness´; in this case, boil the root in water, then drink the infusion each morning for three days. Linares, Bye, and Flores 1999:48-49, cite Selaginella pilifera in the treatment of kidney ailments or for coughs; it is considered “cool” by their sources. *3b) bzhǎazh-nguiǎ [`moss´ + `green´] (= bzhǎazh-ló-quiè [X + `on rock´]), Selaginella wrightii: a fine, trailing plant that grows on rocks, see above. FernsThe 80 specimens of ferns and allies are classified by botanists in at least eight families, 20 genera, and 48 species. Many are considered to be guìzh-crùz or some variant thereof. However, this term appears to be restricted to pinnate-leaved ferns and thus to exclude fan-leaved ferns such as Adiantum sp., which may be considered xín-guìzh-crùz `relative of cross-herb´. Other ferns with simple leaf-blades, such as Elaphoglossum spp. and Pleopeltis interjecta are classed in a separate folk genus, lùdz-mdzìn `deer´s tongue´. These and others may be separated by virtue of their distinctive medicinal roles: lùdz-mdzìn `deer´s tongue´ for dysentery; bàz (focused on Phlebodium areolatum) for diarrhea; guìzh-zhǐil-wlâgw (Cheilanthes beitelii), the root hairs of which are used to stanch a wound; and ncuàan-dzéb `fright medicine´ (focused on Pellaea spp.) for “fright” (espanto, susto). A number of similar species are either distinguished as xín-ncuàan-dzéb `relative of fright medicine´ or called ncuàan-dzéb but explicitly contrasted with the meru `real´ ncuàan-dzéb. Finally, several varieties of ncuàan-dzéb `fright medicine´ are distinguished (see below), either on the basis of form or of function, i.e., the type of `fright´ for which they are used. Two particularly large ferns are named for the resemblance of their rootstocks to animals: Dryopteris paleacea is called guìzh-guìc-mæ̀cw [`herb´ + `head´ + `dog´] and Polystichum speciosissimum is guìc-chîv [`head´ + `goat´]. AdiantaceaeAdiantum Adiantum andicola Liebm. Adiantum braunii Kunth Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Adiantum concinnum Humb. & Bonpl. Cheilanthes Cheilanthes beitelii Mickel Cheilanthes cucullans Feé Cheilanthes cuneata Link Cheilanthes formosa (Liebmann) Mickel & Beitel Cheilanthes lendigera (Cav.) Sw. Cheilanthes lerstenii Mickel & Beitel Cheilanthes lozanii (Maxon) R. Tryon & A. Tryon Cheilanthes myriophylla Desvaux Cheilanthes pellaeopsis Mickel Cheilanthes sinuata (Lagasca ex Schwartz) Domin Cheilopecton Cheilopecton rigidum (Schwartz) Fée var. rigidum Mildella Mildella intramarginalis (Kaulfuss ex Link) var. serratifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Notholaena Notholaena aschenborniana Kl. Notholaena aurea (Poir.) Desv. Pellaea Pellaea intermarginalis Sw. Pellaea ovata (Desvaux) Weatherby AspleniaceaeAsplenium Asplenium palmeri Moxon Asplenium polyphyllum Bertolini ? Asplenium praemorsum Swartz Dryopteris Dryopteris paleacea (Sw.) Hard. Maz. Dryopteris parallelogramma (Alst.) Kuntze Elaphoglossum Elaphoglossum cf. erinaceum (Fee) Moore Elaphoglossum milleri (Fourn.) C. Chr. Elaphoglossum tectum (Humb. & Bonp. ex Willd.) Moore Phanerophlebia Phanerophlebia remotispora E. Fourn. ? Polystichum Polystichum (= Plecosorus) speciosissimum (A. Braun ex Kunze) Copeland Woodsia Woodsia mollis (Kaulf.) Sw. DennstaedtiadaceaePteridium Pteridium arachnoideum (Kaulf.) Maxon Pteridum aquilinum (L.) Kunth OphioglossaceaeBotrichium Botrichium virginianum (L.) Swartz PolypodiaceaePhlebodium Phlebodium areolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Smith Pleopeltis Pleopeltis interjecta (Weatherby) Mickel & Beitel Polypodium Polypodium adelphum Maxon or Polypodium subpetiolatum Hooker in Bentham Polypodium guttatum Maxon ? Polypodium hartwegianum Hook. Polypodium madrense J. Smith Polypodium plebium Schlecht. & Cham. Polypodium thysanolepis A. Braun ex Klotzsch ThelypteridaceaeThelypteris Thelypteris divalis A. & Sm. Thelypteris grandis A. R. Smith var. pallescens (Chr.) A. R. Smith Thelypteris puberula (Baker) Morton var. puberula Thelypteris resiliens (Maxon) A. R. Smith 6) guìzh-crùz [`herb´ + `cross<sp>´] (= blàg-crùz [`leaf´ + `cross<sp>´]): as noted above, this includes a wide assortment of ferns (Adiantaceae: Adiantum braunii, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Cheilanthes cucullans, Cheilanthes cuneata, Cheilanthes lerstenii, Cheilanthes myriophylla, Cheilanthes pellaeopsis, Cheilanthes sinuata, Cheilopecton rigidum, Mildella intramarginalis var. serratifolia, Notholaena aeschenborniana, Notholaena aurea; Aspleniaceae: Asplenium palmeri, Asplenium polyphyllum, Asplenium praemorsum, Dryopteris parallelogramma, Woodsia mollis; Dennstaedtiadaceae: Pteridium aquilinum, Pteridium arachnoideum; Ophioglossaceae: Botrichium virginianum; Polypodiaceae: Phlebodium areolatum, Polypodium adelphum or Polypodium subpetiolatum, Polypodium madrense, Polypodium plebium, Polypodium thysanolepis; Thelypteridaceae: Thelypteris puberula var. pallescens, Thelypteris puberula var. puberula, Thelypteris resiliens, with bracken, Pteridium spp. the apparent prototype. The name is descriptive of the pinnate leaf-form, though there is a tendency to name any fern that is not otherwise clearly distinguished as guìzh-crùz or xín-guìzh-crùz [`relative of´ + `fern´]. The latter term defines the “extended range” of the category (Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven 1974:56-58). Included within this periphery are several ferns that lack the regular pinnately dissected fronds (e.g., Adiantum braunii, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Cheilanthes formosa, Cheilanthes lozanii, Polypodium thysanolepis), though other consultants might name them guìzh-crùz without qualification. Further afield, the meadow-rue, Thalictrum pubigerum and Thalictrum cf. strigillosum of the Ranunculaceae and wild lettuce, Lactuca sp. of the Asteraceae may also be considered xín-guìzh-crùz [`relative of´ + `fern´] because of the superficial similarity of their leaves to certain ferns. Several poorly demarcated varieties may be recognized on the basis of habitat or some distinctive feature, as follows: 6a) guìzh-crùz[-0], the prototype, e.g., Pteridium aquilinum, bracken fern ^[[DstPteAqu1]]; 6b) guìzh-crùz-nguǎts [`herb´ + `cross<sp>´ + `black´], Adiantum sp., maidenhair fern: descriptive of the black stems; 6c) guìzh-crùz-ró-guiùu [`fern´ + `at river´], Thelypteris divalis: descriptive of the preferred habitat. 7) bàz [X] (= guìzh-bàz [`herb´ + X], cànàguâl [`canaguala<sp>´]), marketed locally in Spanish as “calaguala“ or “canaguala“: ferns with erect once-pinnate fronds from a horizontal rhizome, of the Polypodiaceae: Phlebodium aureolatum and Polypodium spp.; may also include Phanerophlebia remotispora of the Aspleniaceae; root or entire plant boiled, drunk as tea, for diarrhea (guídz-dán), particularly a “hot” diarrhea, i.e., accompanied by fever, or dysentery (yòob-chèn); all varieties are so used; also used for coughs (rò) and fevers (zhlæ̌æ), as the plant is cold (niág); evergreen except a bit yellow during lent; canaguala roots are sold in Miahuatlán; 7a) bàz[-0] [X + 0, unmarked prototype] (= bàz-ló-quiè [X + `on rock´]), Phlebodium aureolatum, Polypodium cf. guttatum, and perhaps Phanerophlebia remotispora ^[[PlpPhlAur1]], [[PlpPhlAur2]]; leaf vertical, with the root set in rocks; 7b) bàz-ló-yâg [X + `on tree´], Polypodium hartwegianum: so-called for its epiphytic habit, in contrast to the unmodified prototypical sub-type, which grows on rocks. 8) lùdz-mdzìn [`tongue´ + `white-tailed deer´] (= guìzh-lùdz-mdzìn [`herb´ + `tongue´ + `white-tailed deer´]), genus Elaphoglossum of the Aspleniaceae: Elaphoglossum milleri, Elaphoglossum tectum, Elaphoglossum cf. erinaceum, and Elaphoglossum sp. ^[[ElpElaSpc1]]; also Pleopeltis interjecta of the Polypodiaceae: ferns with simple, upright fronds from a horizontal rhizome that grow to 20 cm in good, moist soil; green all year around, except a bit wilted around Lent; medicine for diarrhea, vomiting, or dysentery (yòob-chèn); it is caliente `hot´ (nlæ̌æ); boil leaf, root, or whole plant for 10 minutes, drink as tea; take a tablespoon or a cup mornings before eating; it is not bitter; may be collected in quantity for sale in Miahuatlán. Functional intermediate ncuàan-dzéb2: a utilitarian complex that spans a variety of types of plants presumed effective against espanto `fright´; the primary focus of this category is a group of ferns of the Adiantaceae, considered here as the folk generic ncuàan-dzéb1. Additional ncuàan-dzéb `fright medicine´ generics are flowering plants of the families Aristolochiaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Verbenaceae. These are treated under their respective family headings. 9) ncuàan-dzéb1 [`medicine´ + `fright´] (= guìzh-ncuàan-dzéb [`herb´ + `medicine´ + `fright´]), Adiantum capillus-veneris, Adiantum concinnum, Cheilanthes formosa, Cheilanthes lendigera, Cheilanthes sinuata, Notholaena aurea, Pellaea intermarginalis, Pellaea oaxacana, Pellaea ovata, Pellaea ternifolia, Pellaea sp.: a specimen of Adiantum andicola was considered xín-ncuàan-dzéb [`relative of´ + `medicine´ + `fright´]; it was noted that the “true” ncuàan-dzéb has “thicker leaves”; 9a) ncuàan-dzéb-guièel [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `night´], the prototype or “true” ncuàan-dzéb-guièel appears to be Pellaea ovata ^[[AdiPelOva1]]; the term may be applied more broadly to include Pellaea oaxacana ^[[AdiPelOax1]], Adiantum capillus-veneris ^[[AdiAdiCap1]] and Cheilanthes formosa: “night fright” is characterized by nightmares, loss of “spirit”; as treatment the root is ground, eaten raw with a little water, or an infusion is drunk as tea. 9b) ncuàan-dzéb-mæ̀cw [`medicine´ + `fright´ + ´dog´]), Cheilanthes sinuata ^[[AdiCheSin1]]: a fern with fronds to 40 cm long from a root stock covered with stiff reddish-brown fibers, grows in rocks under oaks; medicine, for “fright”; it is “fresca” (note that not all `fright´ medicines are fresca `cool´); called `medicine for dog fright´ for two reasons: because it is used to treat a `fright´ caused by a fierce or vicious dog and/or because the leaves look like dogs´ teeth; grind up, soak in water, then drink the decoction; the fibers covering the root are used to dress wounds, to prevent clothing sticking to the wound; 9c) ncuàan-dzéb-dùr [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `pine-needle´], Cheilanthes lendigera: named for the shape of the leaflets; said not to be effective as medicine; 9d) ncuàan-dzéb-strêy [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `star<sp>´] (=? ncuàan-dzéb-mæ̀cw [`medicine´ + `fright´ +´dog´]), Pellaea ternifolia: the first variant name describes the form of the leaf; medicine for `dog fright´ and `night fright´ also; 9e) ncuàan-dzéb-pěch [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `Turkey Vulture´], cf. Pellaea sp. Additional ncuàan-dzéb `fright medicine´ generics are flowering plants. These will be treated in more detail under their respective family headings as distinct folk generic taxa, as noted below. *85) ncuàan-dzéb-zhòmbrêl [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `hat<sp>´, Aristolochia cf. pentandra of the Aristolochiaceae ^[[ArsAriPen1]]: an uncommon trailing vine; a medicine for espanto, particularly, `night fright´ associated with nightmares. *379) ncuàan-dzéb-ròo [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `big/great´], Talinum paniculatum of the Portulacaceae: used to treat dzéb-ròo `big/great fright´, a particularly virulent variety of `fright´. *380) ncuàan-dzéb-còrâl [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `coral´], Anagallis arvensis of the Primulaceae, pimpernel; see also Bacopa procumbens; also medicine for ataques `attacks´; comes in `male´ and `female´ forms, which vary in flower color, blue is `male´ while the yellow/orange is `female´, the blue is said to be más remedio `more powerful´, however, the attributive còrâl `coral´ is appropriate for the color of the flowers of the “female” variety. *380a) ncuàan-dzéb-còrâl-zhùs [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `coral´ + `female´], Anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis, scarlet pimpernel ^[[PrmAnaArv1]]; this variety is used to treat women; the petals are salmon-pink to yellowish; *380b) ncuàan-dzéb-còrâl-zhěy [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `coral´ + `male´], Anagallis arvensis ssp. caerulea, blue pimpernel ^[[PrmAnaArv2]]. This subspecies (or species) is used to treat men. Some claim this is the stronger variety; the petals are blue. *381) ncuàan-dzéb-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `white´], Centunculus minimus (= Anagallis minima): this term may refer to an introduced weed, Centunculus minimus, and/or to Samolus floribundus, a native aquatic plant; both are of the Primulaceae. *416) ncuàan-dzéb-maêstr [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `teacher<sp>´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´]), Mecardonia (= Bacopa) procumbens of the Scrophulariaceae ^[[ScrMecPro1]]; this species is also cited as ncuàan-dzéb-ròo [`mecidine´ + `fright´ + `big´] and ncuàan-dzéb-guièel [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `night´]); apparently it is a common experience for children to be frightened of their teachers! Not to be confused with guìzh-mâestra, which is Artemisia absinthium of the Asteraceae. *444) ncuàan-dzéb-cônch [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `conch<sp>´] (= ncuàan-dzéb-mòrâd [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `purple<sp>´], guìzh-cônch [`herb´ + `conch<sp>´], guìzh-ncuàan-x-cônch [`herb´ + `medicine´ + `its conch<sp>´]), Glandularia bipinnatifida ^[[VrbGlaBip1]], Glandularia gooddingii, and Glandularia teucriifolia; may be extended to include Verbena carolina ^[[VrbVerCar1]], all of the Verbenaceae; a low, tough weed that grows in and beside trails; magenta flowers, with coarse hairs on the sepals; the name means literally “fright medicine of the conch shell,” which refers to the color of the flower as like that produced by the púrpura sea snail (Purpura patula ssp. pansa, Muricidae) from which the “royal purple” dye is extracted; medicine for `fright´; grind foliage with rue, Ruta graveolens, or heat in coals with Ruta graveolens and “conchariz,” a medicinal preparation purchased in Miahuatlán; drink the infusion as tea or with beer, after fasting. 10) guìzh-zhǐil-wlâgw [`herb´ + `cotton´ + Y] (= guìzh-wlâgw [`herb´ + Y], yàg-zhǐil-wlâgw [`tree´ + `cotton´ + Y], guìzh-zhǐil-dán [`herb´ + `cotton´ + `forest/wild´]), Cheilanthes beitelii: a fern to 60 cm of limestone soils in disturbed selva baja caducifolia; the tawny woolly rootstock is used to treat wounds, as a dressing, keeps clothes from sticking (cf. ncuàan-dzéb-mæ̀cw); some consultants describe a different plant under this name, a small tree, to 2 m; or a plant with “cotton” on the root, leaves toothed, oblanceolate, clasping at base, about 5 cm long; compare Acourtia sp. (Asteraceae). 11) guìzh-guìc-mæ̀cw [`herb´ + `head´ + `dog´], Dryopteris paleacea: a fern from a large rootstock shaped like a dog´s head, hence the name. Note that Dryopteris parallelogramma was called simply guìzh-crûz. 12) guìc-chîv [`head´ + `goat<sp>´] (or guìzh-zîn [`herb´ + `palm (Brahea dulcis)´]), Polystichum speciosissimum = Plecosorus speciosissimus: very large fern with a large, round rootstock; both recorded names are descriptive, the first of the large rootstock, the second of the size and form of the plant. ConifersARAUCARIACEAEAraucaria Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco *173) yàg-pîn [`tree/shrub´ + `pine tree<sp>´], prototypically, Casuarina equisetifolia: introduced from Australia; tree to 10+ meters, planted in town for shade and firewood; the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all conifers. May also be used to refer to the recently introduced Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla ^[[AruAraHet1]]. PINACEAEPinus Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenb. Pinus devoniana Lindley = Pinus michoacana Pinus douglasiana Martínez Pinus hartwegii Lindley > = Pinus rudis Pinus lawsoni Roezl. Pinus leiophylla Schl. et Cham. var. leiophylla Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schlechtendal var. trifoliata Martínez Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. var. pseudostrobus Pinus pseudostrobus Lindley var. oaxacana Martínez = Pinus oaxacana Pinus tecunumanii Equiluz & J. P. Perry Pinus teocote Schl. & Cham. 13) yàg-guièr [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= yàg-dùr [`tree/shrub´ + `pine needle´]), all Pinus spp. except Pinus ayacahuite (see below): at least the following species occur within the municipio (roughly in order of increasing elevation: Pinus devoniana; Pinus pseudostrobus var. oaxacana; Pinus teocote; Pinus oocarpa var. trifoliata; Pinus douglasiana; Pinus leiophylla var. leiophylla; Pinus hartwegii. Pinus pseudostrobus var. pseudostrobus is common on the south slope of the Sierra de Miahuatlán where it is a primary commercial species (as in San Juan Ozolotepec, where 12174 m3, that is, 5000 trees, were harvested 1995-1996); it may occur rarely in San Juan; Pinus tecunumannii also occurs west of the crest; Pinus teocote is sometimes distinguished as yàg-guièr-quiè, which see below; yàg-dùr is at least roughly synonymous with yâg-guièr, though it might also be used more broadly, to include also Pinus ayacahuite; Pinus douglasiana is the dominant species on slopes above 2300 m; I measured individuals in San Juan as large as 400 cm in circumference at breast height ^[[PinPinDou1]], ^[[PinPinDou9]]; wood of pines generally is the primary construction material for house construction; planks are cut by hand tools or with a chainsaw; Pinus pseudostrobus var. oaxacana ^[[PinPinPse1]], ^[[PinPinPse8]], ^[[PinPinPse9]] is common at 1800-2250 m; it is distinguished by its long, drooping, light green needles and heavy, spiked cones; it is commonly left standing in milpas as a source of firewood, collected by trimming the lower branches; Pinus leiophylla ^[[PinPinLei9]] is locally common amongst Pinus douglasiana at ca. 2400 m; it is a rather small, slender pine, the clusters of three needles with deciduous sheaths; Pinus hartwegii takes over above ca. 2900 m, forming single-species stands over large areas up to the highest summits at 3750 m ^[[PinPinHar9]], ^[[PinPinHar1]], ^[[SceHabFor1]]; a `great fright´ experienced, for example, by children who narrowly escape drowning requires an elaborate ritual cure involving seven pieces of ocote (`pitch pine wood´), seven cotton seeds, seven pieces of the small reed Lasiacis cf. nigra, seven leaves of the “sacred palm” Brahea dulcis, plus copal, the ritual to be performed at midnight on Cerro San Isidro; two varieties may be distinguished from the prototype, as follows: 13a) yàg-guièr[-0], the prototype, all species of Pinus except Pinus ayacahuite and other species otherwise distinguished as folk specifics; 13a1) yàg-guièr-nquǐts [`pine tree´ + `white´], variety with white wood; characteristic of more humid soils than the following; 13a2) yàg-guièr-yěts (= yàg-guièr-nguěts [`pine tree´ + `yellow´], variety with yellow wood; characteristic of drier sites than the preceding; 13b) yàg-guièr-quiè [`pine tree´ + `rock´] (= yàg-guièr-làs [`pine tree´ + `small/slender´]), Pinus teocote ^[[PinPinTeo1]], ^[[PinPinTeo9]]: should also include Pinus lawsoni, a similar species that may also occur in the region; it is said to have distinctive reddish inner bark, but I was not able to distinguish the species in the field with confidence; the modifier -quiè `rock´ may refer to habitat or to a stunted growth form; the “rock pine” is common in pure stands on granitic gravels at 1900-2250 m; it is a small, slender pine to 10 m, with needles in threes, 11-16 cm long, rather thick, gray-green, with persistent sheaths; the numerous persistent cones are small (to 5 x 6 cm) and nearly spherical, on short, curved stalks; the trunks twisting (and thus not much use for planks) and pitchy, thus particularly valued as a source of pitch pine kindling (ocote); slabs are cut from one side of the trunk of the living tree near the base to use as kindling or for torches; the wood is also preferred for the wedge-shaped pins or trunnels (cuñas) that are used to hold house beams in place ^[[SceTecHou1]] in the distinctive local architecture, likely because the pitch helps hold it in place; also for firewood; 13c) yàg-guièr-dán-ptsæ̌æ [`pine tree´ + `hot country´], notably Pinus devoniana ^[[PinPinDev1]], ^[[PinPinDev9]]: Pinus devoniana is a large, broad-crowned pine of lower elevations (1600-2000 m), hence the name; rare in San Juan; the very long needles are in fives, thick, gray-green; the massive cones are somewhat elongate. 14) yàg-là (= yàg-grètâd [`tree/shrub´ + `creviced<sp>´]), Pinus ayacahuite, Mexican white pine ^[[PinPinAya1]]: a fairly common tree of pine forests at 2300-2900 m, to 30+ m; long, pendant cones with thin flexible scales are distinctive; under favorable conditions it grows very large (e.g., one individual at 2850 m measured at 500+ cm circumference at breast height); the wood is the most durable of all pines; particularly favored for making boards used in house construction; also used for firewood. Abies Abies guatemalensis Rehder. 15) yàg-lgâzh [`tree/shrub´ + X] (= lgâzh [X]), Abies guatemalensis ^[[PinAbiGua1]]: a tree to 30 m, fairly common 2800-3500 m; wood for planks; branches for decoration; the area near the San Juan Gbëë municipal water supply intake is named for this tree, Lètz-lgâzh (“plain of firs”); medicinal, for “lifting airs” (para levantar aires, mê mâl) or to treat a “fright”; used as a fumigant, sometimes mixed with rosemary (ròmêrr, Rosmarinus officinalis); burn a branch in the house or bathe with it; grows in the mountains. CUPRESSACEAECallitropsis Callitropsis lusitanica (Mill.) D.P. Little Cupressus Cupressus sempervirens Sudworth Juniperus Juniperus flaccida Schl. TAXODIACEAETaxodium Taxodium mucronatum Tenn. 16) yàg-guìzdòo, yàg-guìstòo [`tree/shrub´ + `Miahuatlán´], Taxodium mucronatum, sabino, ahuehuete, Montezuma baldcypress ^[[TxoTaxMuc1]], and Juniperus flaccida ^[[CupJunFla1]], weeping juniper: a few baldcypress extend up the Río Grande to the bridge on the road to Santa Catarina Quioquitani, at 1635 m at the lower edge of San Juan lands; also apparently planted at a spring in San Pedro Gbëë; a rocky prominence north of San Juan is called Quiè Yàg-guìzdòo [`rock´ + `Montezuma baldcypress´] for a bald cypress that once grew there; the term also includes the juniper, a small tree in form quite unlike the baldcypress, though its closest relation here; junipers are used for firewood and the branches for decoration; used medicinally; grind the leaves, rub on the skin to treat a rash (granitos); the category may be extended to include the introduced Mexican cypress, Callitropsis lusitanica ^[[CupCalLus1]], and Italian cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, which are planted sparingly in town for decoration and/or shade; 16a) yàg-guìzdòo[-0], Taxodium mucronatum, or inclusive of Juniperus flaccida (except for yàg-guìzdòo-guièts): the prototype; 16b) yàg-guìzdòo-guièts [`tree/shrub´ + `Miahuatlán´ + `spine´], Juniperus flaccida, new growth characterized by awl-like rather than scale-like needles: sprawling shrub to 2 meters; leaves rigid, pungent, not scale like; fruits later blue-green; for decoration, firewood; distinct from regular Juniperus flaccida [> yàg-guìzdòo[-0]]; this form is said to grow separately and that all the leaves on such shrubs have this form. Flowering PlantsLinks to flowering plant families
ACANTHACEAEDyschoriste Dyschoriste bilabiata (Seem) Lees. Dyschoriste decumbens (Gray) O. Kuntze G) guìzh-guièe-mòrâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Dyschoriste bilabiata. G) guièe-viòlêtà (`flower´ + `violet´<sp), Dyschoriste decumbens. Henrya Henrya imbricans Donn. Sm. G) guìzh-guièe-nàad [`herb´ + `flower´ + `sticky´], guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´], Henrya imbricans. Justicia Justicia spicigera Schl. 17) guìzh-guièe-tînt [`herb´ + `flower´ + `dye<sp>´] (= yàg-guièe-tînt [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `dye<sp>´]), Justicia spicigera ^[[AcaJusSpi1]]: a cultivated shrub of gardens in town, with tubular orange flowers; in the past used to dye cotton blue; the leaves were soaked in water mixed with ash. Ruellia Ruellia nudiflora Urb. G) guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], Ruellia nudiflora. AGAVACEAE18) blàg-tîgr [`leaf´ + `jaguar<sp>´] (= guìzh-tîgr [`herb´ + jaguar<sp>], Agavaceae sp.: the leaf feels like thick animal skin with a camouflage blotchy pattern of brown on green resembling a jaguar´s spots; grows wild near town. Life Form dòb: a small life form that includes all local species of the genus Agave, plus Furcraea longaeva also of the Agavaceae, as well as Hechtia cf. podantha of the Bromeliaceae and Aloe barbadense of the Asphodelaceae. Flowering stalks or quiotes are called yàgùts; young individuals budding off from a parent plant are called dòb-yèen̲ [`maguey´ + `child´]. Agave The following species of Agave occur in San Juan Gbëë or commonly on the road in from Miahuatlán: Agave americana L. var. oaxacana Gentry Agave angustiarum Trel. (subgenus Littaea) Agave angustifolia Haw. Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck Agave karwinskii Zucc. Agave marmorata Roezl. Agave potatorum Zucc. Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm Agave seemanniana Jacobi There is a profusion of local Zapotec names for agaves and it is not yet clear precisely how those names correspond to the variation evident within this genus. Certain species that are rare in the municipio or which are known only from adjacent communities at lower elevations are known rather imperfectly (Agave karwinskii, Agave angustifolia). Agave atrovirens and Agave marmorata, dominant species of forest and woodland respectively above and below the town, are clearly distinguished. Agave atrovirens is of use only as an occasional living fence for a high altitude corral. Agave marmorata has medicinal uses. Agave angustiarum, the only local representative of the sub-genus Littaea, which is characterized by a narrow, spicate inflorescence, is also clearly distinct. It is a source of fiber and the buds and flowers are edible. Agave americana var. oaxacana and Agave salmiana often grow together, but are usually distinguishable by the narrower, straighter leaves of Agave americana. Agave salmiana appears to be the preferred species for the extraction of aguamiel, which is allowed to ferment to make pulque or a ceremonial drink, tepache. Agave americana, Agave salmiana, and Agave angustiarum are commonly planted as living fences in and near town. Two non-cultivated, native species, Agave potatorum and Agave seemanniana, are quite similar, the latter a more robust version of the former. Agave potatorum is a preferred source of a distinctive local mezcal, while Agave seemanniana may be tapped for aguamiel. 19) dòb-dzìn (= dòb-mpiè [`maguey´ + `sweet´ / `maguey´ + `pulque´], Agave americana var. oaxacana ^[[AgaAgaAme1]]: cultivated species, frequently planted in rows in fields to hold soil ^[[AgaAgaAme3]], ^[[AgaAgaAme4]]; an important source of aguamiel which when it ferments produces pulque, the base for the festive drink tepache. 20) dòb-gú-lò [`maguey´ + `tuber´? + `root´?] (= dòb-lò [`maguey´ + `root´?], dòb-mpiè [`maguey´ + `aguamiel<sp´], dòb-tòbàlâ [`maguey´ + `dob-ala<sp>´], dòb-zân [`maguey´ + `child birth´?]), Agave salmiana: also cultivated, another source of aguamiel. Flowers in late spring. Distinguished from the preceding by somewhat smaller size and olive-green leaf color ^[[AgaAgaSal1]] 21) dòb-guièdz [`maguey´ + `cord´] (= dòb-dòo [`maguey´ + `rope´]), Agave angustiarum, subgenus Littaea ^[[AgaAgaAng2]]: cultivated species, planted to form living fences ^[[AgaAgaAng4]]; the leaves are harvested for their fibers, which are extracted, soaked in water ^[[AgaAgaAng3]], then braided to make string and rope; or now purchased from Santa Catarina Juquila. Quiote to 4.9 m; a large leaf measured 80 x 10 cm; thorns small, gray, recurved; buds edible, cooked ^[[AgaAgaAng1]]. 22) dób-bè [`maguey´ + `Oxalis´] (= dòb-pùrêl [`maguey´ + `<sp>´], dòb-tòbàlâ [`maguey´ + `dob-ala<sp>´]), Agave potatorum, tobala [a loan into Spanish from some Zapotec language] ^[[AgaAgaPot1]]; Agave seemanniana resembles a very large Agave potatorum and may be included here ^[[AgaAgaSee1]], [[AgaAgaSee4]]: Agave potatorum is a relatively small species with short wide leaves; common in and near town; begins putting up quiotes in August, in full flower by November; cooked underground with “bè,” Oxalis sp. bulbs, for which it is named; cf. Caballero 1998:75, “Maguei tobalá”; “Tóba cuéla” from Cordova is equated with Agave potatorum but is cognate with the San Juan term for Agave marmorata, see below; cf. the Mitla Zapotec term “dobiliaa” `maguey de pasmo´ (Stubblefield and Miller de Stubblefield 1991:163) and the account from the Relación de Santa María Lachixio 1777 (Esparza 1994), “Maguey de pasmo, soasada la penca su zumo es contra el pasmo, y abierta la penca soasada con aceite de almendras puesta sobre el dolor de costado lo desparrama y sana“ [the smoke of roasted leaves to counteract chills, and split leaves roasted with almond oil [as a compress] on sore ribs disperses and cures]. Compare this account with what is reported in San Juan for Agave marmorata below. 23) dòb-pcuêl [`maguey´ + `corn husk´] (= dòb-zân [`maguey´ + `child birth´]), Agave marmorata ^[[AgaAgaMar1]], ^[[AgaAgaMar2]]: wild Agave of subtropical deciduous forest, 1600-1900 m; flowers in April; large, broad leaves characteristically rough surfaced; leaves used medicinally to “heat” feet when they swell from a sprain or twist; also for the pain of childbirth, for which the leaf is burned as a fumigant; also said to be effective against bites of poisonous snakes and other animals; however, there remains some uncertainty as to whether these cures are for Agave marmorata or Agave atrovirens, see below; Fray Juan Caballero (1998:75) cites the Zapotec term “Tóba cuéla” which is equated with Agave potatorum, though it is apparently cognate with dòb-pcuêl. 24) dòb-guièn [`maguey´ + `plate´] (= dòb-bæ̀æl [`maguey´ + `meat´]?), Agave atrovirens ^[[AgaAgaAtr1]], ^[[AgaAgaAtr2]], ^[[AgaAgaAtr3]]: the largest Agave of all; characteristic of the pine forest zone from 2300 m to the highest summits at over 3700 m; occasionally planted as a living fence; flowering period begins in November; some consultants equate [or confuse] this species with Agave marmorata of lower elevations; the names dòb-pcuêl and dòb-guièn are descriptive of the wide, rather flat leaves of both species; however, other consultants clearly distinguish the two, some calling Agave atrovirens dòb-bæ̀æl, `maguey de carne´; all agree that only Agave marmorata is a medicine, for which see above. 25) dòb-pcuǐx [`maguey´ + `kindling´?], Agave karwinskii ^[[AgaAgaKar1]], ^[[AgaAgaKar2]]: commonly planted as a living fence below 1700 m; harvested for the production of mezcal. Very occasionally transplanted in the town; this term is more often applied to Furcraea longaeva, see below. 26) dòb-mèzcâl [`maguey´ + `mezcal<sp>´], Agave angustifolia, espadín ^[[AgaAgaAgf2]], [[AgaAgaAgf3]], and Agave karwinskii: Agave angustifolia is cultivated at lower elevations for the production of mezcal; Agave karwinskii is also commonly used for mezcal production ^[[AgaAgaAgf1]]; it grows wild but is also frequently planted in living fences, but mostly below 1700 m. Both species are very occasionally transplanted in San Juan town. Furcraea Furcraea longaeva Karw. & Zucc. 27) dòb-pcuǐx [`maguey´ + `kindling´?] (= dòb-bæ̌æl [`maguey´ + `meat´] (= dòb-zéb [`maguey´ + Y]), Furcraea longaeva ^[[AgaFurLon1]]; may be extended to include cultivated Yucca cf. elephantipes the spineless yucca: uncommon in pine forests at 2200-2900 m; Furcraea resembles a royal palm, with a clear trunk to 7 m topped by a rosette of large, lanceolate leaves, to 1+ m long, finely sawtooth-edged, rigid-tipped, unlike Yucca species; name “pcuǐx“ refers to hanging curtain of dead leaves which perhaps are used as kindling; flowers rarely; no particular uses noted; Yucca cf. elephantipes is occasionally planted in town as an ornamental; it is native to Mexico. Other affiliated and similar plants, noted below, are of other families and are treated in detail under their respective family headings: *89) dòb-xtîl [`maguey´ + `Castillian<sp>´], Aloe barbadensis (Asphodelaceae) ^[[AspAloBar2]]: a South African plant cultivated in town as a living fence; leaves are used medicinally; the yellowish viscid sap has a strong distinctive odor. *155) dòb-zhǐits [`maguey´ + `pineapple´], Hechtia cf. podantha ^[[BmlHecPod1]], Hechtia pringlei, of the Bromeliaceae: common in subtropical deciduous woodland; some report eating the fleshy, watery core of the leaves as a snack or for thirst while travelling. *157) dòb-yèen̲ [`maguey´ + `child´] (> bliòo) (= guìzh-dòb-yèen̲ [`herb´ + `maguey´ + `baby´], guièe-dòb [`flower´ + `maguey´], dòb-làs-dán [`maguey´ + `slender/small´ + `forest/wild´], dòb-biôob [`maguey´ + Y]), Tillandsia plumosa: epiphyte on yàg-guièts-dà, Acacia pennatula; Echeveria spp. and Sedum spp. of the Crassulaceae may be similarly named: this term is most often applied to species with a dense basal leaf rosette, which is reminiscent of the basal rosette of a miniature agave; the name is metaphorical; one consultant specifically denied that this was a kind of dòb, that it grows to be like bliòo [Tillandsia spp.]; a favorite Christmas ornament; one Echeveria sp., a cliff species with lavender-tipped white flowers, was identified as a medicine for sore feet; this was also used for decoration; these terms may be extended to include Thyrsanthemum sp. and Tradescantia sp. of the Commelinaceae. Manfreda Manfreda pringlei Rose. 28) guièe-mzhǐg [`flower´ + `pine-cone´], Manfreda pringlei and/or Malaxis cf. streptopetala (Orchidaceae): the name in each case is descriptive of the clustered flowers and fruits. Polianthes Polianthes tuberosa L. 29) guièe-tèrèsît1 [`flower´ + Y] (= guièe-gàyít [`flower´ + `chick<sp>]), Polianthes tuberosa: see also Tritonia crocosmiflora (Iridaceae), Montanoa speciosa (Asteraceae). Yucca Yucca cf. elephantipes Regel *27) dòb-bæ̌æl [`maguey´ + `meat´] (= dòb-zéb [`maguey´ + Y], dòb-pcuǐx [`maguey´ + `kindling´?]), prototypically Furcraea longaeva, extended to include Yucca cf. elephantipes: the latter is occasionally planted in San Pedro Gbëë as an ornamental; it is native to Mexico. AIZOACEAEAptenia Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) N. E. Brown 30) amor un rato [`love for a moment<sp>´]: Aptenia cordifolia, a trailing succulent ornamental herb occasionally planted from cuttings in local gardens, native to South Africa; resembles a tiny ice-plant; flowers red-purple with many linear petals; no Zapotec name known. ALLIACEAEAgapanthus Agapanthus africanus L. 31) guièe-pânt [`flower´ +
`agapanthus<sp>´], Agapanthus africanus, agapanthus or lily-of-the-Nile ^[[AgpAgaAfr1]]: popular cultivated ornamental especially esteemed for the durability of its blue-purple flowers, which bloom at the onset of the rainy season; also planted at a milpa in the pine forest 2.5 km ssw of town at 2400 m. Allium Allium cepa L. Allium sativum L. 32) nlěch (= nsùch [`X´], Allium cepa, cebolla, onion: planted from seed in gardens in town; used in cooking; medicinal: for “fright” burned as a fumigant; also said to cure pasmo, a condition characterized in San Juan by chills and fever, sore joints, and swelling with skin eruptions; for this condition it is used alone. *69) guìzh-nlěch1 [`herb´ + `onion´] (~ guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´]), Ottoa oenanthoides (Apiaceae): fairly common wild flower of montane meadows and open pine woodland at 2900-3700 m; named for resemblance to Allium sp. (Alliaceae). *317) guìzh-nlěch2 [`herb´ + `onion´], Zygadenus mexicanus (Melianthaceae): likened to cultivated onions (Allium cepa L.), but better known as guièe-zhǒb1 [`flower´ + `maize kernel´]; may also include Mesadenus polyanthus or Platanthera cf. brevifolia (Orchidaceae): at 2600-3500 m on pine and pine-fir forest floor; the name may be suggested by the plant in seed; the poisonous properties of Zygadenus were not mentioned. 33) lchâzh [`garlic<sp>´], Allium sativum, ajo, garlic ^[[AllAllSat1]]: planted in gardens in town; used in cooking, for example, in fish soup with onion, tomato, and epazote; fed to animals with salt and chili to counteract poisoning in donkeys, mules, and oxen that have eaten Rigidelia orthantha (Iridaceae), a poisonous herb found in the mountains. Milla Milla biflora Cav. 34) guièe-xtsèe1 [`flower´ + `supper´] (= guìzh-xtsèe [`herb´ + `supper´], guièe-ròměel [`flower´ + Y]), Milla biflora ^[[AllMilBif1]], ^[[AllMilBif9]]: wild flower of waste and rocky ground in tropical deciduous woodland; so-called because the flower opens in the afternoons or evenings; name is a bilingual pun: “azucena“ = “lily”; -> cena “dinner”; -> ~ xtsèe “dinner” in Zapotec; one consultant collected a large handful to sell in Miahuatlán at 10 pesos per bunch of ca. 50 plants; also gathered to decorate the church; many for sale in Oaxaca during the Guelaguetza festival in late July; I bought a bouquet in Oaxaca of 18 “azucenas“ from a girl from San Miguel del Valle for 5 pesos; de Ávila (pers. comm.) says “azucena“ is from Arabic; flower appears on the seal of the state of Oaxaca with the image of Donaji, heroic Zapotec Indian princess of local histories; may be extended to include Echeandia sp.; guièe-xtsèe2 refers to Oenothera laciniata (Onagraceae); see also Ipomoea spp. (Convolvulaceae), Rondeletia spp. (Rubiaceae). 34a) guièe-xtsèe[-0], Milla biflora in part: the typical variety. 34b) guièe-xtsèe-nròob [`herb´ + `supper´ + `large´], Milla biflora in part: distinguished by larger size than the prototype. Nothoscordum Nothoscordum striatum Kunth 35) nlěch-bæ̀z [`onion<sp>´ + `fox´ ] (= guìzh-nlěch [`herb´ + `onion´], guièe-gù-zhàb [`flower´ + `tuber´ + `husk´]), Nothoscordum striatum, cebollina ^[[AllNotStr1]], ^[[AllNotStr2]]: wild flower of saturated soils, to 25 cm tall; flowers white, ca. 4 in an umbel, opening in sequence, flowering July to September; six white tepals with greenish longitudinal stripes on the outer series; leaves linear, slightly shorter than the flowering stem; from a white onion-like bulb, but does not smell of onion; sometimes planted; for adornment; it is possible that guièe-gù-zhàb may be a distinct species with an edible bulb or corm. ALSTROEMERIACEAE [AMARYLLIDACEAE]Alstroemeria Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don ex Sweet UN) Alstroemeria aurantiaca, Peruvian lily: ornamental flower of local gardens; no Zapotec name recorded. Bomarea Bomarea hirtella (H.B.K.) Herb. 36) guièe-còrôn-côp [`flower´ + `crown<sp>´ + `shot glass<sp>´] (= lbæ̀-guièe [`vine´ + `flower´], x-còrôn-rêy [poss. + `crown<sp>´ + `king<sp>´]), Bomarea hirtella ^[[AlsBomHir1]], ^[[AlsBomHir9]]: vining herb to 50 cm of pine forests with showy red flowers; for adornment, it lasts five days in a flower vase. AMARANTHACEAEAlternanthera Alternanthera caracasana Kunth 37) guìzh-guìdzdán [`herb´ + `diarrhea´], Alternanthera caracasana ^[[AmaAltCar1]] (= guìzh-yù [`herb´ + `ground´], guìzh-guiět-nì [`herb´ + `under´ + `foot´], guìzh-zhàn̲-nì [`herb´ + `base of´ + `foot´]): low growing herb from creeping underground stem; tiny flowers; literally “diarrhea plant”; medicine for diarrhea, taken in water at room temperature; medicine is “fresca”; also used to treat `fright´ (ncuàan-dzéb); also for decoration; animals eat it. Amaranthus Amaranthus hibridus L. 38) guìzbæ̀ [`amaranth´]), Amaranthus hibridus ^[[AmaAmaHib2]], ^[[AmaAmaHib3]]; Amaranthus sp., quintonil: annual herb most abundant during the rainy season, ruderal or cultivated from seed in home gardens; edible weed; people eat the leaves; medicinal: for stomach ache due to hangovers; the term seems likely to be a contraction of guìzh `herb´ and the unanalyzable constituent bæ̀; two or three varieties recognized based on leaf color and pattern; one consultant pointed out two varieties planted side by side in her garden, the `white´ variety with unmarked leaves, the `purple´ with leaves with a dark central mark ^[[AmaAmaHib1]]. 38a) guìzbæ̀-mòrâd [`amaranth´ + `purple<sp>´], Amaranthus hibridus L. var. 38b) guìzbæ̀-nquǐts [`amaranth´ + `white´], Amaranthus hibridus L. var. 38c) guìzbæ̀-xtîl [`amaranth´ + `Castillian<sp>´], Amaranthus hibridus L. var. Celosia Celosia argentea L. var. cristata 39) Celosia argentea L. var. cristata, bordo or cresta de gallo, cockscomb: pantropical weed; cultivated ornamental, sold in Miahuatlán for Todos Santos; deep red or pink flowers like double carnations; used with marigolds (Tagetes erecta, of the Asteraceae) on altars; no Zapotec name recorded. Gomphrena Gomphrena decumbens Jacq. Gomphrena diffusa L. 40) guìzh-guiět-nì [`herb´ + `under´ + `foot´], Gomphrena diffusa ^[[AmaGomDif2]]: medicine for kidney pain and diarrhea (yòob-chèn); eaten by animals; so called because “underfoot”; may include Alternanthera caracasana and may be extended to include Cichorieae sp.; two varieties recognized: 40a) guìzh-guiět-nì-mguì [`herb´ + `under´ + `foot´ + `male´], Gomphrena diffusa var. 1 (rose-colored floral bracts): sprawling herb; inflorescence with rose-purple bracts considered to be “male”; or perhaps properly applied to Gomphrena decumbens (see below); 40b) guìzh-guiět-nì-mágùs [`herb´ + `under´ + `foot´ + `female´], Gomphrena diffusa var. 2 (white floral bracts): with white bracts, considered to be “female.” G) guìzh-guièe-ròsâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `rose-colored<sp>´], Gomphrena decumbens ^[[AmaGomDec1]] Iresine Iresine calea (Ibañez) Standley Iresine cassiniformis Schauer Iresine celosia L. Iresine grandis Standley G) guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´], Iresine calea, but see below. 41) zhwǐs [X] (= guìzh-zhwǐs [`herb´ + X]), Iresine calea, Iresine cassiniformis, Iresine celosia, Iresine grandis, Iresine sp. ^[[AmaIreSpc1]]; often not recognized by this name, but rather labeled by ad hoc descriptive phrases, e.g., guìzh-[guièe-]nquǐts [`herb´ + [`flower´ +] `white´] for Iresine calea, guièe-mîdz [`flower´ + `seed´] for Iresine grandis: slightly woody herbs to 3 m, of humid ground; clusters of tiny white flowers; medicinal, for espanto, stomach ache (“bilis“), and/or to “open the appetite”; grind, drink with beer after fasting; or, for espanto, nervios, or “cuando siempre se enoja” (“being angry all the time”), bathe with it or “sweep” the body with it, as a limpia; the `white´ variety is preferred; also for mal aire [one dreams, wakes feeling weak, pain] and vomiting; drink as tea to calm vomiting or chew leaves (of `green´ variety); also use as a limpia or bathe with it for mal aire; it is common here in the fall but scarce and/or leafless in late winter and spring (during Lent); fodder for livestock; firewood; two varieties regularly recognized, though there is some uncertainty as to how they are distinguished; some describe the varieties as `yellowish´ and `green´, the `green´ variety the stronger medicine; others distinguish `black´ or `purple´ and `white´ or `green´, with the `white´ the stronger: 41a) zhwǐs-nguǎts [X + `black´] (= zhwǐs[-0], zhwǐs-mòrâd [X + `purple<sp>´]), e.g., Iresine cf. celosia: to 1 m, of humid ground; hairy leaves; this variety has red stems; flowers in June; this is the prototype; Iresine celosia is being promoted as an effective cure for prostate cancer, nervous depression, and as a general tonic (http://www.iresine.com/usage.htm, January 29, 2004); 41b) zhwǐs-nquǐts [X + `white´] (= zhwǐs-vêrd [X + `green<sp>´], xín-zhwǐs [`relative of´ + X], e.g., Iresine sp.: some consultants reported that this variety was neither edible nor useful as medicine, but others disagreed. AMARYLLIDACEAEAmaryllis Amaryllis belladonna L. 42) guièe-còrôn-dè-rêy [`flower´ + `crown<sp>´ + `of-the-king<sp>´] (= x-còrôn-rêy [`its crown<sp>´ + `king<sp>]), Amaryllis belladonna, corona del rey: cultivated ornamental in gardens in town, the bulbs purchased in Miahuatlán, flowers in June and July; Bomarea hirtella (Alstroemeriaceae) may be likewise named; white and rose-colored floral varieties planted: 42a) guièe-còrôn-dè-rêy-nquǐts [`flower´ + `crown<sp>´ + `of-the-king<sp>´ + `white´], Amaryllis belladonna, var. 1 ^[[AmlAmaBel1]]: white flowers; 42b) guièe-còrôn-dè-rêy-ròsâd [`flower´ + `crown<sp>´ + `of-the-king<sp>´ + `rose<sp>´], Amaryllis belladonna, var. 2: rose-colored flowers. Cooperia Cooperia drummondii Herb. G) guièe-ròsâd [`flower´ + `rose-colored´], Cooperia drummondii. Hymenocallis Hymenocallis sp. 43) guièe-zùcên [`flower´ + `lily<sp>´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´]), Hymenocallis sp., spider lily: garden ornamental. Sprekelia Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herbert. 44) guièe-chên-dán [`pointsettia´ + `forest/wild´] (= guièe-chên [`flower´ + `blood´]), Sprekelia formosissima, Jacobean lily ^[[AmlSprFor9]]: common wild and cultivated ornamental flower with striking scarlet blossoms. G) guìzh-dòoz-dán [`herb´ + `corn field´ + `forest/wild´], Amaryllidaceae sp. ANACARDIACEAEMangifera Mangifera indica L. 45) yàg-mângw [`tree/shrub´ + `mango<sp>´], Mangifera indica, mango: cultivated species introduced from Asia; occasionally planted below town for its edible fruits; medicine for tooth ache (yòob-měy), insert leaf in cavity; two varieties are recognized, which may correspond to the following: “The most widely grown varieties in Mexico are the manila, a small, flat, green-to-yellow mango with a point called a beak at one end; the criollo or petacon, a large, sweet, round, reddish-orange version of the fruit...” (http://www.mexconnect.com/mex_/recipes/puebla/kgmango.html, October 29, 2007) 45a) yàg-mângw[-0], Mangifera indica var.: the prototype, perhaps the “manila” noted above; 45b) yàg-mângw-pètàcôn [`tree/shrub´ + `mango<sp>´ + `petacón<sp>´], Mangifera indica var.: preferred mango variety sold in the Miahuatlán market. Metopium Metopium brownei (Jacq.) Urb. 46) yàg-rên [`tree/shrub´ + `blood´], Metopium brownei: tree known from visits to the Isthmus of Tehuántepec; sap considered to be very poisonous. Pistacia Pistacia mexicana H.B.K. 47) yàg-ràmôn [`tree/shrub´ + `ramón-tree<sp>´], Pistacia mexicana, ramón, wild pistacio: common tree of subtropical deciduous woodland on limestone soils and riparian zone; to 8 m; no spines; flowers reddish, resembling Quercus flowers; once pinnate leaves with 12-15 pairs of asymmetrical glabrous, leaflets; small ellipsoid dark purple fruits; important food for wild birds such as macaws and chachalacas; also for firewood; EX 47) xín-yàg-ràmôn [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `ramón tree<sp>´], Anacardiaceae sp. Pseudosmodingium Pseudosmodingium multifolium Rose 48) yàg-lǎadz [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Pseudosmodingium multifolium, hincha-huevos ^[[AnaPseMul1]]: common tree of subtropical deciduous woodland below 1600-1900 m; many people are allergic to this tree, suffering after contact a rash that may last ten days; others are unaffected and may use the wood for constructing fences, etc. *340) yàg-guièe-ncòw [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `dark´] (= xín-yàg-lǎadz [`relative of´ + `Pseudosmodinguim´]), Fraxinus purpusii: very common small tree to 5 m of subtropical deciduous woodland on limestone soils; used for firewood, decoration; superficially resembles Pistacia mexicana and Pseudosmodingium multifolium, common associates. Toxicodendron Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze 49) lǎadz-lbæ̀ [X + `vine´] (lǎadz-guiùu [X + `river´]), Toxicodendron radicans, poison-ivy ^[[AnaToxRad1]]: uncommon in riparian woodland at, e.g., 1650 m; said to be more toxic than Pseudosmodingium multifolium (yàg-lǎadz; see above). Rhus Rhus chondroloma Standley Rhus costaricensis Riley Rhus mollis H.B.K. = Rhus standleyi Barkley Rhus oaxacana Loes. Rhus pachyrrhachis Hemsl. Rhus standleyi Barkley, cf. Rhus mollis H.B.K. Rhus cf. terebinthifolia Schlecht. & Cham. There are at least four species of Rhus in San Juan. However, there is a multiplicity of latin names that might be applied to name these. I am uncertain at this point which species names should be applied. 50) yàg-bèch-lsæ̀b [`tree/shrub´ + `knot´ + Y], Rhus costaricensis, zumaque, sumac ^[[AnaRhuCos1]], ^[[AnaRhuCos2]]: fairly common vining shrub of riparian woodland at 1800-2000 m; considered to be a “relative” of yàg-bèch-mbǎr; leaves pinnately compound; differs from yàg-bèch-mbǎr primarily by virtue of felty rather than glossy smooth leaves; will have yellow flowers in June-July, then orange fruits; fruits flattened, sour, sucked or cooked and drunk to treat mouth sores (“fuegos/granos en la boca”); leaves dried on a griddle, pulverized, and the powder used as “talcum” in babies´ diapers to prevent diaper rash; also used for firewood; less powerful as medicine than yàg-bèch-mbǎr; some consultants seem to treat this and the next as two varieties of a single generic category, which might then be named yàg-bèch, however, I´ve never heard either named that way; from this perspective, yàg-bèch-mbǎr has white seeds that turn red when mature, yàg-bèch-lsæ̀b green seeds that turn yellow; the leaves are different also, as noted above; according to this consultant, both types are of equal curative force. 51) yàg-bèch-mbǎr [`tree/shrub´ + `knot´ + `sour´] (= bèch-mbǎr [`knot´ + `sour´]), Rhus oaxacana, Rhus cf. terebinthifolia, Rhus pachyrrhachis, Rhus mollis, zumaque, sumac ^[[AnaRhuOax1]], ^[[AnaRhuOax3]], ^[[AnaRhuOax4]], ^[[AnaRhuOax6]], ^[[AnaRhuMol1]]: common shrubs to 2 m of subtropical deciduous woodland; leaves of the prototype pinnately compound, glossy (Rhus mollis has simple, non-glossy leaves); flowers white to pink; fruits flattened, orange, sour, sucked or cooked and drunk to treat mouth sores (“fuegos/granos en la boca”); yàg-bèch-mbǎr is mixed with ârnìcà (Bocconia arborescens, Papaveraceae) and “hoja de cáncer” (blàg-chòg, prototypically Tournefortia spp., Boraginaceae) to treat wounds: dry the stalks, then boil and bathe with the water; differs from yàg-bèch-lsæ̀b primarily by virtue of glossy smooth rather than felty leaves; uses and distinction from the preceding as noted for yàg-bèch-lsæ̀b; bèch-mbǎr[-nrùdz] not = bèch-lsæ̀b [which is smaller]. EX 51) xín-bèch-mbǎr [`relative-of´ + `sumac´], Rhus standleyi, sumac; also Chiococca alba: shrubs 1-2 m high; leaflets more numerous than yàg-bèch-mbǎr; of riparian zone in subtropical deciduous shrub; has white fruits; medicine for diaper rash; fruits also used to treat mouth sores, as in the “real” bèch-mbǎr. 52) bèch-mbǎr-lbæ̀ [`sumac´ + `vine´], Rhus costaricensis, Rhus trilobata, extended to include Serjania schiedeana [Sapindaceae]: a trailing vine with pinnate leaves (leaflets 5); possibly synonymous with yàg-bèch-lsæ̀b. Schinus Schinus molle L. 53) yàg-pìrûl [`tree/shrub´ + `pepper-tree<sp>´] (= pìrûl [`pepper-tree<sp>´]), Schinus molle, pirúl, pepper-tree ^[[AnaSchMol1]]: native to South America; a few have been planted in town; used medicinally for sore feet and/or rheumatism; spray infusion with mezcal and/or apply with mezcal on feet. Spondias Spondias purpurea L. 54) yàg-biàdz [`tree/shrub´ + `hog plum´] (= biàdz [X]), Spondias purpurea, ciruela, hog plum: does not grow in San Juan Gbëë; however, the fruits are imported from hot country or purchased while resident in the lowlands; a child was chewing on one May 8, 2004. ANNONACEAEAnnona Annona cherimola Mill. Annona muricata L. 55) yàg-guiél̲ (= yàg-guiál̲ [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´]), Annona cherimola, cherimoya, custard-apple ^[[AnnAnnChe1]]: tree to 4 meters of limestone soil on humid ground at 1600-2200 m; green flowers; common wild and cultivated, planted from seed; in fruit November-March; fruit (guiél̲) is eaten and highly regarded; also provides good food for birds; 55a) yàg-guiél̲[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + 0], Annona cherimola: information as for the generic; 55b) yàg-guiél̲-chǐch [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + `nipple´] (= yàg-guiél̲-dán (`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + `forest/wild´]), Annona cherimola var. or Annona sp.: one example was a small tree growing at 1620 m in a riparian zone in tropical deciduous woodland; a second example was a shrub to 2 m, in flower, in oak woodland; these could represent two species distinct from Annona cherimola or all may be forms of that species; some say the fruits of this variety have many seeds, are not eaten by people, rather just food for foxes and birds; not all consultants recognize this distinction. Several species of other families are named as if they were types of yàg-guiél̲; they are species of lower elevations that are known from market purchases; the fact that they are named in San Juan Zapotec perhaps is evidence that San Juan was originally settled by Zapotec speakers migrating up the Tehuántepec River basin; each is treated under the respective family heading as a distinct folk generic: *181) yàg-guiél̲-bêdz [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´´ + `wild cat´?], Licania platypus (Chrysobalanaceae); mezon zapote: medicinal, bathe with it for bruises; also for women who have recently delivered a child: mix rosemary, feverfew, laurel and avocado leaves, then add the milky juice of mezon zapote; grind, then drink a glass. *416) yàg-guiél̲-dzìn [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + `honey´], Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae), chicosapote, sapodilla plum. *417) yàg-guiél̲-zhôn [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + Z], Pouteria sapota (Sapotaceae), mamey. 56) yàg-guànâb [`tree/shrub´ + `guanabana-fruit<sp>´], Annona muricata, guanabana: does not grow in San Juan Gbëë; fruit imported from lower elevations. ANTHERICACEAEChlorophytum Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques f. variegatum 57) rlǎal-x-pǽæd-á [`it drops´ + `its-children´] (= guièe-yùzh [`flower´ + `sand´]), Chlorophytum comosum, spider plant: native to South Africa; an ornamental occasionally cultivated in gardens. Name may be a calque on the Spanish name, as buds develop on the leaf margin, then drop off. Echeandia Echeandia flavescens (Schult. & Schult.) Cruden Echeandia flexuosa Cav. Echeandia cf. reflexa (Cav.) Rose 58) x-tòoz-pěch1 [`its milpa´ + `vulture´ Echeandia cf. reflexa ^[[AthEchSpc1]], ^[[AthEchSpc2]], ^[[AthEchSpp9]], may include Echeandia flexuosa ^[[AthEchFle1]]: tall (to > 1 m) perennial herb with long clasping basal leaves; orange-yellow flowers on long stalks; perhaps so named because Turkey Vultures eat the plant. *186) x-tòoz-pěch2 [`its milpa´ + `vulture´] (= guìzh-pěch [`herb´ + `vulture´], guìzh-guièe-pěch [`herb´ + `flower´ + `vulture´], blàg-pěch [`leaf´ + `vulture´]), Tripogandra cf. serrulata, Thrysanthemum sp. (Commelinaceae): medicinal: for hemorrhaging when giving birth, drink infusion of the leaf; Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura, pěch) are said to eat this plant, perhaps to aid digestion? 59) bià-yǎn [`?´ + `?´], Echeandia sp.: tall; like x-tòoz-pěch but different. Growing at a milpa edge at 2250 m. G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´], guìzh-làs-nguěts [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-dán [`herb´ + `flower´ + `forest/wild´), guièe-xtsèe-làs [`flower´ + `supper´ + `small/slender], guièe-ló-gòdz [`flower´ + `at´ + `marsh´], guìzh-dǐp-ló-gòdz [`grass´ + `at´ + `marsh´], Echeandia flavescens, Echeandia sp.: weedy wildflowers of overgrazed fields near town; these descriptive terms may be applied to a variety of other yellow flowered herbs, such as Ranunculus spp. (Ranunculaceae) APIACEAEAmni Amni majus L. 60) guièe-ncâj [`flower´ + `lace<sp>´], Amni majus ^[[ApiAmnMaj1]], ^[[ApiAmnMaj2]]: Eurasian plant, cultivated in town as an ornamental. Anethum Anethum graveolens L. 61) guìzh-nêld [`herb´ + `dill<sp>´] (= nêld [`dill<sp>´]), Anethum graveolens, eneldo, dill: South Asian plant, cultivated in town; herb to 1 m, of humid ground, yellow flowers; leaves used as seasoning in cooking; medicine for coughs; boil, drink infusion as tea; it is “hot”; resembles but is different from fennel (hinojo, Foeniculum vulgare), though vernacular names for dill and fennel frequently confused and/or inverted in San Juan. Apium Apium graveolens L. 62) Apium graveolens var. dulce, apio, celery: no Zapotec name recorded; may or may not be cultivated in San Juan. Arracacia Arracacia atropurpurea (Rehl.) Benth. Arracacia tolucensis (Kunth) Hemsl. UN) Arracacia atropurpurea. *EX71) xín-pèrèjîl [`relative of´ + `parsley´], Arracacia tolucensis. Berula Berula erecta (Hunders.) Coville *EX157) xín-bêrr [`relative of´ + `watercress<sp>´] (= guìzh-gòdz [`herb´ + `marsh´]): Berula erecta, water-parsnip ^[[ApiBerEre1]]: a straggling, perennial herb that grows in shallow water; small white flowers in compound umbels; resembles Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (Brassicaceae), but bitter; fodder for animals. Coriandrum Coriandrum sativum L. 63) sìlândr [`coriander<sp>´] (= guìzh-sìlândr [`herb´ + `coriander<sp>´], cúlândr [`coriander<sp>´], sìlàndrín [`coriander<sp>´]), Coriandrum sativum, cilantro, coriander ^[[ApiCorSat2]]: southwest Asian species, cultivated as an herb for seasoning (zhlæ̀) in cooking beans and squash; planted in milpas, in flower and seed as the milpa is harvested; medicinal: medicine for if the placenta does not fall; there's a look alike that smells different that is called xín-sìlàndrín [Daucus montanus ?]. EX63) xín-sìlàndrín [`relative of´ + `coriander<sp>´ + diminuitive] (= xín-sìlândr [`relative of´ + `coriander<sp>´]): perhaps a wild species that resembles coriander? Daucus Daucus carota L. Daucus montanus L. 64) zànàhôr [`carrot<sp>´], Daucus carota, zanahoria, carrot: occasionally grown in San Juan, planted from seed in the spring; seeds and/or tuberous roots purchased in the Miahuatlán market; Daucus montanus, an annual with spiny fruits, may be known as xín-sìlàndrín [`relative of´ + `coriander<sp>´ + diminuitive]. Donnellsmithia Donnellsmithia mexicana (Robins.) Mathias & Constance 65) guièe-rèn-gòdz [`flower´ = `blood´ + `wet place´], Donnellsmithia mexicana. Eryngium Eryngium cf. cymosum Delar. Eryngium gracile Delar. 66) guièts-mél-lò [`spine´ + `star´ + `root´] (~ guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´]), Eryngium cf. cymosum ^[[ApiEryCym1]]: common weedy species of fallow fields in pine forests; Eryngium cf. cymosum has a basal rosette of long spiny leaves with a few more such leaves along the stem; inflorescences without ligulate flowers, disk flowers blackish, sepaloid bracts metallic silver; medicinal, for dysentery; urinary problems (mal de orina); fodder for animals; may also include Cirsium ehrenbergii (Asteraceae) ^[[AstCirEhr2]], a large, fiercely spiny herb to 2.5 m of pine forests; fodder for animals; 66a) guièts-mél-lò [`herb´ + `star´ + `root´], separate , Eryngium cf. cymosum var.: this variety grows separated; 66b) guièts-mél-lò [`herb´ + `star´ + `root´], grouped, Eryngium cf. cymosum var.; this variety grows in groups, which is considered the typical condition. 67) guièe-guìib [`flower´ + `metal´], Eryngium gracile ^[[ApiEryGra1]]: common weedy species of fallow fields in pine forests; appears to have bluish-white ray “flowers,” but these on closer inspection are the sepaloid bracts; milky sap; no use cited. Foeniculum Foeniculum vulgare Miller 68) guìzh-hìnôj [`herb´ + `fennel<sp>´] (= hìnôj [`fennel<sp>´], mîlt-ró-yù [`?´ + `edge´ + `house´], Foeniculum vulgare, hinojo, fennel ^[[ApiFoeVul1]]: asiatic species; cultivated from seed as a potherb and for seasoning; medicine for stomach ache (yòob-zdòo); heat the leaves, then paste on stomach with mezcal; for “cold” diarrhea, take with manzanilla guièe-mànzànî (Matricaria recutita); for empacho, drink as tea; use the leaf alone for vomiting; even the doctors in the clinic recommend it and send patients to buy it; it is “cold” (niág), or medio; often mixed with other plants, e.g., manzanilla, the mixture is “caliente” because guièe-mànzànî is; bnì hìnôj `fennel seeds´ may be harvested locally to sell in Tehuántepec for ca. 10 pesos per small bag; some do not distinguish hìnôj from nêld, eneldo, Anethum graveolens, dill. Neogoezia Neogoezia minor Hemsl. 69) guìzh-gǎl [`herb´ + `twenty´], Neogoezia minor: wild montane forest herb, as at Rancho Conejo at 3100 m; to 20 cm tall, scappose; rosette of irregularly pinnate basal leaves; compound umbel, small, ball-shaped; a mountain opposite San Pedro Gbëë is named for this plant. Ottoa Ottoa oenanthoides Kunth in H.B.K. 70) guìzh-nlěch1 [`herb´ + `onion´] (~ guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´]), Ottoa oenanthoides (Apiaceae): fairly common wild flower of montane meadows and open pine woodland at 2900-3700 m; named for resemblance to Allium sp. (Alliaceae). *322) guìzh-nlěch2 [`herb´ + `onion´], Zygadenus mexicanus (Melianthaceae): likened to cultivated onions (Allium cepa), but better known as guièe-zhǒb2 [`flower´ + `corn´]; may also include Mesadenus polyanthus or Platanthera cf. brevifolia (Orchidaceae): at 2600-3500 m on pine and pine-fir forest floor; the name may be suggested by the plant in seed; the poisonous properties of Zygadenus were not mentioned. Petroselinum Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A. W. Hill 71) pèrèjîl [`parsley<sp>´] (= guìzh + pèrèjîl [`herb´ + `parsley<sp>´], Petroselinum crispum, perejíl, parsley: Mediterranean species cultivated as a potherb and for seasoning; herb to 0.5 m with white flowers; cultivated from seed on humid ground; this is the “true” perejíl; leaves and stems eaten raw or cooked; very small seeds, laterally compressed, not ribbed; used in cooking recaudo, chicken soup; said to be used in conjunction with guièe-zhàn̲-ciǎa (Oenothera rosea, Onagraceae) to treat nose bleed, head ache, and fever; it is considered to be `cool´ (fresco). EX 71) xín-pèrèjîl [`relative of´ + `parsley´], Arracacia tolucensis and Tauschia ruderale. Prionosciadium Prionosciadium nelsoni J. M. Coult. & Rose Prionosciadium thapsoides (DC.) Math. Rhodosciadium Rhodosciadium glaucum Coult. & Rose var. lineare Coult. & Rose Rhodosciadium cf. tolucense (Kunth) Mathias Rhodosciadium tuberosum Drude UN) Prionosciadium nelsoni J. M. Coult. & Rose 72) guìzh-pèrèjîl [`herb´ + `parsley<sp>´] (= xín-pèrèjîl [`relative of´ + `parsley <sp>´], guìzh-nguiǎ [`herb´ + `green´]), Prionosciadium thapsoides, Rhodosciadium glaucum var. lineare, Rhodosciadium cf. tuberosum: generalized to include a variety of other Apiaceae, including Arracacia tolucensis and Tauschia ruderalis ^[[ApiGenSpc1]], ^[[ApiGenSpc2]]: Prionosciadium thapsoides is a tall herb, to 2 m, with large leaves and rather broad terminal leaflets (Sánchez Sánchez 1968:288-289, figure 222a), the foliage resembling Heracleum maximum, though somewhat finer. 73) guiéer-ngüèets [`?´ + `yellow´] (= xín-pèrèjîl [`relative-of´ + `parsley <sp>´]), Rhodosciadium cf. tolucensis ^[[ApiRhoTol1]]: tall, delicate herb (to 1.2 m) with few leaves and tiny yellow flowers in compound umbels; medicine for urinary problems (“mal de orina“). Pimpinella Pimpinella anisum L. 74) nìzh [`sweet´ or `anise<sp>´], Pimpinella anisum, anís, anise: Asiatic species cultivated as a potherb and for seasoning. Tauschia Tauschia ruderalis Schl. G) guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´] (= guìzh-gùts [`herb´ + `yellowish´], xín-pèrèjîl [`relative of´ + `parsley <sp>´]), for Tauschia ruderalis and three unidentified Apiaceae specimens collected in high elevation meadows (ca. 2800 m). *EX71) xín-pèrèjîl [`relative of´ + `parsley <sp>´], Tauschia ruderale: cf. guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]. APOCYNACEAEEchites Echites cf. woodsoniana Monac. Mandevilla Mandevilla oaxacana (A. DC.) Hemsl. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ (`herb´ + `vine´], Echites cf. woodsoniana, Mandevilla oaxacana. Nerium Nerium oleander L. 75) yàg-guièe-laùrêl [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `laurel<sp>´] (= guièe-rôs-laùrêl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + `laurel<sp>´], Nerium oleander, oleander ^[[ApoNerOle1]]: large shrub or small, multi-stemmed tree planted in town as an ornamental; flowering mostly in March and April; it was not noted to be poisonous; two color varieties occur, as noted below: 75a) yàg-guièe-laùrêl [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `laurel<sp>´] (= guièe-rôs-laùrêl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + `laurel<sp>´]), Nerium oleander with white flowers; 75b) yàg-guièe-laùrêl [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `laurel<sp>´] (= guièe-rôs-laùrêl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + `laurel<sp>´], Nerium oleander with pink flowers. Plumeria Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia (Ait.) Woodson 76) yàg-guièe-yǎl [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Y], Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia, cacalosúchitl, flor de mayo, frangipani ^[[ApoPluRub2]], ^[[ApoPluRub3]]: tree of subtropical deciduous woodland, fields, and town, where either planted or spared, to 4 meters; of rocky soils; flowers appear before the leaves; thick, rubbery stems with white sap; highly valued ornamental flower; flowers sewed into a ring of citrus leaves to make aromatic wedding corsages called guièe-niá [`flower´ + `hand´] ^[[ApoPluRub4]], ^[[ApoPluRub5]]; two color varieties, as noted below; a third variety with rose-colored flowers ^[[ApoPluRub1]] does not occur in San Juan Gbëë; the flowers are sold in quantity for necklaces for fiestas in Salina Cruz and Juchitán; the white variety is preferred, stronger, more durable during the hot season, they don´t dry out; bark is used in a medicinal concoction for empacho (èmpâch), combined with Chenopodium graveolens and the bark of Leucaena spp. and Eysenhardtia spp., drunk as tea; bark as medicine for indigestion and diarrhea (guìdzdán) [though this last application denied by others]; put in fire, boil, drink infusion as tea; white flowered plants grow wild; yellow-centered flowers on trees planted in town (though perhaps grow wild as well); both types equally effective as medicine; medicine for mal de ojo [not mal ojo], e.g., cataracts (nubes), put drops of the sap (“la pura sangre“) in the affected eye; used primarily (or exclusively) for horses, bulls, cows, donkeys, even goats; people with such eye problems should use “coliria” purchased in the farmacía]; cf. Caballero 1998:56-57, “Cacalosuchil,” poisonous properties noted, as well as use as a powerful purgative; a superficially similar shrub, Senecio praecox (Asteraceae), is named yàg-guièe-yǎl-mâch [`frangipani´ + `male´]; it is treated as a distinct folk generic of the Asteraceae: 76a) yàg-guièe-yǎl-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Y + `white´], Plumeria rubra f acutifolia [white]; 76b) yàg-guièe-yǎl-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Y + `yellow´], Plumeria rubra f acutifolia [yellow]. *131) yàg-guièe-yǎl-mâch [`frangipani´ + `male´], Senecio praecox (Asteraceae): named as a kind of yàg-guièe-yǎl, the primary referent of which is Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia (Apocynaceae); this Senecio is a leafless shrub to 2 m of disturbed tropical deciduous woodland; stems thick, rubbery; yellow-rayed inflorescences appear at the tips of bare stems; no uses cited; cf. Caballero 1998:53, “Palo Sancto,” where cited as treatment for broken bones. Thevetia Thevetia ovata (Cav.) A. DC. 77) guìzh-buǐ [`herb´ + `guava-fruit´], Thevetia ovata: uncommon shrub or small tree of subtropical deciduous woodland at 1650 m; rare in San Juan Gbëë. Vallesia Vallesia mexicana Muell. Arg. UN) Vallesia mexicana: shrub to small tree, distinctive pinkish-white egg-shaped fruits; recognized but not named. AQUIFOLIACEAEIlex Ilex cf. pringlei Standl. *336) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw [`tree/shrub´ + `its flower´ + `dog´], the primary referent appears to be Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae ^[[OlcSchShr1]], ^[[OlcSchShr2]]: a small tree (7-8 m) with non-descript flowers, red fruits; wood resistant, used for forked poles and posts, may last 8-10 years; also for firewood and to make toys; may also include Ilex cf. pringlei of the Aquifoliaceae; Leucothoe mexicana and/or Vaccinium leucanthum of the Ericaceae; and Bunchosia lanceolata of the Malpighiaceae; may be confused with yàg-guièe-ròb (Agarista spp. of the Ericaceae); two varieties may be recognized: *336a) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw[-0], Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae, the prototype: the variety of lower elevations; may also refer to Vaccinium leucanthum and/or Bunchosia lanceolata; *336b) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw-yǎ-guì [`tree/shrub´ + `its flower´ + `dog´ + `on the mountain´], Leucothoe mexicana (Ericaceae), Ilex cf. pringlei (Aquifoliaceae): said to be distinct from the prototype, which is characteristic of lower elevations. ARACEAEMonstera Monstera deliciosa Liebm. UN) Monstera deliciosa, pepejilote, raíz de piedra: cultivated ornamental occasionally planted in town gardens ^[[AraMonDel1]]. Xanthosoma Xanthosoma robustum Schott. 78) blàg-quiè [`leaf´ + `rock/cliff´] (= guìzh-quiè [`herb´ + `rock/cliff´]), Xanthosoma sp., taracutín: large hastate-leaved terrestrial rhizomatous plant of humid, rocky areas; may be transplanted to home gardens; leaves have ornamental value. 79) blàg-biôl̲ [`leaf´ + `cartilage´], Xanthosoma robustum, tarabundí ^[[AraXanRob1]]: planted in gardens beside bananas; the poisonous root is said to discourage pocket gophers (Heterogeomys sp.) from harming the banana plants; leaves have ornamental value. 80) blàg-nìs [`leaf´ + `water´], Xanthosoma sp. ?; resembles blàg-quiè [`leaf´ + `rock/cliff´] but grows along streams. Zantedeschia Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Sprengel 81) guièe-càrtûch [`flower´ + `arum-lily<sp>´], Zantedeschia aethiopica, cartucho, calla lily ^[[AraZanAet2]]: South African species widely cultivated for its showy white spathes; planted from seed or cuttings. ARALIACEAEAralia Aralia brevifolia March Aralia pubescens DC. NON) guìzh-mîdz-nguiǎ [`herb´ + `seed´ + `green´], Aralia brevifolia: likely a nonce form. NON) bèch-mbǎr-làs [`knot´ + `sour´ + `small/slender´], Aralia pubescens: likely a nonce form. ARECACEAEAcrocomia Acrocomia mexicana Karw. ex Mart. Orbygna Orbygna guacuyule (Lieb.) Hernandez X. Phoenix Phoenix dactylifera L. 82) mgàròow [X] (= yàg-mgàròow [`tree/shrub´ + X]), Acrocomia mexicana, Orbygna guacuyule, coyule, cohune palm: palms common on the Pacific coastal lowland and in the Isthmus of Tehuántepec; a few have been transplanted in town as ornamentals; this term may be applied as well to the few individuals of the exotic ornamental palm Phoenix dactylifera that have been planted in town. Brahea Brahea dulcis (Kunth) C. Martius 83) yàg-zîn [`tree/shrub´ + X] (= zîn [X]), Brahea dulcis ^[[AreBraDul1]]: a fan palm native to the region; does not grow in San Juan; women of the nearby towns of San Cristóbal Amatlán, San Pedro Amatlán, and San José Lachiguirí import the leaves of this palm from near Sola de Vega to weave petates and sombreros; some San Juan itinerant merchants serve as middlemen in this trade; medicinal: for `great fright´ (dzéb-dòx), experienced by children who narrowly escape drowning; requires an elaborate ritual cure involving seven pieces of ocote, seven cotton seeds, seven pieces of the small reed guìzh-gòob (Lasiacis cf. nigra), seven leaves of the “sacred palm” (Brahea dulcis), plus copal, the ritual to be performed at midnight on Cerro San Isidro (Guìc-dzùb). Cocos Cocos nucifera L. 84) yàg-cǒc [`tree/shrub´ + `coconut<sp>´] (= cǒc [coconut<sp>´]), Cocos nucifera, coconut palm: a few have been transplanted in town as ornamentals; it is not otherwise used. ARISTOLOCHIACEAEAristolochia Aristolochia cf. pentandra Jacq. 85) ncuàan-dzéb-zhòmbrêl [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `hat<sp>´] (= guìzh-ncuàan-dzéb-zhòmbrêl [`herb´ + `medicine´ + `fright´ + `hat<sp>´]), Aristolochia cf. pentandra ^[[ArsAriPen1]]: uncommon, obscure trailing vine with odd purplish-brown, sombrero-shaped flower; medicine for “espanto” or “susto” (dzéb), particularly, “night fright” associated with nightmares; use the tuberous root (camote). 86) guaco, likely Aristolochia sp.: an exotic purchased medicinal; said to be a vine; not found locally but common at Pluma de Hidalgo and at the coast; used to prepare a variety of composite treatments (compuestos), e.g., for aire or reuma del estómago drink “mezcal de ruda“ [rue left to steep in mezcal for several weeks] mixed with guaco and cáscara de naranja criollo (bark of a local orange tree variety); treat “hot pains,” stomach ache, or fever (zhlæ̌æ) with a compuesto that includes raíz de limón (Citrus aurantiifolia root) and guaco; others describe this treatment as involving such exotic ingredients as anís estrella (star anise, Illicium verum Hook. f., Illiciaceae, a Chinese herb), cancerina (unidentified), and guaco, with locally-grown plants, rue (Ruta chalepensis) and horehound (Marrubium vulgare); cf. Martínez (1967:268-276). ASCLEPIADACEAEAsclepias Asclepias cf. auriculata H.B.K. Asclepias brachystephana Englm. Asclepias curassavica L. Asclepias fournieri Wood Asclepias glaucescens Kunth Asclepias mexicana DC. Asclepias notha Stevens Asclepias cf. ovata Mart. & Gal. Asclepias woodsoniana Standl. & Steyerm. = Asclepias rosea H.B.K. 87) guìzh-měy [`herb´ + `fungus/cavity´] (= guièe-měy [`flower´ + `fungus/cavity´], guìzh-yòob-lây [`herb´ + `tooth-ache´], guìzh-lây [`herb´ + `tooth´], guièe-ziè [`flower´ + `elote´]), Asclepias curassavica, blood-flower ^[[AscAscCur1]], ^[[AscAscCur2]]: herb to 1 meter with orange flowers, grows wild and also is planted from seed; South American species naturalized as a weed of roadsides and cultivated in gardens in town for its ornamental and medicinal values; the milky sap is applied to aching teeth, hence the name, as dental caries are thought to be caused by a fungus; another plant called guìzh-yòob-lây, Brickellia veronicaefolia (Asteraceae) is also cited as a medicine for tooth ache; chew it like chicle, it is “hot” (“caliente”). 88) lúdz-ngǒn [`tongue´ + `ox´] (= guièe-nquǐts-mîdz [`flower´ + `white´ + `seed´], ~ guìzh-guièe-dán [`herb´ + `flower´ + `forest/wild´]; ~ guìzh-guièe-lêch [`herb´ + `flower´ + `milk<sp>´]), milkweeds, especially those with large, clasping leaves, such as Asclepias ovata, Asclepias cf. auriculata, Asclepias glaucescens, Asclepias notha: the first alternative describes the pod full of fluffy white seeds common to members of this genus, as does the following nonce form. G) guìzh-guièe-lêch [`herb´ + `flower´ + `milk<sp>´], Asclepias spp., milkweed: this term was applied to two very different species of Asclepias; as a synonym for lúdz-ngǒn, but also for a different species, one with dark red flowers and petioled leaves; the term may be used for Asclepias spp. in general. 89) guìzh-cònêf [`herb´ + `rabbit<sp>´], Asclepias fournieri: medicine for internal injuries due to a blow; eat the root raw; some claim to have learned the medicinal value of this plant by watching injured rabbits eat it; also fodder for domestic rabbits. NON) xín-guièe-saûz [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `willow´]) applied to Asclepias woodsoniana = Asclepias rosea. NON) guìzh-mòrâd (`herb´ + `purple<sp>´), Asclepias mexicana. Gonolobus Gonolobus cf. chloranthus Schl. Gonolobus cf. nemorosus Decne. Gonolobus uniflora H.B.K. UN) Gonolobus uniflora ^[[AscGonSpc1]]: uncommon vine of hedgerows and riparian thickets; apparently not named. Marsdenia Marsdenia sp. UN) Marsdenia sp.: not named, but for an 18th century Zapotec name cf. Caballero 1998:58-59, “Gueto venado”, literally “deer`s squash”. Matalea Matalea crisantha (Greenm.) Woodson Matalea dictyantha Wood. UN) Matalea crisantha. G) guìzh-càfê [`herb´ + `coffee<sp>´], Matalea dictyantha: a weedy vine (< lbæ̀) with coffee-colored flowers; useful as fodder for livestock and for composting. Sarcostemma Sarcostemma bilobum Hook. & Arn. or Sarcostemma clausum Schult. Sarcostemma elegans Decne. G) Sarcostema elegans, Sarcostemma bilobum or Sarcostemma clausum: uncommon vines of hedgerows in town; a variety of descriptive terms are applied, none of which appear to be established names: guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], guìzh-lbæ̀-guièe [`herb´ + `vine´ + `flower´], lbæ̀-guièe-zhìp [`vine´ + `flower´ + `sap´], guìzh-nquǐts-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `white´ + `vine´]; no uses reported. ASPHODELACEAEAloe Aloe barbadensis Miller = Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. 90) dòb-xtîl [`maguey´ + `Castillian<sp>´], Aloe barbadensis, sávila, aloe vera ^[[AspAloBar1]], ^[[AspAloBar2]], ^[[AspAloBar9]]: originally from sw Asia; cultivated in town as a living fence; may be transplanted by cuttings; yellowish viscid sap with strong distinctive odor; leaves used medicinally; applied to burns to ease the pain; peel the leaf, apply with the sap, tie on; also used to calm fevers; it is fresca; used to prevent hair loss, grind leaves in water and use as shampoo; drink with herbs for burning urination; drink one drop with water or three drops added to infusion of leaf of Tecoma stans for coughs; heat the leaf in a fire and apply the leaf with Opuntia pad for swelling; for inflamed stomach; give to chickens to prevent disease; see Agave spp. (Agavaceae) ASTERACEAE91) guìzh-yòob [`herb´ + `pain´], Asteraceae sp.: climbing vine of lower elevations, e.g., at 1600 m; may not occur in San Juan; opposite branches; flower heads clustered at the nodes; yellow ray and disk flowers; medicinal, for headache, pain in the bones; paste leaf on affected part. Acmella Acmella radicans R.K. Jansen Acmella repens (Walt.) L.C. Rich var. becabunga (DC.) Jansen [= Spilanthes oppositifolia (Lam.) D´Arcy] 92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), various yellow-rayed Asteraceae, including Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga ^[[AstAcmSpc1]], Aldama dentata, Hieracium abscissum, Jaegeria hirta, Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum, Rumfordia floribunda ^[[AstRumFlo1]], Tridax coronopifolia, Trixis megalophylla; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae. Acourtia Acourtia arachnolepis (Robins.) Reveal & R. M. King [= Perezia arachnolepis B. L. Rob.] NON) guìzh-chôg [`herb´ + `rough´], Acourtia arachnolepis [= Perezia arachnolepis]: has white flowers in December; grasshoppers (chapulines) like it very much; name means literally “hard/durable/thick plant,” but that is not considered to be a real name. 93) guìzh-zhǐil-dán [`herb´ + `cotton´ + `forest/wild´] (= zhǐil-wlâgw [`herb´ + `cotton´ + Y]), Acourtia sp.: leaves about 5 cm long, toothed, oblanceolate, clasping at base; one example found at 1770 m; roots covered with clumps of brown cotton-like fibers, thus the name; these fibers used medicinally to close wounds, to speed healing; cf. Cheilanthes beitelii, a fern, which has a similar name -- or the same name -- and use. Actinomeris Actinomeris tetraptera DC. *99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´] (cf. guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), the prototype of this category is Aster moranensis ^[[AstAstMor1]]: a wildflower found near town, used for decoration; the term may be extended to include a variety of white-rayed composites, wild or cultivated, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, and Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia. Ageratina Ageratina collodes (B.L. Rob. & Greenm.) K. & R. 94) guìzh-ngùdzǐi1 [`herb´ + `spider´], Ageratina collodes: herbs to 1 m at 1770-2000 m; shiny opposite leaves, very small discoid heads, white bristles on achenes, aristate involucral bracts; spiders like to build webs on this plant, hence the name; for decoration; other plants so-called include Viguiera cordifolia (Asteraceae); cf. guìzh-ngùdzǐi2 Galium spp. (Rubiaceae). Aldama Aldama dentata Llave & Lex. *92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), various yellow-rayed Asteraceae, including Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga, Aldama dentata ^[[AstAldDen9]], Hieracium abscissum, Jaegeria hirta, Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum, Rumfordia floribunda, Tridax coronopifolia, Trixis megalophylla; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae. Archibaccharis Archibaccharis serratifolia (H.B.K.) Blake Archibaccharis sordecens DC. UN) Archibaccharis serratifolia: one example collected at 2400 m; no name or use cited. 95) guìzh-mtsòo [`herb´ + `wood-partridge´] (= x-quìzh-mtsòo [`its herb´ + `partridge´]), Archibaccharis sordecens: herb to 2 m of rocky ground in pine forests, at 2400-3200 m; white flowers; resembles Baccharis but is different; wood-partridges (Dendrortyx) like to eat the flowers, hence the name; also so named is Bocconia cf. integrifolia (Papaveraceae), which is a fairly common tall herb, to 3 m, of Pinus pseudostrobus / Abies guatemalensis forest. Artemisia Artemisia absinthium L. Artemisia ludoviciana Nuttall ssp. mexicana (Willd. Ex Spreng.) Keck 96) guìzh-guièe-rò [`herb´ + `flower´ + `cough´] (= stàpiât [`wormwood<sp>´]), Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. mexicana, estafiate (> Nahuatl iztauhyatl `sal amargo´), wormwood ^[[AstArtLud1]], ^[[AstArtLud9]]: herb, volunteer in milpas; medicinal, for coughs, prepare with Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon (Sterculiaceae), drink infusion as tea; it is “hot” (“caliente“); also for diarrhea; Linares, Bye, and Flores (1999:52-53) cite a number of medicinal uses. 97) guìzh-maêstr [`herb´ + `teacher´], Artemisia absinthium, hierba de maestra, ajenjo; absinthe: European herb, cultivated in San Juan; very bitter medicine, for stomach ache, dysentery (yòob-zdòo), colic, head ache; sometimes collected, dried, then taken to the Isthmus of Tehuántepec to sell; Linares, Bye, and Flores (1999:30-31) cite a number of medicinal uses and report that it is widely considered to be extremely “hot.” Aster Aster moranensis Kunth Aster novi-belgii L. Aster subulatus Michx. 98) guièe-mòrâd1 [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], the prototype is Aster novi-belgii (also identified as Aster schaffneri, but that is a species native to central Mexico doubtfully cultivated in San Juan) ^[[AstAstSch1]]: a species native to the eastern United States, now widely cultivated from seed, as in San Juan gardens; flowers in summer; this term may also be used descriptively for a wide variety of purple-flowered herbaceous species not otherwise distinctive, however, such usage is distinct from its consistent application in naming this species; cf. guièe-mòrâd2 (Pinaropappus roseus, Asteraceae). 99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´] (= guièe-màrgàrît-dán [`flower´ + `margarita´ + `forest/wild´], guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), the prototype is Aster moranensis ^[[AstAstMor1]]: a common weedy species with > 200 linear white rays, numerous ciliate-margined involucral bracts in a single series; may be extended to include a variety of white-rayed composites, wild or cultivated, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp. ^[[AstConSpc1]], various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, E. muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia, Parthenium bipinnatifidum, Sabazia longiradiata, Sabazia trifida ^[[AstSabSpc1]]. *137b) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-dán [`feverfew´ + `forest/wild´], the prototype is Helenium mexicanum but may also include Aster sp., Bidens aurea; Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae sp. *283c) ròmêrr-làs [`rosemary<sp>´ + `small/slender´], Aster subulatus ^[[AstAstSub9]]: plant to 1 m of humid ground; narrow leaves, hence the modifier; white flowers; fodder for goats; name alludes to perceived similarity to rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). Baccharis Baccharis conferta Kunth Baccharis heterophylla Kunth Baccharis mexicana Cuatr. Baccharis multiflora Kunth Baccharis ramulosa (DC.) Gray Baccharis salicifolia (R. & P.) Pers. = Baccharis glutinosa L. Baccharis serraefolia DC. G) guìzh-chôg-nquǐts [`herb´ + `rough´ + `white´], Baccharis sp.: plant to 1 m of humid ground; white flowers; especially good for kindling. 100) yàg-yàaz [`tree/shrub´ + `?´], chamizo: refers to nearly all species of Baccharis found locally, at least the following six: Baccharis conferta, Baccharis heterophylla, Baccharis mexicana, Baccharis multiflora, Baccharis salicifolia, and Baccharis serraefolia (Baccharis ramulosa is an herb seen as more closely allied with rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis, of the Lamiaceae); yàg-yàaz includes as well Barkleyanthus salicifolium and Montanoa tomentosa L., superficially similar shrubs of this same family; all are called “chamizo“ in the local Spanish; many species of this group are used medicinally; the following medicinal uses have been reported for one or more varieties: for stomach ache, apply leaves topically with mezcal or alcohol to the abdomen; for fever, paste leaves to the soles of the feet; for colds (resfriados), boil, drink or bathe with the infusion; some varieties are considered “caliente“ (warm/hot), others are “frío“ (cold); a variable number of specific taxa are recognized, and it has been difficult to discern entirely consistent patterns in the use of the specific name variants recorded; individual consultants pressed on the issue affirm between two and six distinct types; there appears to be a broad consensus on the following; 100a) yàg-yàaz-nquǐts [`seep-willow´ + `white´] (= yàg-yàaz-ròbáa [`seep-willow´ + `cemetery´]), Baccharis salicifolia (= Baccharis glutinosa), chamizo blanco, seep-willow ^[[AstBacSal2]]: tall weedy shrub of riparian habitat, to 3 m; leaves lance-linear, bark reddish; some consider this synonymous with yàg-yàaz-ròbáa, but others insist it is different, having paler undersurfaces of the leaves than yàg-yàaz-ròbáa; medicine for stomach ache (yòob-zdòo); grind the leaves in water, wash with the decoction, or paste the leaves on the abdomen with mezcal; superficially similar (especially the leaf) to Barkleyanthus salicifolium (see below) ^[[AstBacSal1]], but Baccharis salicifolia is “caliente“ while Barkleyanthus salicifolium is “fresca,” consistent with their contrasting medicinal applications; 100b) yàg-yàaz-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `yellow´], Barkleyanthus salicifolium (= Senecio salignus), chamizo amarillo ^[[AstBarSal2]]: shrub to 2 m, commonly planted in living fences; yellow-rayed inflorescences; medicinal, for fever, headache; tie leaves to the bottoms of one´s feet with mezcal, leave overnight, to draw down the heat of the fever; it is “cool” (“fresca“); superficially similar (especially the leaf) to Baccharis salicifolia (see above), but Barkleyanthus salicifolium is “fresca“ while Baccharis salicifolia is “caliente,” consistent with their contrasting medicinal applications; 100c) yàg-yàaz-yâas [`seep-willow´ + `black´] (= yàg-yàaz-ngǎs [`seep-willow´ + `black´]), Montanoa tomentosa, Montanoa pilosa, chamizo negro ^[[AstMonTom1]], ^[[AstMonTom2]]: tall shrubs to 2 m planted commonly in living fences; leaves deltoid, coarse (very different from the Baccharis spp. to which the same term is applied); broad, flat clusters of flower heads; rays few, white, petals fall easily; disk flowers white; medicinal: used to facilitate birth, in case the baby is three days overdue; grind the leaf, strain it, drink a small cup; this induces labor pains; may also be a medicine for stomach ache, as with the several allied Baccharis spp. of this folk genus; one pastes the leaf to the abdomen or drinks a tea made from the plant; also for skin conditions, e.g., granos; Montanoa tomentosa is widely used medicinally and is known to induce abortions, an association recognized throughout central Mexico (Ortiz de Montellano 1990:185-186) and suggested by one Nahuatl name, cihuapatli, literally “woman´s medicine”; the category may be extended to include Baccharis conferta; 100d) yàg-yàaz-wndziàan [`seep-willow´ + `oven´] (= yàg-yàaz-ôrn [`seep-willow´ + `oven<sp>´], yàg-yàaz-nàad [`seep-willow´ + `sticky´]): Baccharis heterophylla, chamizo del orno ^[[AstBacHet1]], ^[[AstBacHet2]], ^[[AstBacHet9]]: forms dense thickets to 2 m tall on the margins of saturated meadows in pine forests at 2300+ m; the name refers to its use as a broom for sweeping out ovens; 100e) yàg-yàaz-làs [`seep-willow´ + `small/slender´], Baccharis mexicana ^[[AstBacMex1]], Baccharis serraefolia: shrubs to 80 cm., leaves round, sessile; medicine for ear aches (dolor del oído), or to open a “plugged” ear: chop leaves or shoots and insert in the ear, used for adults and children; also for stomach ache: place sprouts on the abdomen; 100f) yàg-yàaz-nàad [`seep-willow´ + `sticky´] (= guìzh-nàad1 [`herb´ + `sticky´]: Baccharis multiflora and Baccharis ramulosa: shrubs to 1 m; leaves gummy, hence the name; flowers white; used for brooms and firewood; may prove to be synonymous with some other variety such as yàg-yàaz-ôrn; the term guìzh-nàad is also applied to guìzh-nàad2 Mentzelia hispida (Loasaceae), guìzh-nàad3 Plumbago pulchella (Plumbaginaceae), and guìzh-nàad4 Galium mexicanum (Rubiaceae). Barkleyanthus Barkleyanthus salicifolium (Kunth) H. Robinson & Brettell *100b) yàg-yàaz-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `yellow´], Barkleyanthus salicifolium (= Senecio salignus), chamizo amarillo ^[[AstBarSal2]], ^[[AstBarSal3]]: shrub to 2 m, commonly planted in living fences; yellow-rayed inflorescences; medicinal, for fever, headache; tie leaves to the bottoms of ones feet with mezcal, leave overnight, to draw down the heat of the fever; it is “cool” (“fresca“); superficially similar (especially the leaf) to Baccharis salicifolia (see above), but Barkleyanthus salicifolium is “fresca“ while Baccharis salicifolia is “caliente,” consistent with their contrasting medicinal applications. Bidens Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff. Bidens bicolor Greenman Bidens cf. ferulifolia (Jacq.) DC. Bidens lemmonii Gray Bidens odorata Cav. = Bidens pilosa Bidens ostruthioides Sch. Bip. Bidens pilosa L., see Bidens odorata Bidens serrulata (Poir.) Desf. 101) guièe-tǐ [`flower´ + Y], Bidens spp., including Bidens aurea, Bidens cf. bicolor, Bidens cf. ferulifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens serrulata, but excluding the distinctive Bidens lemmonii, which is distinguished as nlì-yòodz; sometimes extended to include similar composites, such as Sclerocarpus uniserialis; aceitilla, beggar´s tick: herbs to ca. 1 m, often weedy; glabrous foliage, variously simple to pinnately dissected leaves; useful for livestock fodder, for composting, and for decoration; one unnamed variety is said to be particularly “strong” (fuerte), that is, it will last a week in a vase as part of a floral arrangement [Viguiera budleiiformis]; medicinal; it is cold (niág); for hangovers (la cruda), drink infusion; also for the heart, for sadness, women “dying of love”; a white-flowered species is used to treat “nerves” (nervios); two or three varieties distinguished, by flower color, habitat, and/or size: `white´ (guièe-tǐ-nquǐts), `yellow´ (guièe-tǐ-nguěts) are generally recognized, while a third `mountain/forest´ variety (guièe-tǐ-dán) is sometimes distinguished, though more often simply considered an example of guièe-tǐ-nguěts; the mountain species is said to be more effective as medicine, though as it has yellow rays it may not be distinguished from other yellow-rayed species; 101a) guièe-tǐ-nguěts [`flower´ + Y + `yellow´] (= guìzh-guièe-tǐ-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + Y + `yellow´], guièe-tǐ-gùts [`flower´ + Y + `yellowish´]), Bidens aurea, Bidens cf. bicolor, Bidens cf. ferulifolia, Bidens sp. ^[[AstBidAur1]]: one or more species are abundant weeds of recently fallowed fields; some consultants include here non-weedy species of the pine forest understory otherwise named guièe-tǐ-dán [`flower´ + Y + `forest/wild´] (see below); guièe-tǐ-nguěts may be extended to include Sclerocarpus uniserialis; 101b) guièe-tǐ-nquǐts [`flower´ + Y + `white´] (= guìzh-guièe-tǐ-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + Y + `white´]), Bidens pilosa ^[[AstBidPil1]], ^[[AstBidPil2]], ^[[AstBidOdo1]]: there may be two species involved, with quite differently shaped leaves; plants with simple, finely-toothed, opposite leaves are the most common; very common weeds near town; medicinal: remedy for “nerves” (“nervios“), drunk as tea; it is cold (niág); 101c) guièe-tǐ-dán [`flower´ + Y + `forest/wild´] (= guièe-tǐ-mběe [`flower´ + ` Y + `large´), Bidens cf. bicolor, Bidens ostruthioides ^[[AstBidBic1]], ^[[AstBidOst1]], ^[[AstBidOst9]]: this variety includes one or more non-weedy forest understory species, which may also be named guièe-tǐ-nguěts; some claim that these montane species are more effective as medicine. NON) guièe-tǐ-làs [`flower´ + Y + `slender/small´], Bidens sp. NON) guièe-tǐ-mòrâd [`flower´ + Y + `purple<sp>´], Bidens sp.: no Bidens with this flower color is yet known here, so it is not clear to what plant this term might refer. *NON) guièe-tǐ-lén̲-guiùu [`flower´ + Y + `under-water´], Verbena menthaefolia (Verbenaceae). 102) guìzh-nlí-yòodz [X + Y] (= nlí-yòodz [X + `Y´], perhaps < nlí + gòdz `marsh´), Bidens lemmonii: herb with tiny, yellow, three-rayed heads; pinnately dissected leaves with linear ultimate segments; may be eaten as a quelite; fodder for goats. *137b) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-dán [`feverfew´ + `forest/wild´], the prototype is Helenium mexicanum but may also include Aster sp., Bidens aurea; Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae sp. Brickellia Brickellia (Barroetea) subuligera (Schauer) A. Gray Brickellia veronicaefolia A. Gray UN) Brickellia (Barroetea) subuligera ^[[AstBarSub9]]. 103) guìzh-yòob-lây [`herb´ + `pain´ + `tooth´], Brickellia vernoicaefolia: cited as a medicine for tooth ache; chew it like chicle, it is “hot” (caliente). *110) guìzh-rquiá-yàn̲ [`herb´ + `for the throat´], the prototype is Eupatorium petiolare; may also include Brickellia sp. Calea Calea hypoleuca Willd. Calea integrifolia (DC.) Hemsl. 104) ncuàan-zân [`medicine´ + `child birth´], Calea hypoleuca; an herb of low elevations; 1.0 a 1.5 m tall; leaves resemble those of the guava; medicinal; used to bathe women after childbirth; see also Salvia breviflora (Lamiaceae) and Solanum spp. (Solanaceae); cf. “Quána Xána,” of Caballero (1998:71-72); two varieties may be recognized, while two distinct folk generics are named in parallel fashion, as noted below: 104a) ncuàan-zân-mòrâd [`medicine´ + `child birth´ + `purple<sp>´]: the stronger variety; 104b) ncuàan-zân-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `child birth´ + `white´]: the weaker variety. *294) ncuàan-zân-làs [`medicine´ + `childbirth´ + `slender/small´], Salvia breviflora (Lamiaceae): wild flower of lower elevations; medicine for women in childbirth; taken to regain “heat” after giving birth; it is “hot” (caliente). *439) ncuàan-zân-dòo [`medicine´ + `child birth´ + `big´] (= ncuàan-zân-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `child birth´ + `white´]), Solanum sp. (Solanaceae): large shrub with spines, white flowers; may be the same as yàg-guièdz-zân-mběe [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `child birth´ + `very large´]. *118) yàg-zêd may include Calea integrifolia: see Viguiera (Asteraceae). Calendula Calendula officinalis L. 105) guièe-dòrmìlôn [`flower´ + `sleeper´], (= guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´], guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guièe-nàad [`flower´ + `sticky´]), Calendula officinalis, dormilón ^[[AstCalOff1]]: European ornamental plant cultivated from seed in gardens; medicinal, for sore throats; heat in a pot; the alternate names assign this species to broadly inclusive categories on the basis of the property specified. Callistephus Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees UN) Callistephus chinensis, no Zapotec name recorded, China aster: Chinese species, ornamental; not grown in San Juan but bought in Miahuatlán. Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Chrysanthemum cf. frutescens Chrysaster Chrysanthemum cf. indicum (L.) Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) Bernh. (= Tanacetum parthenium Schultz-Bip.) Chrysanthemum x superbum J.W. Ingram (= Leucanthemum x superbum (J.W. Ingram) Berg. ex Kent. 106) guièe-crùsàntêm [`flower´ + `chrysanthemum<sp>´]), Chrysanthemum spp., crusantemo, chrysanthemum: cultivated in gardens as an ornamental; five varieties are planted in San Juan, `white´, `purple´, `yellow´, a `small button variety´, and a `small daisy variety´, though these last two are not named in Zapotec. 106a) guièe-crùsàntêm-nquǐts [`flower´ + `chrysanthemum<sp>´ + `white´], Chrysanthemum cf. frutescens ^[[AstChrSpc2]]: white variety; flowers in summer; planted in gardens from cuttings; the “button variety” could also be this species; 106b) guièe-crùsàntêm-mòrâd [`flower´ + `chrysanthemum<sp>´ + `purple<sp>´]), Chrysanthemum sp.: purple variety; flowers in summer; planted in gardens from cuttings; 106c) guièe-crùsàntêm-nguěts [`flower´ + `chrysanthemum<sp>´ + `yellow´]), Chrysanthemum coronarium or Chrysanthemum cf. indicum (L.) ^[[AstChrSpc1]]: yellow variety; flowers in summer; planted in gardens from cuttings. *99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´] (cf. guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), the prototype of this category is Aster moranensis ^[[AstAstMor1]]: a wildflower found near town, used for decoration; the term may be extended to include a variety of white-rayed composites, wild or cultivated, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, and Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia. Cichorieae, unidentified to genus: *40) guìzh-guiět-nì [`herb´ + `under´ + `foot´], the prototype is Gomphrena diffusa (Amaranthaceae); may be extended to include Cichorieae sp. Cirsium Cirsium ehrenbergii Sch. Bip. *66) guièts-mél-lò [`spine´ + `star´ + `root´] (~ guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´]), the prototype is Eryngium cf. cymosum (Apiaceae), but extended to include Cirsium ehrenbergii ^[[AstCirEhr1]], ^[[AstCirEhr2]], which is a large, fiercely spiny herb to 2.5 m of pine forests; fodder for animals. Conyza Conyza apurensis H.B.K. Conyza canadensis Cronq. Conyza coronopifolia H.B.K. Conyza gnaphaloides (Kunth) Cass. Conyza sophiifolia Kunth *99) guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´] (cf. guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´]), the prototype of this category is Aster moranensis; the term may be extended to include a variety of white-rayed composites, such as Conyza canadensis and Conyza sp. ^[[AstConSpc1]], tap-rooted annual weeds with tiny white-rayed heads, of milpas and gardens; also Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, and Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia. G) guièe-côp [`flower´ + `cup<sp>´], Conyza apurensis: a weed having tiny flower heads with very short linear white rays; involucre cup shaped, hence the name. G) xín-blàg-lguìt [`relative of´ + `leaf´ + `squash´], Conyza sp.: herb with leaves in a basal rosette; cf. Psacalium spp. (Asteraceae). *113) sìmònî [`semonilla<sp>´], Conyza gnaphalioides, Gnaphalium chartaceum, simonilla ^[[AstGnaSpc1]]: the “true” sìmònî is a cultivated herb purchased in local markets; medicine for stomach ache (latido, bilis; dolor de vesícula); drink in water at room temperature or use as a fumigant in the sweat bath (temescal); it is bitter and either “cool” (fresca) or “warm” (caliente), according to various opinions; also for purifying the blood; relative of gordolobo (gòrdòlôb), likewise bitter; a weedy plant growing abundantly in first year fallow fields near town was also identified as “true” sìmònî. *EX113) xín-sìmònî [`relative of´ + `simonilla<sp>´], Conyza sophiifolia, Gnaphalium americanum: milpa weeds. Coreopsis Coreopsis mutica DC. Coreopsis mutica DC. var. carnosifolia Crawford 107) bârr-guièe-ngùzhánch [`stick<sp>´ + `flower´ + `edible grasshopper´] (= guìzh-ngùzhánch [`herb´ + `grasshopper´], bârr-yàg-ngùzhánch [`stick<sp>´ + `tree´ + `edible grasshopper´], guièe-ngùzhánch [ `flower´ + `edible grasshopper´], yàg-ngùzhánch [`tree´ + `edible grasshopper´], the prototype is Coreopsis mutica ^[[AstCorMut1]], ^[[AstCorMut2]], ^[[AstCorSpc1]]: a large shrub with yellow-rayed flowers; a type of edible grasshopper (ngùzhánch, Acrididae sp.) feeds preferentially on this species; may include also Coreopsis mutica var. carnosifolia, otherwise called ncuàan-bzhiân (see below); may be extended to include Dyssodia papposa and some Conyza spp. 108) ncuàan-bzhiân [`medicine´ + `bad character´] (~ guièe ngùzhánch [`flower´ + `grasshopper´]), Coreopsis mutica var. carnosifolia ^[[AstCorMut1]], ^[[AstCorMut2]], ^[[AstCorSpc1]]; herb to 2 m; yellow flowers in September and October; medicine for “bad character” (“bzhiân,” cf. “corraje“ or “berrinche“, for people who get angry or irritated easily, [or] who don't have much appetite; also for drunkenness, nerves (gente nervioso), “bile” (bilis), stomach ache; for espanto (dzéb); grind the leaves, eat them raw or drink in warm water; it is very bitter and “warm” (ndzæ̌æ-w); two varieties may be recognized: 108a) ncuàan-bzhiân[-0], Coreopsis mutica var. carnosifolia var.: the prototype; 108b) ncuàan-bzhiân-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `bad character´ + `white´], Coreopsis mutica var. ? EX108) xín-ncuàan-bzhiân [`relative of´ + `medicine´ + `bad character´], Phyladelphus (?) maculatus: weed; yellow-rayed flowers; flowers at a different time and has smaller, rounder leaves than the “real” ncuàan-bzhiân, Coreopsis mutica. Cosmos Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Cosmos crithmifolius H.B.K. Cosmos diversifolius Otto Dahlia (http://www.dahlia-nds.co.uk/index.htm: 35 species recognized) Dahlia australis (Scherff) Sorenson var. australis Dahlia coccinea Cav. Dahlia pinnata Cav. Single Flower Group Dahlia pinnata Cav. Decorative Flower Group Dahlia cf. imperialis Roezl ex Ortgies Dahlia merkii Lehm. Dahlia tenuicaulis Sorenson 109) guièe-dâl [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´], Dahlia spp., perennials from tubers (acoco-xochitl in Nahuatl); Cosmos spp., tap-rooted annuals; wild species have eight large, showy rays variously white, lavender, red, or purple; cultivated species may have doubled floral heads; leaves pinnately to bipinnately dissected; terminal leaf segments vary from linear to lanceolate-dentate; I have documented for San Juan Gbëë: Cosmos bipinnatus (the domestic species, in three colors, linear leaflets), Cosmos crithmifolius (wild, native; very distinctive stiff lanceolate leaves), Cosmos diversifolius (wild, native; petals white with fine purple lines), Dahlia australis var. australis (wild, native; bright lavender ligules), Dahlia coccinea (wild, native; flaming scarlet), Dahlia cf. imperialis (wild, native; a giant to 5 m, in town with lavender rays), Dahlia merkii (wild, native; white ligules), Dahlia pinnata Single Flower Group (rich red-purple, common in gardens), Dahlia pinnata Decorative Flower Group (many colors, double flowers, in cultivation, said to be derived from hybrids of Dahlia coccinea and Dahlia pinnata). The bright orange liguled Cosmos sulphureus Cav. is common in the mountains southwest of Miahuatlán, but I have not seen it near San Juan; the Zapotec name is clearly derived from “dahlia,” which honors Anders Dahl, 18th century Swedish botanist, a surprising nomenclatural twist given the prominence of these species in the native flora; the several varieties are named by reference to two cross-cutting systems, the first distinguishing wild species with normal eight-rayed flower heads as `june-bug dahlias´ from cultivars with “fancy” doubled flower heads (`pine-cone dahlias´) and the slender cultivated cosmos (`small/slender dahlias´); this form-based system is applied more-or-less independently of a classification by color of the rays: 109a) guièe-dâl-mrùux [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `june-bug´] (= guièe-dâl-dán [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]): wild species of Dahlia and Cosmos in general, including Cosmos crithmifolius ^[[AstCosCri1]], Cosmos diversifolius ^[[AstCosDiv1]], Dahlia australis ^[[AstDahAus2]], ^[[AstDahAus1]], Dahlia pinnata Single Flower Group ^[[AstDahPin1]]: tall herbs with showy eight-rayed heads, which may be white, scarlet, or rose-purple; leaves pinnate; 109b) guièe-dâl-mzhǐg [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `pine-cone´] (= guièe-dâl-guìzdòo [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `Miahuatlán´]), Dahlia pinnata Decorative Flower Group ^[[AstDahHor1]]: herb to 3 m, domestic hybrids with variously doubled heads cultivated in town gardens; may be white, peach, and shades of purple; 109c) guièe-dâl-làs [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `slender/small´] (= guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´]), Cosmos bipinnatus ^[[AstCosBip1]]: tap rooted annual herb to 1 m, cultivated in garderns; mostly basal leaves bipinnately dissected with linear terminal segments; flower heads showy, with eight ray flowers up to 4 cm long which are variously white, magenta (guinda), or rose-purple; flowers used for decoration; 109d) guièe-dâl-nìs [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `water´] (= guièe-dâl-mrùux-mòrâd [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `june-bug´ + `red´]), Dahlia cf. imperialis ^[[AstDahExc2]]: wild species of arroyos (though may be found in arroyos in town), to 5 m with trunk to 6 cm diameter, flowers not particularly large, with eight lilac ligules; disk flowers yellow; leaves deltoid, bipinnate, to 80 cm long by 60 cm wide; more often called simply guièe-dâl or guièe-dâl-mòrâd; another large dahlia with huge flowers, to 15 cm across, also occurs; may prove to be Dahlia tenuicaulis; 109e) guièe-dâl-mòrâd [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `purple´] (= guièe-dâl-mrùux-mòrâd [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `june-bug´ + `red´]), Dahlia pinnata Single Flower Group: shrub to 2.5 m; wild species with eight rose-purple rays to 6 cm long; leaves once-pinnate, leaflets toothed; 109f) guièe-dâl-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `red´] (= guièe-dâl-mrùux-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `june-bug´ + `red´]), Dahlia coccinea ^[[AstDahCoc1]], ^[[AstDahCoc2]]: herb to 1.5 m; a wild species of the understory of pine-oak woodland; leaves ternate-quinate, leaflets crenate; eight brilliant red-orange rays; 109g) guièe-dâl-nquǐts [`flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `white´], Dahlia merkii ^[[AstDahMer1]] and Cosmos diversifolius ^[[AstCosDiv1]]: wild species with deltoid pinnate leaves and eight showy white rays (Dahlia merkii) or with pale lilac rays with fine purple lines (Cosmos diversifolius). Delilia (Elvira) Delilia biflora (L.) Kuntze G) guìzh-làs [`herb´ + `small/slender´], Delilia biflora ^[[AstDelBif9]]: naturalized African weed. Dyssodia Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) Hitch. Dyssodia tagetifolia Lag. *107) bârr-guièe-ngùzhánch [`stick<sp>´ + `flower´ + `edible grasshopper´] (= guìzh-ngùzhánch [`herb´ + `grasshopper´], bârr-yàg-ngùzhánch [`stick<sp>´ + `tree´ + `edible grasshopper´], guièe-ngùzhánch [ `flower´ + `edible grasshopper´], yàg-ngùzhánch [`tree´ + `edible grasshopper´], the prototype is Coreopsis mutica: a large shrub with yellow-rayed flowers; a type of edible grasshopper (ngùzhánch, Acrididae sp.) feeds preferentially on this species; may include also Coreopsis mutica var. carnosifolia, otherwise called ncuàan-bzhiân (see below); may be extended to include Dyssodia papposa ^[[AstDysPap9]] and some Conyza spp. *134f) guièe-cǒb-gǒn [`marigold´ + `planting´], Dyssodia tagetifolia ^[[AstDysTag1]], ^[[AstDysTag2]], ^[[AstDysTag4]]: common wildflower of fallow fields; may be transplanted by seed to home gardens; if planted in July may flower by October; related to Tagetes (Asteraceae, see below), which it closely resembles; flower heads compounded of five peripheral and one central compound inflorescence, “mimicking” a single composite inflorescence; [the most] highly aromatic of the “marigolds”; highly valued for decorating altars and graves, especially at Todos Santos (November 1-2). Erigeron Erigeron galeottii (A. Gray ex Hemsl.) Greene Erigeron longipes Kunth Erigeron cf. velutipes Hook. & Arn. *99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´], the prototype of this category is Aster moranensis; may also include several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, and Erigeron cf. velutipes: the last named is a weed to ca. 20 cm, of waste ground at 2000-2140 m; leaves alternate, entire; no distinctive names or uses cited; the term may be extended to include a variety of white-rayed composites, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatoium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, and Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia. Eupatorium Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum S. Schauer Eupatorium cf. deltoideum Jacq. Eupatorium espinosarum A. Gray Eupatorium havanense L. Eupatorium liebmannii Sch. Bip. Eupatorium mairetianum DC. Eupatorium muelleri Sch. Dip. Eupatorium pazcuarense H.B.K. Eupatorium petiolare Moc. & Sesse ex DC. Eupatorium pycnocephalum Less. NON) xín-guìzh-zhǒb-mæ̀z [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `corn kernel´ + `fox´, i.e., `relative of´ + `Lantana spp.´], Eupatorium liebmannii: tall herb to 1 m, at e.g., 1820 m; no use cited. *EX133) xín-guìzh-nziù [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `tepache´] (= guìzh-nziù-dán [`herb´ + `tepache´ + `forest´]), Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium havanense: the prototype, guìzh-nziù, includes various Stevia spp. *99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´] (= guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), various Asteraceae; the prototype of this category is Aster moranensis; may also include various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum: the term may be extended to include a variety of white-rayed composites, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, and Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia. G) guièe-àzûl [`flower´ + `blue´], Eupatorium sp. ?: herb to 50 cm, lilac disk flowers; rayless; stems sparcely covered with coarse white hairs; leaves alternate, lanceolate, shiny, rugose; fodder for goats. 110) guìzh-rquiá-yàn̲ [`herb´ + `for the throat´], the prototype is Eupatorium petiolare ^[[AstEupGry1]], ^[[AstGenSpc3]]: a shrub to 1 m, yellow-rayed flowers in mid-October, wide, opposite leaves; medicine for tonsillitis (angina) and severe sore throat, hence the name; boil water, put in leaves, or heat leaves on the comal, apply topically; for adults or children; also for “fallen fontanelle” (se cae la mollera), rub with the leaves; may also include Brickellia sp.; two varieties may be distinguished; 110a) guìzh-rquiá-yàn̲-mòrâd [`herb´ + `for the throat´ + `purple<sp>´], Eupatorium petiolare in part; 110b) guìzh-rquiá-yàn̲-nquǐts [`herb´ + `for the throat´ + `white´], Eupatorium petiolare in part. 111) yàg-bdìin [`tree/shrub´ + `aire malo´] (= guìzh-bdìin [`herb´ + `aire malo´], guìzh-zhwèe [`herb´ + `some disease´]), Eupatorium mairetianum ^[[AstEupYbd1]], ^[[AstEupYbd2]], hierba de San Antonio ^[[AstGenSpc2]]: slender shrub to 4 m of fertile canyon bottoms in pine-oak forests, at 1950-2600 m; simple opposite leaves; white disk flowers in November, involucral bracts purplish, sticky; medicinal, for “bad air” (aire malo, bdìin), hence the name; this is a “hot” condition; cut leaf, prepare with Baccharis sp. (Asteraceae), Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae), rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae), Byrsonima crassifolia (Malpighiaceae), and Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae); bathe the whole body or “clean” (limpiar) the body by brushing with the plant, with mezcal or catalán (a type of distilled liquor made in Miahuatlán from Agave spp., but with a flavor distinct from that of mezcal); or tie leaves to your head; also is medicine for a condition called zhwèe, which means “wound” or “injury,” but apparently refers to a type of “night fright” (nightmares; el que susto por sueña); also used for firewood; may be called simply bdìin in context, but yàg-bdìin when used for firewood. G) Additional miscellaneous attributions for Eupatorium include Eupatorium adenophorum as yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´], Eupatorium cf. deltoideum as guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], Eupatorium espinosarum as guìzh-ngudzìi-nàad [`herb´ + `spider´ + `sticky´]. Flaveria Flaveria pringlei Gandoger *276) guìzh-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `hummingbird´] (cf. guìèe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´] ), Flaveria pringlei ^[[AstFlaRob9]]: classed here with a range of species (e.g., Castilleja [Orobanchaceae], Lamourouxia and Penstemon [Scrophulariaceae], Salvia [Lamiaceae], Lobelia [Campanulaceae]) with tubular flowers attractive to hummingbirds, which see. Florestina Florestina latifolia (DC.) Rydb. G) guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], Florestina latifolia: weed with white and purple flowers, at e.g., 2000 m. Galinsoga Galinsoga parviflora Cav. G) guìzh-guièe-lêch [`herb´ + `flower´ + `milk<sp>´], Galinsoga parviflora: milpa weed, milky sap; rabbit feed. *131G) guièe-bnîil̲-làs [`flower´ + Y + `slender,small´], Galinsoga parviflora. *137d) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-làs [`flower´ + `flor de Santa María<sp>´ + `small/slender´] (= sàntàmàrí-làs [`Santa María flower´ + `slender/small´], xín-guièe-sàntàmàrǐ [`relative of´ + `flor de Santa María<sp>´], guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´]), Galinsoga parviflora, Sabazia trifida: weeds to 0.5 m, of humid ground or in cultivated fields, white flowers; wild relatives of the cultivated feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae); medicine for stomach ache, cook and drink as tea at room temperature; also for decoration. Gnaphalium Gnaphalium americanum Mill. Gnaphalium canescens DC. Gnaphalium chartaceum Greenm. Gnaphalium cf. conoideum H.B.K. Gnaphalium inornatum DC. Gnaphalium oxyphyllum DC. Gnaphalium: the several local species of this genus are assigned with less than perfect consistency to two bitter medicinal herbs with names borrowed from Spanish (gordolobo and simonilla), plus to residual categories considered to be related to one or the other of these (xín-X), but not considered to be “real” (“meru“) examples of these; only the “true” examples are effective as medicines; the perceived relationship between these two categories is reinforced by the fact that a specimen considered to be a “real” sìmòní may be considered a “relative of” gòrdòlôb, and vice versa. 112) gòrdòlôb [`gordolobo<sp>´] (= guìzh-gòrdòlôb [`herb´ + `gordolobo<sp>´]), Gnaphalium canescens, Gnaphalium oxyphyllum, Gnaphalium cf. conoideum ^[[AstGnaSpp9]], may be extended to include Verbesina perymenioides (Asteraceae): the “true” gordolobo has lanate lanceolate leaves, described as a “more spread-out leaf” than those considered just “relatives of gordolobo”; “true” gòrdòlôb is medicine for a variety of conditions, often administered as one element of complex compound cures (compuestos); for wounds, boil with ârnìcà (Bocconia arborescens, Papaveraceae), wash with the infusion; for wounds, cuts, and `cancer´; cook the leaf with blàg-chòg, a.k.a., “hoja de cáncer” (e.g., Tournefortia and Cordia, Boraginaceae, and/or Lagascea, Asteraceae) and borage (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae), and/or with yàg-guièdz-zân-zhǐil (Solanum lanceolatum, Solanaceae), wash the wound with the infusion; for sores (“granos”): with árnica and rosa de castilla (Rosa cf. centifolia); for coughs: boil with blàg-chòg, borage, manita de león (Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon, Sterculiaceae), black corn (maíz negra), and green apples (manzana tierna); gòrdòlôb is “caliente” (nlæ̌æ-w); also for measles (sarampión), bronchitis, chronic cough, swelling (guì), and for bathing women after childbirth; there are two unnamed varieties of gòrdòlôb, one with narrow leaves, the other with thicker leaves, both are equally effective as medicines. EX112) xín-gòrdòlôb [`relative of´ + `gordolobo<sp>´] (= gòrdòlôb-dán [`gordolobo<sp>´ + `forest / wild´]), Gnaphalium chartaceum (but see sìmònî), Gnaphalium oxyphyllum, Gnaphalium inornatum, extended to include Senecio picridis and Senecio stoechadiformis: low herbs of milpa edges; not medicinal or considered “third best” for treating coughs; fodder. 113) sìmònî [`semonilla<sp>´], Conyza gnaphalioides, Gnaphalium chartaceum, simonilla ^[[AstGnaSpc1]]: the “true” sìmònî is a cultivated herb purchased in local markets; a weedy plant growing abundantly in first year fallow fields near town was also identified as “true” sìmònî; medicine for stomach ache (latido, bilis; dolor de vesícula); drink in water at room temperature or use as a fumigant in the sweat bath (temescal); it is bitter and either “cool” (fresca) or “warm” (caliente), according to various opinions; also for purifying the blood; relative of gordolobo (gòrdòlôb), likewise bitter. EX113) xín-sìmònî [`relative of´ + `semonilla<sp>´], Conyza sophiifolia, Gnaphalium americanum: milpa weeds. Grindelia Grindelia sp. *115b) guièe-màrgàrît-dán [`flower´ + `margarita<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Grindelia sp.: herb with yellow rays with recurved, glutinous phyllaries; no uses cited. Helenium Helenium mexicanum Kunth *138b) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-mòntês [`feverfew´ + `montane<sp>´], guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-dán [`feverfew´ + `mountain forest´], guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-nguěts [`feverfew´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-gùts [`feverfew´ + `yellowish´], guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-mòstêz [`feverfew´ + `mustard<sp>´], Helenium mexicanum ^[[AstHelMex1]], ^[[AstHelMex2]], ^[[AstHelMex9]]: common weedy annual herb, to 0.5 m, of damp spots, flowering in July; a “black-eyed susan” with yellow to orange rays and dark brown disk flowers; medicinal: inhale strong floral scent to clear clogged nasal passages accompanying colds; inhale to induce sneezing; term may also include Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae, see above). Helichrysum Helichrysum bracteatum (Vent.) Andr. UN) Helichrysum bracteatum, immortelle, no Zapotec name recorded: ornamental flower of Australian origin, sold in Miahuatlán; used to decorate San Juan graves. Heliopsis Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) Dunal Heliopsis sp. G) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´], Heliopsis buphthalmoides. *EX 118) xín-yàg-zêd [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´], Heliopsis sp.?; may also include Verbesina perymenioides, Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguiera sp.: shrubs with yellow-rayed flower heads, judged similar to but not the “real” yàg-zêd. Hieracium Hieracium abscissum Less. Jaegeria Jaegeria hirta (Lag.) Less. *92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), Hieracium abscissum ^[[AstHieAbs9]] and Jaegeria hirta; may also include other yellow-rayed Asteraceae, such as Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga, Aldama dentata, Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum, Rumfordia floribunda, Tridax coronopifolia, Trixis megalophylla; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae. Kuhnia Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia Vent Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia Vent. var. gracillima A. Gray G) guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´]), Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia var. gracillima: herb to 0.5 m; purple flowers; used for decoration. *99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´] (cf. guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), the prototype is Aster moranensis; may also include Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia: may be extended to include other white-rayed composites, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes. Lactuca Lactuca sativa L. 114) lèchûg [`lettuce<sp>´], Lactuca sativa, lechuga, lettuce: cultivated salad green planted from seed in town gardens. Lagascea Lagascea helianthifolia Kunth. *151) blàg-chòg [`leaf´ + `rough´] (= guìzh-blàg-chòg [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `rough´], guìzh-chòg [`herb´ + `rough´], guìzh-cânzr [`plant´ + `cancer´]), prototypes includeTournefortia densiflora, Tournefortia hartwegiana, and Cordia salvadorensis (Boraginaceae), perhaps extended to include Lagascea helianthifolia: tall herb to 2.5 m of fallow fields at 1770-2000 m; large discoid inflorescences; flowers cream-colored, attractive to bees; fodder for livestock; see also guìzh-cànêl (Pluchea sp., Asteraceae). Lasianthaea Lasianthaea sp. *118d) yàg-zêd-rzhèn [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´], Lasianthaea sp. ?: tall shrub or small tree to 4 m; leaves rough textured, lanceolate; flower heads small with a few short, slender, yellow rays and yellow disk flowers; no use cited. Leucanthemum Leucanthemum x superbum (J.W. Ingram) Berg. ex Kent. (= Chrysanthemum x superbum J.W. Ingram 115) guièe-màrgàrìtôn [`flower´ + `margarita<sp>´] (= guièe-crùsàntêm [`flower´ + `chrysanthemum<sp>´]), Leucanthemum x superbum (= Chrysanthemum x superbum), crusantemo, Shasta daisy: large white-rayed “ox-eye daisy” cultivated in gardens as an ornamental ^[[AstChrSpc2]]; five varieties are planted in San Juan, `white´, `purple´, `yellow´, `small button variety´, `small daisy variety´, though these are not named in Zapotec. 115a) guièe-màrgàrìtôn[-0], Leucanthemum x superbum: the prototype; 115b) guièe-màrgàrît-dán [`flower´ + `margarita<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Grindelia sp.: herb with yellow rays with recurved, glutinous phyllaries; no uses cited. Matricaria Matricaria recutita L. (= Matricaria chamomilla L.) 116) guièe-mànzànî [`flower´ + `chamomile<sp>´], Matricaria recutita (= Matricaria chamomilla), manzanilla, chamomile: weedy Eurasian species naturalized and cultivated for its medicinal properties; for ear ache and stomach ache (yòob-zdòo); for “cold” diarrhea, boil with fennel (hìnôj, Foeniculum vulgaris, Apiaceae), drink as tea; this mixture is “caliente” since guièe-mànzànî is “caliente,” balancing the “cold” quality of fennel; chamomile also counteracts the ill effects of eating “cold” foods; Linares, Bye, and Flores (1999:74-75) cite its use as an infusion to alleviate stomach pain, indigestion and to clean children´s cloudy vision (conjunctiva), thought to be caused by “aire”; Artschwager Kay (1996:191-193) cites numerous uses, both in Europe and throughout Mexico, past and present; 116a) guièe-mànzànî[-0], Matricaria recutita (= Matricaria chamomilla), manzanilla, chamomile: the prototype; 116b) guièe-mànzànî-dán [`flower´ + `manzanilla<sp>´ + `forest/wild´] (= xín-guièe-mànzànî [`relative of´ + `manzanilla<sp>´]), Psilactis breviligulata: perhaps better considered an unnamed affiliate, as below. EX116) xín-guièe-mànzànî [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `chamomile <sp>´] (= guièe-mànzànî-dán (`flower´ + `chamomile <sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Psilactis breviligulata: field weed to 0.5 m; involucre vase-shaped, gummy; or annual herb to 60 cm at, e.g., 1950 m; small flower heads with white ray, yellow disk flowers; no name or use cited. Melampodium Melampodium divaricatum (Rich.) DC. Melampodium montanum Benth. *92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum ^[[AstMelSpp9]]; also includes other yellow-rayed Asteraceae, such as Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga, Aldama dentata, Hieracium abscissum, Jaegeria hirta, Rumfordia floribunda, Tridax coronopifolia, Trixis megalophylla; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae. G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-bnîil̲-làs [`flower´ + `ruñosa<sp>´ + `slender/small´]), Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum: herbs to 15 cm of flood plains at , e.g., 1620 m; leaves opposite, rough textured (hence the alternative designation as a type of guièe-bnîil̲); yellow rays. Montanoa Montanoa grandiflora Hemsl. Montanoa pilosa L. Montanoa speciosa DC. Montanoa tomentosa L. 117) guièe-tèrèsît2 [`flower´ + Y<sp>] (~ârnìcà [`arnica<sp>´]), Montanoa speciosa, Montanoa grandiflora, flor de teresita ^[[AstMonGra1]], ^[[AstMonGra2]]: see also Polianthes (Amaryllidaceae); Bocconia (Papaveraceae); “árnica” is a vernacular name applied to a variety of similar plants of the Asteraceae; in Europe the term applies to species of the genus Arnica; in Central Mexico it generally refers to Heterotheca inuloides, cf. Linares, Bye, and Flores 1999:32-33. *99c) yàg-yàaz-yâas [`seep-willow´ + `black´] (= yàg-yàaz-nguǎts [`seep-willow´ + `black´]), Montanoa tomentosa, Montanoa pilosa ^[[AstMonTom1]], ^[[AstMonTom2]]: tall shrubs to 2 m planted commonly in living fences (very different from the Baccharis spp. to which the term yàg-yàaz is most often applied); leaves deltoid, coarse; broad, flat clusters of flower heads; rays few, white, petals fall easily; disk flowers white; used to facilitate birth, in case the baby is three days overdue; grind the leaf, strain it, drink a small cup; this induces labor pains; may also be a medicine for stomach ache, as with the several allied Baccharis spp. of this folk genus; one pastes the leaf to the abdomen or drinks a tea made from the plant; Montanoa tomentosa is widely used medicinally and is known to induce abortions, an association recognized throughout central Mexico (Ortiz de Montellano 1990:185-186) and suggested by one Nahuatl name, cihuapatli, literally “woman´s medicine”; the category may be extended to include Baccharis conferta; also for skin conditions, e.g., granos. Odontotrichum Odontotrichum sp. UN) Odontotrichum sp., no Zapotec name recorded. Otopappus Otopappus mexicanus (Rzed.) H. Rob., see Salmea Parthenium Parthenium bipinnatifidum (Ort.) RolL. *99) guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´] (cf. guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´], the prototype is Aster moranensis, may also include Parthenium bipinnatifidum: this last is an herb to 20 cm of cultivated ground at, e.g., 2100 m; white flowers; rabbit feed; may be extended to other white-rayed composites, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia, Sabazia longiradiata, Sabazia trifida. Perezia Perezia arachnolepis B. L. Rob., see Acourtia arachnolepis Perymenium Perymenium globosum Rob. var. globosum Perymenium mendezii DC. Perymenium mendezii DC. var. mendezii Perymenium mendezii DC. var. verbesinoides (DC.) Fay 118) yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´] (= bârr-yàg-zêd [`stick´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´]), Perymenium globosum var. globosum, Perymenium mendezii, Perymenium mendezii var. mendezii, Perymenium mendezii var. verbesinoides ^[[AstPerSpc1]], ^[[AstPerSpc2]], Verbesina perymenioides, Verbesina cf. oligantha ^[[AstVerSpc1]], and/or Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguieria quinqueradiata, Calea integrifolia: tall shrubs or small trees 2.5-4 m, occasionally vining (yàg-zêd-làs), often in fence rows; leaves rough-textured, broadly lanceolate; flower heads in dense corymbs with yellow ray and disk flowers; use care when carrying the plant or it will cause a rash; name means literally “salt tree/shrub”; fodder for donkeys; animals said to eat the leaves for their salty taste; used for decoration; three varieties may be distinguished, in order of decreasing size: 1) yàg-zêd, 2) guìzh-yàg-zêd, and 3) guìzh-zêd: 118a) yàg-zêd[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + unmarked prototype] (= yàg-zêd-rzhên [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´]), Perymenium sp., Verbesina sp.: the unmarked prototype; 118b) guìzh-yàg-zêd [`herb´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´] (= yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´], yàg-guièe-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `salt´]), Verbesina perymenioides: second of three varieties distinguished in order of decreasing size; used for firewood; 118c) guìzh-zêd [`herb´ + `salt´], smallest of three varieties distinguished in order of decreasing size; 118d) yàg-zêd-rzhên [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´], Lasianthaea sp. ?, Viguiera sp., possibly used by some consultants to refer to the prototype; 118e) yàg-zêd-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `small/slender´]: perhaps a synonym of guìzh-yàg-zêd and/or guìzh-zêd. EX118) xín-yàg-zêd [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´], may include Verbesina perymenioides, Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguiera sp., Heliopsis sp.?: shrubs with yellow-rayed flower heads, judged similar to but not the “real” yàg-zêd. Pinaropappus Pinaropappus roseus (Less.) Less. 119) guièe-mòrâd2 [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], guìzh-nǐdz [`herb´ + `milk´], ngùd-nǐdz [`lump/ball´ + `milk´], guìzh-rziòob [`herb´ + `it falls out´], guìzh-guiět-nì [`herb´ + `underneath´ + `foot´]), Pinaropappus roseus ^[[AstPinRos1]], ^[[AstPinRos2]], ^[[AstPinRos9]]: fairly common tap-rooted weed to 40 cm, of humid soils at 2050-2200 m, near town; leaves basal; milky sap; lilac ligulate flowers; medicinal, for pimples, skin sores, diaper rash, or chapped skin (“granitos,” “salpullinos“); grind leaves and stems, spread or rub on the affected area; for “blood in the eye”; apply the milky sap; or bathe with an infusion of the plant; cf. guièe-mòrâd1 (Aster schaffneri, Asteraceae, see above). Piqueria Piqueria pilosa H.B.K Piqueria trinervia Cav. G) guìzh-làs [`herb´ + `small/slender´], Piqueria pilosa: this particular example of this general, descriptive category is medicinal; for pain or sores on the hands; grind the leaf, rub it on sores (granos sencillos); it is “cool” (fresca); another specimen so called is Stevia aschenborniana (Asteraceae), used for fodder. 120) bæ̌æl-dòo [`meat´ + `rope´] (= guìzh-běæl-dòo [`herb´ + `meat´ + `rope´], bæ̌æl-dǒ, guìzh-běæl-dǒ), Piqueria trinervia ^[[AstPiqTri1]], ^[[AstPiqTri2]]; may include Piqueria pilosa, but see “guìzh-làs,” above: slightly woody weedy herb to 0.4 m, of fallow fields; leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, bitter-tasting; tiny white-rayed heads (four ray and four disk flowers); medicine for sores; crush leaves, rub on; bathe child with the raw, green leaves [steeped] in water to prevent diaper rash (granitos); also medicine for “anger” (berrinche), grind the raw leaf; for white blotches (manchas blancas), rub with the leaf to “erase” the blotches; also for weakness in children (debilidad); these last two conditions suggest malnutrition; it does not cause itching; it is “cool” (fresca); includes “blanquita” and “moradita” varieties, not named in Zapotec. Pluchea Pluchea odorata (L.) Cass. 121) guìzh-cànêl [`herb´ + `cinnamon<sp>´], Pluchea odorata ^[[AstPluSal9]] or Lagascea helianthifolia, hierba de canela: a plant of selva baja caducifolia; yellow ray flowers in November; medicinal: for those who have just given birth, to draw out the “airs” (“que se saca todo el aire del cuerpo“); must bathe with the leaves at least three times. Porophyllum Porophyllum macrocephalum DC. Porophyllum tagetoides DC. G) guìzh-mîdz-guìt [`herb´ + `seed´ + `squash´], Porophyllum macrocephalum ? 122) nlí-dùn [X + Y] (= guìzh-nlí-dùn [`herb´ + Y + Z]), Porophyllum tagetoides, chepiche, tepiche, siamichi, pápaloquelite (<Nahuatl) ^[[AstPorTag1]]: slender annual weed of fallow ground to 0.8 m, at 1750-1825 m; linear leaves; purple flowers; an edible green, cooked with chepíl (Crotalaria spp.) and squash in a broth, for flavor; perhaps named for a species of large ant, ndûn, said to be attracted to the plant. Psacalium Psacalium cirsiifolium (Zucc.) Rob. & Brett. Psacalium tubulare (Hemsl.) Rydb. 123) guìzh-nià-chîn [`herb´ + `hand´ + `china<sp>´], Psacalium cirsiifolium: tall coarse herb to 1.2 m; deeply bipinnate leaves; succulent winged petioles; clusters of white-lilac discoid flowers; no use cited. 124) blàg-l-guìt [`leaf´ + `squash´] (= blàg-l-guìt-dán [`leaf´ + `squash´ + `forest/wild´]; in San Pedro Gbëë known as guìzh-gùp [`herb´ + Y]), Psacalium tubulare, matarique ^[[AstPsaTub1]]: tall herbs to 2 m, of pine forest zone, at meadow edges and in pastures, at 2240-3200 m; large peltate leaves appear long before the flowers; when first emergent are dark pinkish red and resemble mushrooms; flowers in nodding heads appear later on separate stalks; leaves give name to the Río Calabazar above San Juan Gbëë, literally “squash-leaf river”; leaf used as an umbrella or sunshade when fully expanded; tuber fed to farm animals, a favorite of cattle and goats; l-guìt may be a contraction of lbæ̀-guìt [`vine´ + `squash´]; may include Senecio sp., Odontotrichum sp.; Artschwager Kay (1999:59) reports that Psacalium decompositum is known to have hypoglycemic properties and to be used to treat diabetes by herbalists in New Mexico and Arizona, however, I have recorded no medicinal applications for this genus in San Juan. G) xín-blàg-l-guìt [`relative of´ + `leaf´ + `squash´], Conyza sp. ?: herb with leaves in a basal rosette. Psilactis Psilactis breviligulata Sch. Bip. ex Hemsl. *EX116) xín-guièe-mànzànî [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `chamomile <sp>´] (= guièe-mànzànî-dán (`flower´ + `chamomile <sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Psilactis breviligulata: field weed to 0.5 m; involucre vase-shaped, gummy; or annual herb to 60 cm at, e.g., 1950 m; small flower heads with white ray, yellow disk flowers; no name or use cited; compared to guièe-mànzànî (Matricaria recutita, Asteraceae). Roldana Roldana cf. ehrenbergiana (Klatt) H. Robins & R.D. Brettell (= Senecio ehrenbergianus and Senecio cf. canecida) 125) guìzh-ncuàan1 [`herb´ + `poison´] (= guìzh-yêrb [`herb´ + `herb<sp>´], yêrb [`herb<sp>´]), Roldana cf. ehrenbergiana (possible synonyms include Senecio ehrenbergianus, Senecio canecida ^[[AstSenCan1]]: herb to 15 cm of the pine forest zone; shallowly five-lobed leaves; yellow-rayed flowers appear after the leaves; said to be deadly poisonous to livestock, so the plant is carefully removed from fields; the leaves may be ground up and used as poison bait for coyotes, dogs, or other crop pests; at least three similar species of Senecio are recognized as “relatives,” though they are not poisonous; cf. Caballero 1998:62-63, “Yerba de el Perro”; a Mexican dog-poison is Yerba de la Puebla, or Senecio canicida, which contains a poisonous organic acid, senecic acid (Rio de la Loxa, EX125) xín-guìzh-ncuàan [`relative of´ +`herb´ + `poison´] (= xín-yêrb [`relative of´ + `herb<sp>´], guièe-xín-yêrb [`flower´ + `relative of´ + `herb<sp>´]), Senecio oaxacanus ^[[AstSenOax1]], ^[[AstSenOax2]], Senecio sinuatus, Vernonia alamanii: large herbs, 1.5-4 m, of humid, riparian habitats in the pine-oak forest zone, at 1900-2625 m; leaves large, lobed; clustered flower heads with yellow rays; flowers may be used for decoration. Rumfordia Rumfordia floribunda DC. *92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), includes Rumfordia floribunda as well as other yellow-rayed Asteraceae, such as Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga, Aldama dentata, Hieracium abscissum, Jaegeria hirta, Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum, Tridax coronopifolia, Trixis megalophylla; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae; Rumfordia floribunda is a tall shrub or small tree of montane forests; it is harvested for sale in San Lucas Quiaviní for its showy, aromatic floral clusters ^[[AstRumFlo1]], ^[[AstRumFlo9]], but was not considered noteworthy in San Juan. Sabazia Sabazia longiradiata (Seaton) Long. Sabazia trifida J.J. Fay *99) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´] (= guièe-màrgàrît-dán [`flower´ + `margarita´ + `forest/wild´]), the prototype is Aster moranensis; also includes Sabazia longiradiata and Sabazia trifida: may be extended to include other white-rayed composites, such as Actinomeris tetraptera, Chrysanthemum sp., Conyza canadensis, Conyza sp., various species of Eupatorium, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, Eupatorium cf. aschenbornianum, Eupatorium mairetianum, Eupatorium muelleri, Eupatorium pycnocephalum, several superficially similar Erigeron species: Erigeron longipes, Erigeron galeottii, Erigeron cf. velutipes, Kuhnia (Brickellia) rosmarinifolia, Parthenium bipinnatifidum. *137c) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-làs [`fever few´ + `small/slender´], Sabazia trifida ^[[AstSabSpc1]]; also applied to Galinsoga parviflora (Asteraceae): thus related to guièe-sàntàmàrǐ, the cultivated flor de Santa María (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae, see below). Salmea Salmea scandens (L.) DC. 126) yàg-guìin2 [`tree/shrub´ + `chili pepper´] (= guìzh-yàg-guìin [`herb´ + `tree/shrub´ + `chili´]), Salmea scandens, palo de chile ^[[AstSalSca1]], ^[[AstSalSca2]]: somewhat vining shrub to 2 m of humid ground; sometimes cultivated in gardens; discoid inflorescences of white flowers with purple anthers; bark used in cooking for its chili pepper flavor; tickles the lips, like sal de uvas; also eaten with beans; one published source equates palo de chile with Drymis sp. (Winteraceae); palo de chile identified as Salmea scandens at Loxicha; medicinal, for aire malo; may include Otopappus mexicanus. EX126) xín-yàg-guìin [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `chili pepper´], Trigonospermum annuum: tall perennial herb to 2+ m at, e.g., 2100 m; opposite leaves tri-nerved, coarse-haired; small yellow-rayed flower-heads; perceived as similar to yàg-guìin2 (Salmea scandens, Asteraceae, see above) or to yàg-guìin1 Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae), the cultivated chili pepper. Sanvitalia Sanvitalia procumbens Lam. Sanvitalia ocymoides DC. 127) guièts-rzhòz [`spine´ + `horn´] (= guìzh-guièts-rzhòz [`herb´ + `spine´ + `horn´]), Sanvitalia ocymoides, ojo de gallo ^[[AstSanSpc1]], ^[[AstSanPro9]]: scandent weedy herb with spiny involucral bracts; flower heads with orange-yellow rays and dark brown disk flowers; one consultant distinguishes “male” (“macho“) individuals from “females,” the latter the more spiny; common weed growing in trails; if one steps on these barefoot, it is painful; Sanvitalia procumbens might also be included. Schkuhria Schkuhria anthemoides (DC.) Coult. Schkuhria cf. pinnata (Lam.) O. Ktze. 128) gbày[-0] [`broom´], Schkuhria anthemoides, Schkuhria cf. pinnata ^[[AstSchAnt1]], ^[[AstSchSpc1]]: slender annual weed of fallow ground; used for sweeping, thus the name; the name may be used to refer to a variety of plants with this primary use, including gbày-tǽ (Helianthemum glomeratum, Cistaceae), Dalea spp. (Fabaceae), gbày-yâg (Forestiera angustifolia, Oleaceae), yàg-gbày (Amelanchier denticulata, Rosaceae); also used medicinally to kill chiggers (aradores, mèx); rub plant on skin. Senecio Senecio canecida Sesse & Moc. = Roldana ehrenbergiana Senecio oaxacanus DC. Senecio picridis Schauer Senecio polypodioides (Greene) Greene Senecio praecox (Cav.) DC. Senecio salignus DC. = Barkleyanthus salicifolium Senecio sinuatus DC. Senecio stoechadiformis DC. NON) guìzh-ró-guiùu [`herb´ + `edge of´ + `river´]: Senecio oaxacanus: see also xín-guìzh-ncuàan *EX6) guìzh-crùz [`herb´ + `cross<sp>´], Senecio polypodioides: lumped with the ferns due to the superficial similarity of the pinnate leaves of this species, but recognized as anomalous because it “has flowers.” *EX125) xín-guìzh-ncuàan [`relative of´ +`herb´ + `poison´] (= xín-yêrb [`relative of´ + `herb<sp>´], guièe-xín-yêrb [`flower´ + `relative of´ + `herb<sp>´]), Senecio oaxacanus ^[[AstSenOax1]], ^[[AstSenOax2]], Senecio sinuatus: large herbs, 1.5-4 m, of humid, riparian habitats in the pine forest-oak zone, at 1900-2625 m; leaves large, lobed; clustered flower heads with yellow rays; flowers may be used for decoration; cf. Roldana ehrenbergiana (Asteraceae). *EX112) xín-gòrdòlôb [`relative of´ + `gordolobo<sp>´], Senecio picridis, Senecio stoechadiformis. 129) yàg-guièe-yǎl-mâch [`frangipani´ + `male´], Senecio praecox: leafless shrub to 2 m of disturbed tropical deciduous woodland; stems thick, rubbery; yellow-rayed inflorescences appear at the tips of bare stems; named as if a kind of yàg-guièe-yǎl, the primary referent of which is Plumeria rubra f. acutifolia (Apocynaceae), but sufficiently distinct to be treated here as a generic in its own right; no use cited; cf. Caballero 1998:53, “Palo Sancto,” where cited as treatment for broken bones. 130) guìzh-diâg-bûrr [`herb´ + `ear´ + `donkey<sp>´], Senecio sp. ^[[AstSenGdb1]]: spindly, nearly leafless shrub to 2.5 m, with lax-stalked inflorecences ringing the bare stems at intervals; donkey-ear shaped leaves quickly deciduous; on slopes near town; medicinal, but details not recorded. Simsia Simsia amplexicaulis (Cav.) Peters Simsia sanguinea (Cav.) Pers. 131) bnîil̲ [Y] (= guièe-bnîil̲ [`flower´ + Y], guìzh-bnîil̲ [`herb´ + Y]), Simsia amplexicaulis, Simsia sanguinea, and Tithonia spp.: several varieties are recognized based on leaf texture, color of ray flowers, and size; to some extent these distinctions overlap, to produce a hierarchy of contrasts, first between `rough´ (Simsia spp.) and `cotton´ (Tithonia spp.) varieties, with the former including `yellow´ (Simsia amplexicaulis) and `purple´-rayed (Simsia sanguinea) forms; `white´ and `small/slender´ varieties may occasionally be noted, which may involve an extension to include Galinsoga spp. (Asteraceae), but this is not certain: 131a) bnîil̲-guièts [X + `spine´] (= guièe-bnîil̲-guièts [`flower´ + Y + `spine´], guièe-bnîil̲-chòg [`flower´ + Y + `rough´]), Simsia spp.: erect herbs to 1.5 m; leaves few, large, three-lobed; plants coarse-haired throughout; involucral bracts purple; rays deep yellow or reddish-purple; disk flowers yellow; 131a1) bnîil̲-guièts-nguěts [X + `spine´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-bnîil̲[-0] [`flower´ + Y], guìzh-bnîil̲[-0] [`herb´ + Y], guièe-bnîil̲-chòg [`flower´ + Y + `rough´], guìzh-bnîil̲-chòg [`herb´ + Y + `rough´], guièe-bnîil̲-chòg-nguěts [`herb´ + Y + `rough´ + `yellow´], guièe-bnîil̲-nguěts [`herb´ + Y + `yellow´]), Simsia amplexicaulis ^[[AstSimAmp1]], [[AstSimAmp9]]: tall annual herb to 2 m, coarse blackish hairs on the calyx; rays and disk flowers yellow; fodder for donkeys; 131a2) bnîil̲-guièts-mòrâd [X + `spine´ + `purple´](= guièe-bnîil̲-chòg-mòrâd [`herb´ + Y + `rough´ + `purple´], guièe-bnîil̲-mòrâd [`herb´ + Y + `purple´]), Simsia sanguinea ^[[AstSimSan2]]: tall annual herbs; plant covered with coarse hairs, black in the inflorescence; leaf petioles winged; rays lavender, disk flowers yellow; no use cited; 131b) bnîil̲-zhǐil [`herb´ + Y + `cotton´] (= guièe-bnîil̲-zhǐil [`flower´ + Y + `cotton´], guìzh-bnîil̲-zhǐil [`herb´ + Y + `cotton´], guièe-bnîil̲-yòx [`flower´ + Y + `large´]; blàg-bnîil̲ [`leaf´ + Y]; guièe-chòg-zhǐil [`flower´ + `rough´ + `cotton´]), Tithonia diversifolia ^[[AstTitDiv1]], Tithonia fruticosum ?, Tithonia tubaeformis, Verbesina sericea: weedy shrubs to 3 m of milpa edges; the prototype, Tithonia diversifolia, has large silky, spade-shaped alternate leaves; yellow ray and disk flowers; phyllaries in two series, the outer spreading; medicine for hangovers (la cruda), pains, drink an infusion of the leaf; many consultants fail to distinguish this from bârr-dòo-nlǎ (`branch<sp>´ + `very´ + `bitter´); however, that term properly refers to the larger Tithonia tubaeformis; 131c) guièe-bnîil̲-làs [`flower´ + Y + `slender/small´] (= guièe-bnîil̲-nquǐts [`herb´ + Y + `white´]), Galinsoga parviflora, but see Galinsoga for other naming responses; as no white rayed Simsia is known, guièe-bnîil̲-nquǐts is most likely synonymous with guièe-bnîil̲-làs; 131d) guìzh-bnîil̲-dán [`herb´ + Y + `forest/wild´], Asteraceae sp.: fodder for livestock. Sonchus Sonchus oleraceus L. 132) lèchûg-dán [`lettuce <sp>´ + `forest/mountain´], blàg-guièts [`leaf´ + `spine´] (= guìzh-nquǐts-blàg-nzhèn [`herb´ + `white + `leaf´ + `broad´], guìzh-cònêf-guièts [`herb´ + `rabbit<sp>´ + `spine´]), Sonchus oleraceus, sow-thistle ^[[AstSonOle1]]: tall tap-rooted weed of disturbed areas; leafy, chambered stem with milky sap; leaves clasping; yellow ligulate flowers; fodder for goats and rabbits. Spilanthes Spilanthes alba L´Hér. Spilanthes oppositifolia (Lam.) D´Arcy = Acmella repens var. beccabunga NON) guièe-xtîl [`flower´ + `Castillian<sp{rt}´], Spilanthes alba ^[[AstSpiSpp9]]: weedy herb of seeps near town; no use cited. Stevia Stevia aschenborniana Sch. Bip. Stevia caracasana DC. Stevia hirsuta (Lag.) Less var. hirsuta Stevia incognita Grashoff Stevia jorullensis L. Stevia lucida Lag. Stevia nelsonii B. L. Rob. Stevia origanioides H.B.K. Stevia ovata Willd. Stevia pubescens Lag. Stevia salicifolia Cav. Stevia seleriana B. L. Rob. 133) guièe-nziù [`flower´ + `tepache´] (= guìzh-guièe-nziù [`herb´ + `flower´ + `tepache´], guìzh-nziù [`herb´ + `tepache´]), the prototype is Stevia salicifolia ^[[AstSteSal1]]; also may include Stevia hirsuta var. hirsuta, Stevia lucida, Stevia nelsonii, Stevia origanioides, Stevia pubescens, Stevia seleriana: erect shrubs to 2 m of pine-oak forest zone; leaves and inflorescences gummy; dense flat-topped clusters of flower heads, each with five lavender disk flowers; the flowers of the “true” (meru) guièe-nziù are highly scented, very sweet; for this reason they are gathered, then exchanged by parties to a wedding; the modifier nziù tepache refers to a special festive drink, a flavored fermented drink prepared from the juice of a special mountain pineapple and pulque; the flowers are not used to prepare this drink, but the flower and the drink symbolize the best wishes of those who come to celebrate the marriage; also gathered to perfume the house; numerous similar species, mostly other Stevia spp., are distinguished below: EX133) xín-guièe-nziù [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `tepache´] (= bârr-guièe-nziù [`stick´ + `flower´ + `tepache´], guìzh-nziù-dán [`herb´ + `tepache´ + `forest/wild´], xín-guìzh-nziù [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `tepache´]), Stevia caracasana, Stevia incognita, Stevia jorullensis, Stevia lucida, Stevia seleriana ^[[AstSteSpc1]], ^[[AstSteSpc2]]; also Eupatorium adenophorum: herbs or shrubs, 30 cm to 1.5 m; flowers variously white to purple; perhaps less gummy and typically found at lower elevations than the “true” guièe-nziù; used for firewood and decoration. G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guièe-cônch [`flower´ + `conch<sp>´]), Stevia hirsuta var. hirsuta, Stevia origanioides: herb to 1 m, purplish flowers; named descriptively in reference to the flower color; see also guièe-mòrâd1 (Aster novi-belgii) and guièe-mòrâd2 (Pinaropappus roseus), both Asteraceae. Tagetes Tagetes erecta L. var. 1 Tagetes erecta L. var. 2 Tagetes filifolia Lag. Tagetes jaliscensis Greenm. Tagetes lucida H.B.K. Tagetes lunulata Ort. Tagetes patula L. 134) guièe-cǒb [`flower´ + Y], Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, Tagetes lunulata, Tagetes jaliscensis, and Dyssodia tagetifolia, cempasuchil, marigold: annual aromatic herbs with dissected leaves and yellow-orange ray flowers; includes native wild flowers and cultivated ornamentals, planted from seed; all are used to decorate altars and graves, especially at the feast of Todos Santos, a.k.a. Día[s] de los Muertos, November 1-2, which coincides with the peak marigold flowering season; the Mexican Spanish vernacular name is derived from Nahuatl cempoal + suchitl, literally `twenty flower´, that is, `abundant flower´; also known as flor de muerto, for its association with the Day of the Dead celebration (~ Todos Santos); several varieties are distinguished, as follows: 134a) guièe-cǒb-mzhǐg [`flower´ + Y + `pine cone´], Tagetes erecta var. 2 ^[[AstTagEre2]]: cultivated variety with doubled flowers; considered to be “female” (hembra); guièe-cǒb-yâg is the “male”; the two should be planted together; medicinal: for vomiting and diarrhea of adults and children; also for ear aches and nose bleeds; it is `hot´; 134b) guièe-cǒb-yâg [`flower´ + Y + `tree´], Tagetes erecta var. 1: cultivated variety, slightly doubled heads, one to each tall stalk; considered to be “male” (macho), compared to guièe-cǒb-mzhǐg, the “female”; the two should be planted together; 134c) guièe-cǒb-làs [`flower´ + Y + `slender/small´] (~ guièe-cǒb-dán [`flower´ + Y + `forest/wild´]), Tagetes jaliscensis, Tagetes lunulata ^[[AstTagLun1]], ^[[AstTagLun2]]: small, slender annual wild flower; seeds are collected from wild populations in the pine forest zone for planting in gardens; it is possible that the wild stock is refered to as guièe-cǒb-dán, the cultivated stock derived from it, guièe-cǒb-làs; 134d) guièe-cǒb-làs-chîn [`flower´ + Y + `slender/small´ + `china<sp>´], an unusual garden variety; small, doubled flower; possibly derived in cultivation form Tagetes jaliscensis or Tagetes lunulata; 134e) guièe-cǒb-guìin [`flower´ + Y + `chili pepper´], Tagetes patula ^[[AstTagPat1]]: cultivated herb planted from seed; ray petals rich yellow with reddish centers, hence the name; 134f) guièe-cǒb-gǒn [`flower´ + Y + `planting´], Dyssodia tagetifolia ^[[AstDysTag1]], ^[[AstDysTag2]], ^[[AstDysTag4]]: common wildflower of fallow fields; related to Tagetes, which it closely resembles; flower head compounded of five peripheral and one central inflorescence, “mimicking” a single composite inflorescence; highly aromatic; highly valued for decorating altars and graves, especially at Todos Santos (November 1-2); 134g) guièe-cǒb-dán [`flower´ + Y + `forest/wild´] (~ guièe-cǒb-làs [`flower´ + Y + `slender/small´]), Tagetes jaliscensis: may be synonymous with guièe-cǒb-làs, see above. *135) guièe-cǒb-dzùu [`cempasuchil´ + Y] (= guièe-dzùu [`flower´ + Y]), Tagetes lucida, pericón: not normally included as a variety of guièe-cǒb, however, this nomenclatural variant suggests that the relationship between the various Tagetes species is recognized. 135) guièe-dzùu [`flower´ + Y] (= guièe-cǒb-dzùu [`cempasuchil´ + Y]), Tagetes lucida, pericón ^[[AstTagLuc2]], ^[[AstTagLuc3]], ^[[AstTagLuc9]]: tall herb of humid ground, especially abundant in saturated soils of llanos in pine forests; opposite, lanceolate, toothed leaves; orange-yellow ray flowers; medicinal: for women in childbirth or to abort a fetus; drink an infusion as tea; also for stomach ache; it is extremely “hot” (caliente), thus considered potentially dangerous and morally suspect, i.e., it is said to be “prohibida”; also for “colic” (dolor cólico); also used for decoration; one example of Coreopsis mutica was so named also, perhaps in error. 136) guìzh-nìzh [`herb´ + `sweet/anise scented´] (= guièe-nìzh [`flower´ + `sweet/anise scented´]), Tagetes filifolia, flor de anís ^[[AstTagFil1]], ^[[AstTagFil9]]: tiny annual herb, common in first-year fallow fields; strongly anise scented; medicinal: it is caliente; for stomach ache, drink as tea; also to treat a child´s diarrhea; used to flavor baked sweet breads (guièt-xtîl); said to resemble guièe-mànzànî (Matricaria recutita, Asteraceae). Tanacetum Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip. = Chrysanthemum parthenium 137) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ [`flower´ + `Santa María<sp>´], the prototype is Tanacetum parthenium, flor de Santa María, feverfew: the yellow-rayed Helenium mexicanum is treated as a “kind of” feverfew; plus a variety of small, white-rayed composites may be included in the “extended range” of this category: 137a) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ[-0] (= guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-nquǐts [`flower´ + `Santa María<sp>´ + `white´], the prototype, Tanacetum parthenium, flor de Santa María, feverfew ^[[AstTanPar1]], ^[[AstTanPar2]]: cultivated European herb, planted from seed, with small, white-rayed flowers; aromatic; for childbirth, cook with Calea hypoleuca; for coughs, colds (resfriado, guìdz-guià), take with Marrubium vulgare, for dry noses due to colds; it is “hot” (caliente, nz{a:}a-w); collected for sale; for ears “plugged by cold,” insert in the ear (“cuando se tapa a uno su oído de frío”); for “cold pains” (yòob-niág); drink it for stomach ache (yòob-zdòo), but it is very strong and very bitter; to clean the heart, the stomach; for bruises (golpes), bathe with it; also for women post-partum, grind together with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae), leaves of laurel and avocado (Litsea (Licaria) glaucescens and Persea americana, Lauraceae), and the “true” mezonzapote (Licania platypus, Chrysobalanaceae), drink one glass of the infusion three times every two days beginning 12 or 24 hours after giving birth; also use with rosemary (perhaps also with Salvia lavanduloides, Salvia muscuroides, and Mentha rotundifolia, Lamiaceae) for a vaginal douche after giving birth (lavado vaginal) to “clean the womb”; drink decoction of the flowers as a tea to regulate menstruation; 137b) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-mòntês [`feverfew´ + `montane<sp>´], guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-dán [`feverfew´ + `mountain forest´], guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-nguěts [`feverfew´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-gùts [`feverfew´ + `yellowish´], guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-mòstêz [`feverfew´ + `mustard<sp>´], Helenium mexicanum ^[[AstHelMex1]], ^[[AstHelMex2]]: common weedy annual herb, to 0.5 m, of damp spots, flowering in July; a “black-eyed susan” with yellow to orange rays and dark brown disk flowers; medicinal; inhale strong floral scent to clear clogged nasal passages accompanying colds; inhale to induce sneezing; guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-dán may also include Aster sp., Bidens aurea; Calendula officinalis, Asteraceae sp. 137c) guièe-sàntàmàrǐ-làs [`flower´ + `flor de Santa María<sp>´ + `small/slender´] (= sàntàmàrí-làs [`Santa María flower´ + `slender/small´], xín-guièe-sàntàmàrǐ [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `flor de Santa María<sp>´], guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´]), Galinsoga parviflora, Sabazia trifida ^[[AstSabSpc1]]: weed to 0.5 m, of humid ground or in cultivated fields, white flowers; wild relative of the cultivated feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae); medicine for stomach ache, cook and drink as tea at room temperature; also for decoration. EX137) guìzh-sàntàmàrǐ [`herb´ + `feverfew<sp>´], Lobelia cardinalis, Campanulaceae: this is cited as a medicine for “dry nose” or stuffy nose caused by colds; it is used to “loosen the nose” (though it may have been misidentified by the consultant); see also guièe-sàntàmàrǐ, Tanacetum parthenium. EX137) xín-sàntàmàrǐ [`relative of´ + `feverfew´], Heliotropium cf. procumbens ^[[BorHelInd1]]: slender herb with white flowers in cymes; so-called because of faint odor like that of Tanacetum parthenium (Asteraceae), which see. Taraxacum Taraxacum officinale Weber UN) Taraxacum officinale, diente de león, dandelion: uncommon weed in town, apparently just recently arrived, as few recognize it; neither name nor use cited. Telanthophora Telanthophora andrieuxii (DC.) Robinson & Brettell G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´], Telanthophora andrieuxii: an herb or shrub to 2 m; yellow rays; used for decoration; the name here is a general term applied to a wide variety of yellow-flowered species not otherwise distinguished; see guièe-nguěts; perhaps properly called xín-yêrb, see Senecio, Asteraceae. Tithonia Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Tithonia fruticosum Canby & Rose ? Tithonia tubaeformis L. G) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `sweet´], Tithonia sp.: herb to 2 m, at 2780 m; entire, lanceolate leaves; hollow petioles; yellow flowers; guièe-nguěts may also name a valid Zapotec generic inclusive of a variety of yellow-flowered Asteraceae. *133b) bnîil̲-zhǐil [`herb´ + Y + `cotton´] (= guièe-bnîil̲-zhǐil [`flower´ + Y + `cotton´], guìzh-bnîil̲-zhǐil [`herb´ + Y + `cotton´], guièe-bnîil̲-yòx [`flower´ + Y + `large´]; blàg-bnîil̲ [`leaf´ + Y]; guièe-chòg-zhǐil [`flower´ + `rough´ + `cotton´]), the prototype is Tithonia diversifolia ^[[AstTitDiv1]]; may also include Tithonia fruticosum ?, Tithonia tubaeformis, Verbesina sericea: all these are weedy shrubs to 3 m of milpa edges; Tithonia diversifolia has large silky, spade-shaped alternate leaves; yellow ray and disk flowers; phyllaries in two series, the outer spreading; medicine for hangovers (la cruda), pains, drink an infusion of the leaf; said to poison livestock; many consultants fail to distinguish this from bârr-dòo-nlǎ (`branch<sp>´ + `very´ + `bitter´), see below; however, that term properly refers to the larger Tithonia tubaeformis. 138) bârr-dòo-lǎ [`stem´ + `large´ + `bitter´] (= [guizh-][guìee-]dòo-lǎ [`herb´ + `flower´ + `large´ + `bitter´]), Tithonia tubaeformis ^[[AstTitTub1]]: shrub to 4 m of milpa margins; large three-lobed leaves; large yellow-rayed flower heads; medicine: bathe infants so they don't cry or get angry; for yòob-zdòo `heart/stomach pain´, paste leaf on with mezcal; for manchas blancas (běy); also used to calm los berrinches [persons in a rage, as of drunks]; chop up leaves in water, drink the decoction for berrinche, but wash for manchas; it is very bitter (nlæ̌æ-w); this name may be confused with bæ̌æl-dòo (Piqueria trinervia, Asteraceae, which see). Tridax Tridax coronopifolia (Kunth) Benth. *92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), Tridax coronopifolia, as well as various yellow-rayed Asteraceae, including Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga, Aldama dentata, Hieracium abscissum, Jaegeria hirta, Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum, Rumfordia floribunda, Trixis megalophylla; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae. Trigonospermum Trigonospermum annuum McVaugh & Laskowski *EX126) xín-yàg-guìin [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `chili pepper´], Trigonospermum annuum: tall perennial herb to 2+ m at, e.g., 2100 m; opposite leaves tri-nerved, coarse-haired; small yellow-rayed flower-heads; the “true” yàg-guìin2 [`tree/shrub´ + `chili pepper´] is either palo de chile (Salmea scandens, Asteraceae) or yàg-guìin2, the chili pepper (Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae). Trixis Trixis megalophylla Greenm. *92) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), Trixis megalophylla, as well as various yellow-rayed Asteraceae, including Acmella radicans and Acmella repens var. becabunga, Aldama dentata, Hieracium abscissum, Jaegeria hirta, Melampodium divaricatum, Melampodium montanum, Rumfordia floribunda, Tridax coronopifolia; may be extended also to yellow-flowered species of other families, such as Asclepias notha of the Asclepiadaceae. Verbesina Verbesina macdonaldii B. L. Turner Verbesina cf. oligantha B. L. Robinson Verbesina perymenioides Sch. Bip. ex Kloff Verbesina sericea Kunth & C. D. Bouche *118) yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´] (= bârr-yàg-zêd [`stick´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´]), Perymenium globosum var. globosum, Perymenium mendezii, Perymenium mendezii var. mendezii, Perymenium mendezii var. verbesinoides ^[[AstPerSpc1]], ^[[AstPerSpc2]], Verbesina perymenioides, Verbesina cf. oligantha ^[[AstVerSpc1]], and/or Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguieria quinqueradiata, Calea integrifolia: tall shrubs or small trees 2.5-4 m, often in fence rows; leaves rough-textured, broadly lanceolate; flower heads in dense corymbs with yellow ray and disk flowers; use care when carrying the plant or it will cause a rash; name means literally “salt tree/shrub”; fodder for donkeys; animals said to eat the leaves for their salty taste; used for decoration; three varieties may be distinguished, in order of decreasing size: 1) yàg-zêd, 2) guìzh-yàg-zêd, and 3) guìzh-zêd: *118a) yàg-zêd[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + unmarked] (= yàg-zêd-rzhên [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´]), the unmarked prototype; *118b) guìzh-yàg-zêd [`herb´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´] (= yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´], yàg-guièe-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `salt´]), Verbesina perymenioides: second of three varieties distinguished in order of decreasing size; used as animal fodder and for firewood; *118c) guìzh-zêd [`herb´ + `salt´], smallest of three varieties distinguished in order of decreasing size; *118d) yàg-zêd-rzhên [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´], Lasianthaea sp. ?, Viguiera sp., possibly used by some consultants to refer to the prototype. *EX118) xín-yàg-zêd [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´], may include Verbesina perymenioides, Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguiera sp., Heliopsis sp.?: shrubs with yellow-rayed flower heads, judged similar to but not the “real” yàg-zêd. *131d) guièe-bnîil̲-zhǐil [`flower´ + Y + `cotton´] (= guìzh-bnîil̲-zhǐil [`herb´ + Y + `cotton´], guièe-bnîil̲ yòx [`flower´ + Y + `large´], blàg-bnîil̲ [`leaf´ + Y], guièe-chôg-zhǐil [`flower´ + `rough´ + `cotton´]), the prototype is Tithonia diversifolia, may also include Verbesina sericea: no use cited. NON) guìzh-blàg-ngǔudz [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `smooth´], Verbesina sericea: leaves silky-white below; no use cited. Vernonia Vernonia alamanii DC. Vernonia alamanii DC. var. dyctophlebia (Glez.) McVaugh Vernonia paniculata DC. Vernonia steezii Sch. Bip. var. steezii G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], guìzh-guièe-mòrâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `purple<sp>´]), various purple-rayed Asteraceae, in particular Vernonia spp., such as Vernonia steezii var. steezii, Vernonia paniculata, and Vernonia alamanii; see also guièe-mòrâd1 (Aster novi-belgii, Asteraceae) and guièe-mòrâd2 (Pinaropappus roseus, Asteraceae). G) guièe-mòrâd-chòg [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´ + `rough´], Vernonia alamanii var. dyctophlebia: tall herb to 1.5 m, of disturbed soils; rough-textured leaves; light purple to whitish flowers; no use cited. Viguiera Viguiera budleiiformis (DC.) Benth & Hook Viguiera cordata (Hook & Arn.) D'Arey Viguiera cordifolia Gray Viguiera eriophora Greenm. Viguiera eriophylla Greenm. ssp. eriophylla Viguiera grammatoglossa DC. Viguiera quinqueradiata (Cav.) Gray 139) guìzh-dzìn [`herb´ + `honey´], Viguiera eriophora, Viguiera quinqueradiata: tall herbs; large, toothed, scabrid, opposite leaves; longish yellow rays; flowers honey scented; related to guìzh-chòg; this term may be applied descriptively to Mirabilis viscosa, Nyctaginaceae. G) guìzh-chòg [`herb´ + `rough´], Viguiera grammatoglossa: this herb has yellow-rayed flowers; leaves like files, hard; fodder for animals. G) guìzh-chòg-nguěts [`herb´ + `rough´ + `yellow´], Viguiera cordata: tall herb, opposite leaves, cordate, tri-nerved, rough-hispid; short yellow rays; no use cited. *118) yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´] (= bârr-yàg-zêd [`stick´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´]), Perymenium globosum var. globosum, Perymenium mendezii, Perymenium mendezii var. mendezii, Perymenium mendezii var. verbesinoides, Verbesina perymenioides, Verbesina cf. oligantha, and/or Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguieria quinqueradiata, Calea integrifolia: tall shrubs or small trees 2.5-4 m, often in fence rows; leaves rough-textured, broadly lanceolate; flower heads in dense corymbs with yellow ray and disk flowers; use care when carrying the plant or it will cause a rash; name means literally “salt tree/shrub”; fodder for donkeys; animals said to eat the leaves for their salty taste; used for decoration; three varieties may be distinguished, in order of decreasing size: 1) yàg-zêd, 2) guìzh-yàg-zêd, and 3) guìzh-zêd: *118a) yàg-zêd[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + unmarked] (= yàg-zêd-rzhên [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´]), the unmarked prototype; *118b) guìzh-yàg-zêd [`herb´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´] (= yàg-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´], yàg-guièe-zêd [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `salt´]), Verbesina perymenioides: second of three varieties distinguished in order of decreasing size; used for firewood; *118c) guìzh-zêd [`herb´ + `salt´], smallest of three varieties distinguished in order of decreasing size; *118d) yàg-zêd-rzhên [`tree/shrub´ + `salt´ + `wide´], Lasianthaea sp. ?, Viguiera sp., possibly used by some consultants to refer to the prototype. *EX118) xín-yàg-zêd [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `salt´], may include Verbesina perymenioides, Viguiera eriophylla ssp. eriophylla, Viguiera sp., Heliopsis sp.?: shrubs with yellow-rayed flower heads, judged similar to but not the “real” yàg-zêd. Zinnia Zinnia cf. elegans Jacq. Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. 140) guièe-bgùs [`flower´ + `spindle´], Zinnia peruviana, Zinnia cf. elegans, zinnia ^[[AstZinPer1]], ^[[AstZinPer9]], ^[[AstZinPer2]]: native weedy or cultivated flowers, to 50 cm; salmon-orange to purple rays; harvested to decorate altars and graves; two color forms recognized: 140a) guièe-bgùs[-0], Zinnia peruviana: the prototype; 140b) guièe-bgùs-xtîl [`flower´ + `spindle´ + `Castillian<sp>´], Zinnia sp.: cultivated variety with pink rays. BALSAMINACEAEImpatiens Impatiens balsamina L. Impatiens hawkeri W. Bull 141) bàlsàmîn [`balsamina<sp>´], Impatiens balsamina, impatiens ^[[BlsImpBal1]]: Old World cultivated ornamental flower of town gardens; five color varieties recognized, these normally named in Spanish, as follows: 141a) balsamina[-0] (New Guinea impatiens), Impatiens hawkeri; 141b) balsamina blanca (white impatiens), Impatiens balsamina variety; 141c) balsamina roja (red impatiens), Impatiens balsamina variety; 141d) balsamina rosada (rose-colored impatiens), Impatiens balsamina variety; 141e) balsamina rosada doble (double rose-colored impatiens), Impatiens balsamina variety. BEGONIACEAEBegonia Begonia biserrata Lindl. Begonia cucullata Willd. x Begonia schmidtiana Regel Begonia cf. gracilis Kunth Begonia x semperflorens Link & Otto, cultivar “Paint Splash Pink” Begonia x tuberhybrida Voss. UN) capa del rey `king´s cape`, Begonia x tuberhybrida, tuberous begonia, no Zapotec name recorded: cultivated ornamental of town gardens; flowers in the rainy season. UN) Begonia cucullata x B. schmidtiana, pink begonia, Reiger variety, no Zapotec name recorded: cultivated ornamental flower originally from Brazil, planted in town gardens. UN) Begonia x semperflorens, cultivar “Paint Splash Pink”, no Zapotec name recorded: cultivated ornamental, occasionally planted in town gardens. 142) guièe-bè-ròon [`flower´ + `oxalis´ + Z], Begonia biserrata, Begonia cf. gracilis: wild and cultivated varieties may be distinguished, as below; name may allude to Oxalis sp. (guièe-bè), which shares a biting taste due to oxalic acid; ornamental. 142a) guièe-bè-ròon-0 [`flower´ + `oxalis´ + Z + unmarked prototype], Begonia biserrata ^[[BegBegBis1]]: wild flower of pine forest edges; ornamental. 142b) guièe-bè-ròon-ró-yù [`flower´ + `oxalis´ + Z + `edge of the house´], Begonia cf. gracilis: garden cultivar, perhaps derived from local wild species; ornamental; Caballero et al. 2004 (pg. 288) cite the medicinal use of this species as a purgative in a Mixtec community. BERBERIDACEAEBerberis Berberis moranensis Hebenstr. & Ludw. G) guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´] (= guièe-guièts [`flower´ + `spine´]), Berberis moranensis: shrub to 1 m, at all elevations; no use cited; this name is a descriptive phrase; for other applications of this term see Eryngium spp. (Apiaceae), Leonotis nepetaefolia (Lamiaceae). BETULACEAEAlnus Alnus acuminata Kunth ssp. arguta (Schlechtendal) Furlow Alnus acuminata Kunth var. glabrata (Fern) Furlow Alnus firmifolia Fernald (= Alnus jorullenis H.B.K. var. jorullensis) Alnus jorullenis H.B.K. var. lutea Kunth 143) yàg-guiàl [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Alnus firmifolia Fernald = Alnus jorullenis var. jorullensis, Alnus jorullenis var. lutea, Alnus acuminata ssp. arguta, Alnus acuminata var. glabrata; aile, palo de águila, aliso; alder; the term yàg-gàgâl is the San Pedro Gbëë cognate of yàg-guiàl; applied by residents of Rancho Conejo to Alnus firmifolia Fernald (= Alnus jorullenis H.B.K. var. jorullensis), the dominant hardwood above 3000 m (thus scarce in San Juan), replacing oaks; it is a medium-sized, round-crowned tree not confined to riparian habitat; used for firewood: 143a) yàg-guiàl[-0] (= yàg-guiàl-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + Y+ `white´]), especially Alnus acuminata var. glabrata: streamside tree to 10+ m; for firewood; leafy branches to cover shelters; color modifier refers to color of the bark; 143b) yàg-guiàl-dán [`tree/shrub´ + Y+ `forest/wild´] (= yàg-guiàl-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + Y+ `black´], Alnus jorullensis var. lutea; color modifier refers to color of the bark. BIGNONIACEAECrescentia Crescentia cujete L. 144) yàg-zhìg [`tree/shrub´ + `gourd´], Crescentia cujete, jícara, bottle gourd: does not occur in San Juan, gourds obtained from the lowlands in trade; medicinal: for difficult urination (mal de orina); guìzh-lèn̲-zhìg [`plant´ + `inside´ + `jícara<sp>´] (= guìzh-zhìg [`herb´ + `jícara´]) is the horsetail fern (Equisetum myriochaetum, Equisetaceae) previously used to clean out gourds. Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don. 145) yàg-jàcàrân [`tree/shrub´ + `jacaranda<sp>´], Jacaranda mimosifolia, jacaranda ^[[BigJacMim2]], ^[[BigJacMim3]]: South American species widely planted as an ornamental; there are a few in town; medicine for intestinal worms (yòob-lòmbriz, solitario), cook the leaf and drink as tea. Parmentiera Parmentiera aculeata (Kunth) Seemann (= Parmentiera edulis DC.) 146) yàg-bdiò-guìx [`tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + `wild´], Parmentiera aculeata (= Parmentiera edulis), cuajilote: uncommonly planted from seed; there is one individual along the stream just below town at a place named for it; cucumber-like fruits eaten, cooked, ripe in the spring; they are sweet. Podranea Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple´] (= guièe-rènêdò [`flower´ + renedo<sp>´]; “no real name”), Podranea ricasoliana: African woody vine planted recently as an ornamental, from cuttings; rare in San Juan; a kind of `vine´ lbæ̀. Spathodea Spathodea campanulata Pal. UN) Spathodea campanulata, tulipán, African tulip tree: cultivated ornamental; one individual planted at the primary school in town; no Zapotec name recorded. Tecoma Tecoma stans (L.) H.B.K. 147) guièe-tùts [`flower´ + ON] (= guìzh-tùts [`herb´ + ON], guìzh-guièe-tùts [`flower´ + Y], yàg-guièe-tùts [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + ON), yàg-nl̲ibâd-tùts [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + ON]), Tecoma stans ^[[BigTecSta1]]: tall shrub, to 5 m, showy tubular yellow flowers which children pop, the sound of which tùts is said to imitate; medicinal: for cough; three leaflets; boil, drink with three drops of aloe vera; ornamental and for firewood. BOMBACACEAECeiba Ceiba acuminata (S. Watson) Rose 148) yàg-miòong [`tree/shrub´ + `kapok fruit´], Ceiba acuminata: medium-sized tree of tropical deciduous woodland; with spiny trunk and pendant pods filled with cottony seeds used to stuff pillows and in weaving. BORAGINACEAEBorago Borago officinalis L. 149) bòrrâj, bòrrájà [`borage<sp>´] (= guìzh-bòrrâj [`herb´ + `borage<sp>´]), Borago officinalis: European herb planted in gardens; medicine: for coughs, including whooping cough (tos ferino, rò-dǒx, rò rônc) and smokers´ cough (tos fumador); boil with Loeselia mexicana, Crataegus pubescens, and/or green apples (manzana tierna), drink infusion at room temperature; the mixture is “templada”; also used for measles (sarampión), said to have been prevalent during the hot season; boil and drink as tea with gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp., Asteraceae); it is bitter and “caliente“ (nlǎa-w); wash wounds with an infusion of blàg-chòg, a.k.a., hoja de cáncer (Tournefortia, Cordia, and/or Lagascea, Boraginaceae) and borage; a complex mixture for coughs involves blàg-chòg, gordolobo, borage, manita de león (Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon, Sterculiaceae), black corn (maíz negra), and green apples (manzana tierna) boiled together. Cordia Cordia curassavica (Jacq.) Roemes & Schultes Cordia salvadorensis Standley 150) guìzh-mzhìidz [`herb´ + `coatimundi´], Cordia curassavica: weedy shrub of the selva baja caducifolia with undulate, oblong leaves and tiny greenish-white flowers in spikes above the leaves; so-called because said to be a food favored by coatimundis (Nasua narica). *151) blàg-chòg [`leaf´ + `rough´] (= guìzh-blàg-chòg [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `rough´], guìzh-chòg [`herb´ + `rough´], guìzh-cânzr [`plant´ + `cancer´]), prototypically Tournefortia densiflora, Tournefortia hartwegiana; may also include Cordia salvadorensis ^[[BorCorSal1]]: herbs to 1 m, white flowers (except Cordia salvadorensis), rough-haired leaves; medicinal: for details see Tournefortia below. Cynoglossum Cynoglossum amabile Stapf & Drummond G) guièe-àzûl [`flower´ + `blue<sp>´] (= guièe-cònêf [`flower´ + `rabbit<sp>´], guìzh-làs-azûl [`herb´ + `small/slender´ + `blue<sp>´]), Cynoglossum amabile, forget-me-not ^[[BorCynAma1]], ^[[BorCynAma2]]: naturalized wildflower of roadsides and forest clearings, at ca. 2200-2700 m; a similar garden flower shares the name; see also Salvia sp. Heliotropium Heliotropium cf. procumbens Mill. Heliotropium ternatum Vah. *EX137) xín-sàntàmàrǐ [`relative of´ + `feverfew´], Heliotropium cf. procumbens ^[[BorHelInd1]]: slender herb with white flowers in cymes; so-called because of faint odor like that of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae). G) guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´], Heliotropium ternatum. Lasiarrhenum Lasiarrhenum strigosum (H.B.K.) Johnst. G) guìzh-nchôg [`herb´ + `rough´], Lasiarrhenum strigosum. Macromeria Macromeria discolor Benth. (= Macromeria longiflora D. Don) G) blàg-guièe-dzǐn̲g [`leaf´ + `flower´ + `hummingbird´] (= guìzh-guièe-nàrânj [`herb´ + `flower´ + `orange´]), Macromeria longiflora ^[[BorMacLon1]]: tall herb of pine-oak forests with showy pendant peach-colored flowers; for decoration. Tournefortia Tournefortia densiflora Mart. & Gal. Tournefortia hartwegiana Standley 151) blàg-chòg [`leaf´ + `rough´] (= guìzh-blàg-chòg [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `rough´], guìzh-chòg [`herb´ + `rough´], guìzh-cânzr [`plant´ + `cancer´]), Tournefortia densiflora, Tournefortia hartwegiana; also Cordia salvadorensis ^[[BorCorSal1]]: herbs to 1 m, white flowers (except Cordia salvadorensis), rough-haired leaves; medicinal: a complex mixture for coughs includes blàg-chòg, gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp., Asteraceae), borage, manita de león, black corn (maíz negra), and green apples (manzana tierna) boiled together; drink infusion as tea; for “cancer,” that is, infected wounds: mix blàg-chòg with ârnìcà (Bocconia arborescens, Papaveraceae) and gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp., Asteraceae), wash with the infusion; a compuesto of blag-chog and ârnica mixed with bèch-mbǎr (Rhus spp., Anacardiaceae) is for wounds: boil, then wash with it; blàg-chòg may also include Lagascea helianthifolia (Asteraceae). BRASSICACEAEGenus unspecified: G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´], Brassicaceae sp.: weed, forage for domestic animals; also for decoration. Brassica Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group Brassica rapa L. ssp. campestris A. R. Clapham Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. 152) mòxtâz [`mustard<sp>´] (= guìzh-mòxtâz [`herb´ + `mustard<sp>´]), Brassica rapa ssp. campestris, Brassica nigra, mostaza, mustard: common to abundant annual weeds in fallow fields; culinary herbs; leaves eaten raw when tender, before flowering; also used medicinally for empacho, stomach ache, and indigestion, for which a fistful of raw seeds is swallowed with water; drink infusion to calm vomiting; can drink a tea with limón for fever; though mustard is “warm” (nzæ̌æ-w), when mixed with limón it is not; apply as a plaster (cataplasma) for hoarseness (ronquera); a small fistful of seeds is spread under a child´s bed to protect the child from “bad airs” (mal aire) or to cure a child suffering from mzhiè `witching´; why mustard seeds should be ascribed such power is not clear, though it may relate to their pungency; or, since mustards are Old World imports, this application may relate to the biblical parable of the mustard seed (e.g., Matthew 17:19-20) and the related Christian practice of using a mustard seed as a protective amulet (Lisa Williams, pers. comm.); some say the two varieties described below are equivalent as medicines, others prefer just one: 152a) guìzh-mòxtâz[-0] (= guìzh-mòxtâz-nrùdz [`herb´ + `mustard<sp>´ + `smooth´], guìzh-mòxtâz-ngòoz [`herb´ + `mustard<sp>´ + `?´], guìzh-mòxtâz-nzhên [`herb´ + `mustard<sp>´ + `wide´], mòxtâz-làs [`mustard<sp>´ + `slender/small´]), Brassica rapa ssp. campestris, field mustard ^[[BraBraCam1]], ^[[BraBraCam2]]: abundant annual weed in fallow fields; smooth, leaves clasping; as culinary herb, preferred to next variety; the two varieties may be distinguished by the width, form, and texture of the leaves and the size, shape, and orientation of the seed pods; 152b) guìzh-mòxtâz-guièts [`herb´ + `mustard<sp>´ + `spine´], Brassica nigra, black mustard ^[[BraBraNig1]], ^[[BraBraNig2]]: common annual weed in fallow fields; leaves slightly spiny, non-clasping; culinary and medicinal herb; previous variety preferred. 153) col, Brassica oleracea L. Capitata Group; cabbage: occasionally cultivated in San Juan gardens; no Zapotec name recorded. Cardamine Cardamine sp. G) xín-rrûd-dán [`relative of´ + rue<sp> + `forest/wild´], Cardamine sp., may also include Sibara cf. angelorum (Apiaceae): wild flowers of high elevation (3600 m), compared to rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae). Descurainia Descurainia impatiens (Schl. & Cham.) Schultz UN) Descurainia impatiens: common weed in fallow fields in pine-fir zone (3200 m); no Zapotec name recorded. Eruca Eruca sativa Mill. 154) guièe-dùuzh [`flower´ + `green bean´], Eruca sativa: wild relative of guièe-bziàa (Matthiola incana, see below); forage for domestic animals; for compost; this may be Eruca sativa, a common roadside weed in the Central Valleys, as at San Lucas Quiaviní, though I have no definite record of this species for San Juan. Lepidium Lepidium virginicum L. 155) zhǒb-làs [`maize kernel´ + `slender/small´] (= guìzh-mîdz[-guìin] [`herb´ + `seed´ [+ `chili´]), Lepidium virginicum, peppergrass ^[[BraLepVir1]]: milpa weed, white flowers, little siliques; fodder for rabbits. Matthiola Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. *237) guièe-bziàa [`flower´ + `bean´], Matthiola incana ^[[BraMatInc1]]: cultivated ornamental; siliques likened to bean pods; this name also applied to Lupinus spp. and certain other Fabaceae. Ornithocarpa Ornithocarpa torulosa Rollins G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´], Ornithocarpa torulosa. Raphanus Raphanus sativus L. var. 1 Raphanus sativus L. var. 2 156) râbànò [`radish<sp>´] (= guìzh-râbànò [`herb´ + `radish<sp>´]), Raphanus sativus, raddish: cultivated culinary herb planted from seed; eaten raw; juice is medicinal, a source of vitamins; two varieties recognized: 156a) râbànò-nròob [`radish<sp>´ + `big´] (guìzh-râbànò-nròob [`herb´ + `radish<sp>´ + `big´]), Raphanus sativus var.: cultivated culinary herb; 156b) râbànò-làs [`radish<sp>´ + `slender/small´] (= guìzh-râbànò-làs [`herb´ + `radish<sp>´ + `slender/small´], râbànò-pèlôt [`radish<sp>´ + `ball<sp>´]), Raphanus sativus var.: cultivated culinary herb; a variety with small, round roots. Rorippa Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 157) bêrr [`watercress<sp>´] (= guìzh-bêrr [`herb´ + `watercress<sp>´]), Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, berro, cress ^[[BraRorNas1]]: grows in slow moving water at all elevations; may be transplanted to gardens; culinary herb, leaves and stems eaten raw or cooked; may be collected in quantity. *EX157) xín-bêrr [`relative of´ + `watercress<sp>´] (= guìzh-gòdz [`herb´ + `marsh´]): Berula erecta (Apiaceae) ^[[ApiBerEre1]]: a straggling, perennial herb that grows in shallow water; small white flowers in compound umbels; resembles Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, but bitter; fodder for animals. Sibara Sibara cf. angelorum (Wats.) Greene G) xín-rrûd-dán [`relative of´ + `rue<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Sibara cf. angelorum ^[[BraSibAng1]] and Cardamine sp., Brassicaceae: wild flowers of high elevation (3600 m); compared to rue, Ruta spp., Rutaceae. BROMELIACEAEAnanas Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill 158) zhǐits [X], piña, pineapple, Ananas comosus: does not occur in San Juan; fruit purchased at Miahuatlán market. Hechtia Hechtia podantha Mez. Hechtia pringlei Rob. & Greenm. 159) dòb-zhǐits [`maguey´ + `pineapple´], Hechtia cf. podantha ^[[BmlHecPod1]], Hechtia pringlei: common in subtropical deciduous woodland; some says they don't eat it, but others do eat the fleshy, watery core of the leaves as a snack or to quench thirst while travelling; named as if a kind of Agave (Agavaceae). Tillandsia Tillandsia achyrostachys E. Morren ex Baker Tillandsia atroviridipetala Matuda Tillandsia ionantha Planchon var. ionantha Tillandsia macdougallii B. L. Smith Tillandsia oaxacana B. L. Smith Tillandsia plumosa Baker Tillandsia prodigiosa (Leum.) Baker Tillandsia recurvata L. Tillandsia schiedeana Steud. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. 160) bliòo [X], Tillandsia archyrostachys, Tillandsia atroviridipetala, Tillandsia ionantha var. ionantha, Tillandsia macdougallii, Tillandsia plumosa, Tillandsia prodigiosa, Tillandsia recurvata: most are epiphytic (or petrophytic) on such species as Acacia pennatula, Quercus castanea, Quercus glaucoides, and Pseudosmodingium multifolium; most if not all species are collected for use as decoration on altars and public buildings, especially at the Christmas season (Noche Buena); not used medicinally, only for adornment; the flowers are sold in Oaxaca City and Miahuatlán; likened to bzhǎazh-nquǐts (Tillandsia usneioides) and bzhǎazh-nguiǎ (various mosses and lichens): 160a) bliòo[-0] (= bliòo-lò-yâg [X + `on´ + ` tree´]), Tillandsia macdougallii [[BmlTilMac1]], Tillandsia prodigiosa ^[[BmlTilSpc1]], ^[[BmlTilSpc2]], ^Tillandsia schiedeana [[BmlTilSpp9]]: large epiphytic bromeliads; may also be terrestrial; one on Quercus glaucoides, Tillandsia atroviridipetala, was called bliòo-lò-yàg-pxù [X + `on´ `Quercus glaucoides´]; bliòo-yàg-guièts [X + `Acacia pennatula´]; 160b) bliòo-làs [X + `slender/small´] (= dòb-yèen̲ [`maguey´ + `baby´]), e.g., Tillandsia plumosa, epiphytic on Pseudosmodingium multifolium, and Tillandsia recurvata ^[[BmlTilRec1]], common on power lines, where spread by birds; 160c) bliòo-nìzhniê [X + `red´], Tillandsia ionantha var. ionantha ^[[BmlTilIon9]]: epiphyte on trees along rivers below town; reddish leaves; small with whitish flowers; for decoration. 161) dòb-yèen̲ [`maguey´ + `child´] (= guìzh-dòb-yèen̲ [`herb´ + `maguey´ + `baby´], guièe-dòb [`flower´ + `maguey´], dòb-làs-dán [`maguey´ + `slender/small´ + `forest/wild´], dòb-biôob [`maguey´ + Y]), Tillandsia plumosa: epiphyte on yàg-guièts-dà, Acacia pennatula; this term is most often applied to species with a dense basal leaf rosette, which is reminiscent of the basal rosette of a miniature maguey; one consultant specifically denied that this was a kind of dòb, rather it is named for a fancied resemblance to an agave; he says it grows to be like bliòo [Tillandsia spp.]; a favorite Christmas ornament; Echeveria sp. and Sedum sp. of the Crassulaceae may be referred to likewise as dòb-yèen̲; one Echeveria sp., a cliff species with lavender-tipped white flowers, was identified as a medicine for sore feet; this species was also used for decoration; the term may be extended to include Thyrsanthemum sp. and Tradescantia sp. of the Commelinaceae. *3a) bzhǎazh-nquǐts [X + `white´], Tillandsia usneoides, heno, Spanish moss ^[[BmlTilUsn1]], ^[[BmlTilUsn2]]: used to decorate altars and public buildings, especially at the Christmas season; classified with mosses and lichens, which it superficially resembles; note the vernacular English name. BURSERACEAEBursera At least eight species of Bursera are common near San Juan Gbëë, especially in the tropical deciduous woodland ^[[BrsBurSpp1]]; a ninth species, as yet unidentified, is the primary source of commercial incense (Rzedowski and Calderón-Rzedowski 2004:196); it grows at lower elevations to the north of San Juan: Bursera bipinnata (DC.) Engl. Bursera cf. cuneata (Schl.) Engl. Bursera fagaroides (Kunth) Engl. Bursera galeottiana Engl. Bursera glabrifolia (Kunth) Engl. Bursera heliae Rzed. & Calderón Bursera schlechtendalii Engl. Bursera cf. vejar-vasquezii Miranda These vary from shrubs less than 2 m high to small trees to 4 m.; bark varies in color and texture, and is either exfoliating of not; most have pinnate leaves, which vary from three to 37+ leaflets, with one species having simple leaves; leaves also vary in shape from round to linear and in texture from glossy smooth to rugose to felty; they vary also in the color and perceived quality of the pitch produced. Copal incense (gòx-yàal), used in religious rituals, is not often harvested from local trees, as the best quality incense is considered to derive from a species of lower elevations to the north, which may be Bursera linanoe, Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg., or Protium copal (Schlecht. & Cham); DC) Engl., species cited as the source of copal resin in other parts of Oaxaca and Mesoamerica (Brian Stross, http://www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/papers/copal.htm). Whatever the species involved it is distinguished as yàg-yàal̲-tsò `wide[leaved] copal tree´ in San Juan. The pitch from local species is used medicinally. Several species are frequently planted from cuttings to produce living fences. San Juaneros recognize two folk generics, which they recognize as closely related: yàg-yàal̲ `copal tree´ and yàg-guín-quiè `wax rock tree´. The first is named for the pitch; the second is named for its rocky habitat. The former includes species with dark and light colored pitch, which may be distinguished as yàg-yàal̲-nguǎts `black copal tree´ or as yàg-yàal̲-nquǐts `white copal tree´. 162) yàg-yàal̲ [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´], Bursera cf. fagaroides ^[[BrsBurFag1]], Bursera glabrifolia ^[[BrsBurGla1]], Bursera bipinnata ^[[BrsBurBip1]], Bursera schlechtendalii ^[[BrsBurSch2]]; copalero: sap (sangre) of an unidentified extralimital species used for incense; medicinal: sap of local species used to treat backache as a poultice; scrape the trunk with a machete so that the sap will flow, put on a piece of paper, then stick it on the site of the pain; there are three kinds of yàg-yàal̲, equally effective as medicine, though some say the `white´ kind is the best (see below); yàg-guín-quiè is set apart (es aparte); both yàg-yàal̲ and yàg-guín-quiè are “caliente,” but the latter is particularly “hot” (“es muy caliente”), and thus perhaps not used medicinally); flowers (guièe-yàg-yàal̲) are eaten or an infusion drunk by women (“toman las mujeres”); a `great fright´, as for example, experienced by children who narrowly escape drowning, requires an elaborate ritual cure involving seven pieces of ocote, seven cotton seeds, seven pieces of the small reed guìzh-gòob (Lasiacis cf. nigra, Poaceae), seven leaves of the “sacred palm” Brahea dulcis, plus copal (from Bursera sp.), the ritual to be performed at midnight on Cerro San Isidro (Guìc-dzùb); several poorly diffentiated varieties may be distinguished, as below: 162a) yàg-yàal̲-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `white´] (= yàg-yàal̲-dán-ptsæ̌æ [`copalero<sp>´ + `of hot country´]), Bursera cf. fagaroides: this local species may be used for incense; sap dries white; bark also white; pitch is brown or blackish in species considered to produce “second class” incense (e.g., Bursera glabrifolia, Bursera heliae ^[[BrsBurHel1]]); medicinal applications as for the generic; 162b) yàg-yàal̲-nrùdz [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `smooth/slippery´] (= yàg-yàal̲-yâas [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `black´], yàg-yàal̲-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `black´]), Bursera glabrifolia ^[[BrsBurGla1]]: the bark is smooth, blackish, not exfoliating; leaflets ca. 5-9; commonly planted in town and along trails as a living fence; pitch is “blackish,” hence of inferior quality for incense; medicinal uses as for the generic; 162c) yàg-yàal̲-bey [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `coloradito´], Bursera sp.: the bark is a bit red nìzhniê; medicinal uses as for the generic; 162d) yàg-yàal̲-mîdz [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `seed´], Bursera cf. vejar-vasquez ^[[BrsBurVej1]]: this species gives inferior incense but the fruits (hence the name) are sold as medicine for “fright”; 162e) yàg-yàal̲-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `slender/small´] (= xín-yàg-guín-quiè [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + Y + `rock/cliff´]), Bursera bipinnata ^[[BrsBurBip1]]: another species commonly planted as a living fence. EX162) xín-yàg-yàal̲ [`relative of´ + `copal tree´] (= yàg-yàal̲-dán [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `forest/wild´], yàg-yàal̲-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `slender/small´], yàg-guièts-dán [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `forest/wild´]), Zanthoxylum affine (Rutaceae) ^[[RutZanAff1]]; xín-yàg-yàal̲ may include Bursera spp. and/or Ribes ciliatum (Grossulariaceae), which is a shrub to 3 m of high elevation stream courses; so called for odor reminiscent of yàg-yàal̲. 163) yàg-guín-quiè [`tree/shrub´ + `wax´ + `rock/cliff´] (= yàg-yàal̲-yâas [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `black´]), Bursera galeottiana ^[[BrsBurGal1]], ^[[BrsBurGal2]]; may also include Bursera bipinnata, Bursera schlechtendalii: medicinal uses as yàg-yàal̲ (above). CACTACEAEAporocactus Aporocactus martianus (Zucc.) Britton & Rose 164) brün-yǎl-guièts [`prickly pear fruit´ + `frangipani´ + `spine´] (= yàg-bdzì-lbæ̀ [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `vine´], yàg-bdzì-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `slender/small´]), Aporocactus martianus ^[[CacApoCon1]]: an epiphytic cactus rare in San Juan Gbëë; medicinal: for “fright.” Myrtillocactus Myrtillocactus schenkii (Purpus.) Britton & Rose Pachycereus Pachycereus marginatus (Otto) Buxbaum Pilosocereus Pilosocereus (Cephalocereus) chrysacanthus (F.A.C. Weber ex K. Schum.) Backeb. Pseudomitrocereus Pseudomitrocereus (Mitrocereus) fulviceps (F.A.C. Weber ex K. Schum.) Bravo & Buxbaum in Buxbaum Stenocereus Stenocereus pruinosus (Otto ex Pfeiff.) Buxbaum Stenocereus treleasei (Rose) Backeb. 165) yàg-bdzì [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´]: Stenocereus spp., Myrtillocactus schenkii, Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, Pseudomitrocereus fulviceps, maybe Aporocactus martianus: fruits (bdzì) of most species are edible; they are known variously in Spanish as pitahayas, tunillas, and garambullos, depending on the species: 165a) yàg-bdzì-tsǒ [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `wide´] (= yàg-bdzì-zhǒb [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `grain of corn´] (but see 161d below), yàg-bdzì-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `slender/small´]), Pachycereus marginatus ^[[CacPacMar1]], ^[[CacPacMar2]]: native to northern Mexico; planted in town as a living fence; tall, straight, smooth, six-ridged columnar cactus; flowers white, small, blooming along the length of the ribs; small fruits edible though not choice; the category may be extended to include Myrtillocactus schenkii, which is rare, found below 1900 m, and which also bears small fruits (“garambullos“); 165b) yàg-bdzì-nziù [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `tepache´], Stenocereus treleasei, tunillo ^[[CacSteTre1]], ^[[CacSteTre2]], ^[[CacSteTre3]]: common in the Valleys of Oaxaca; commonly planted in San Juan as a living fence; to 3 m; with most often 13 ridges but as many as 19+ with closely-spaced spiny areoles; flowers are rose-colored, relatively large, and form a ring at the crest of the column; peak of flowering is May-July; fruits (tunillas) mature in October, edible but not choice; name alludes to “tepache,” a sweet festive drink normally made from fermented pineapple juice, but possibly from the fruits of this species; 165c) yàg-bdzì-zhwěgw [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `cockroach´?/´bird sp.´?], Stenocereus pruinosus ^[[CacStePru1]], ^[[CacStePru2]]: tall, somewhat spreading cardón cactus to 6 m with ca. seven ribs; uncommon in San Juan below town; flowers small, white, on upper portion of the ribs; fruits mature in May, edible; sometimes classed as yàg-bdzì-zhǒb; edible fruits are called pitahayas in Spanish; cf. Caballero “Pitayo“ (1998:55-56); 165d) yàg-bdzì-zhǒb [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `corn kernel´], Myrtillocactus schenkii, garambullo ^[[CacMyrSch1]]: organ-pipe cactus with small flowers and fruits (known as garrambullos in Spanish); rare north of town; 165e) yàg-bdzì-tǒop [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `white-haired´] (= yàg-bdzì-zhǐil [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `cotton´]), Pilosocereus chrysacanthus, old-man cactus ^[[CacCepChr1]]: large cardón cactus with a cap of long white hairs; rare at the lower margins of San Juan but common in less disturbed tropical deciduous woodland nw of San Francisco Logueche; 165f) yàg-bdzì-nròob [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `great´], Pseudomitrocereus fulviceps ^[[CacMitFul1]]: very large cardón cactus with a cap of golden spines; rare at the lower margins of San Juan but common in less disturbed tropical deciduous woodland nw of San Francisco Logueche. *164) yàg-bdzì-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `slender/small´]): cf. Aporocactus martianus ^[[CacApoCon1]], also known as brün-yǎl-guièts [`prickly pear fruit´ + `frangipani´ + `spine´] (= yàg-bdzì-lbæ̀ [`tree/shrub´ + `columnar cactus fruit´ + `vine´]: an epiphytic cactus rare in San Juan Gbëë; medicinal: for “fright.” Coryphantha Coryphantha elephantidens (Lem.) Lem. ssp. bumamma (C. Ehrenb.) Dicht. & A. Lüthy Ferocactus Ferocactus latispinus var. greenwoodii (Haw.) Br. & Rose Mammillaria Mammillaria haageana Pfeiffer Mammillaria karwinskiana Martius 166) bìznâgr [X<sp>], biznaga [< Nahuatl]: a general term for low cylindrical and barrel cacti; varieties may be distinguished as follows: 166a) bìznâgr-mâch [X<sp> + `masculine<sp>´], Coryphantha elephantidens ssp. bumamma ^[[CacCorBum1]]: medium-sized mat-forming cylindrical cactus, distinguished by creased segments; tiny fruits are edible, called “chilillos” (guìin); 166b) bìznâgr-guièts-clâv [X<sp> + `spine´ + `nail<sp>´], Mammillaria karwinskiana ^[[CacMamKar1]], ^[[CacMamKar2]]: this is the most common species of biznaga in San Juan; tiny fruits are edible, called “chilillos” (guìin); pithy core cooked with sugar and eaten; 166c) bìznâgr-tǒop [X<sp> + `white-headed´], Mammillaria haageana: a small cylindrical cactus characterized by copious white wooly hairs; 166d) bìznâgr-ngòl [X<sp> + `large´], Ferocactus latispinus var. greenwoodii, barrel cactus ^[[CacFerLat1]]: a rare barrel cactus to 0.5 m tall of the lower margins of San Juan. Hylocereus Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britton & Rose 167) brǔn-yǎl [`prickly pear fruit´ + `frangipani´] (= guièe-brǔn-yǎl [`flower´ + `prickly pear fruit´ + `frangipani´], Hylocereus undatus, night-blooming cereus ^[[CacHylUnd1]]: planted as an ornamental; the fruits are large and sweet, eaten raw ^[[CacHylUnd2]], ^[[CacHylUnd4]]; flowers and buds are cooked and eaten, ^[[CacHylUnd3]]; flowers May-July, briefly; flower likened to that of the frangipani tree (Plumeria rubra, Apocynaceae), fruit to that of the prickly-pear (Opuntia spp.); cf. Caballero “Pitayo orejón“ (1998:58). Opuntia Opuntia auberi Pfeiff. = Nopalea auberi Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. Opuntia ficus-indica X Opuntia robusta Wendland. Opuntia nejapensis Bravo Opuntia pilifera Weber Opuntia pumila Rose Opuntia streptacantha Lemaire Opuntia velutina Weber 168) yàg-biǎa [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´] (= biǎa): includes all tall species of Opuntia (excluding those classed as mǐts) including the distinctive subgenus Nopalea; fruits (tunas) are called brǔn; pads (pencas) used to be called ptòl; medicinal: pads applied with Aloe barbadense for wounds, inflamed abdomen or side; heat the pads in the fire, then apply to the site of the injury; six to seven folk specifics are consistently recognized, as follows: 168a) yàg-biǎa[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´], nopal, Opuntia streptacantha, the unmarked prototype ^[[CacOpuStr1]], ^[[CacOpuStr2]], ^[[CacOpuStr3]]: grows to 5 m with a distinct trunk; protected in town where it may be incorporated into living fences; both young pads and mature fruits are eaten; cochineal scale insects (Dactylopus, Coccidae; měy) often grow on the pads ^[[ArtHemDac1]], though they are no longer harvested for dye; 168b) yàg-biǎa-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `white´], Opuntia ficus-indica X robusta ^[[CacOpuRob1]], ^[[CacOpuRob3]]: to 2+ m; planted in gardens; native to central Mexico but this cultivated variety is widely planted throughout the country; pads thick, smooth, and glaucous, thus “white”; flowers also white, flowering in May; pads (nopales) eaten with beans, cooked in oil; fruits (tunas) preferred to the next, noted for their large size; cf. Caballero “Nopal Guegue” (1998:74-75), which contrasts with “de Castilla”; 168c) yàg-biǎa-nguiǎ [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `green´], Opuntia ficus-indica ^[[CacOpuFic1]], ^[[CacOpuFic4]]: to 0.5 m; planted in gardens; pads relatively thin and green, thus “green”; flowers orangish, flowering March-May; the fruits are eaten, but judged inferior to those of Opuntia robusta var. larreyi; 168d) yàg-biǎa-zǐ [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + Z], Opuntia nejapensis ^[[CacOpuNej1]]: a highly local endemic species; a low shrubby prickly-pear to 2 m; petals bright yellow, flowering in May; long white downward-pointing spines are characteristic; the tender young pads are eaten, harvested before the spines have hardened; the fruits are eaten by some, apparently, though not sought after; 168e) yàg-biǎa-zhǐil [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `cotton´], Opuntia velutina ^[[CacOpuVel1]]: apparently fairly common near and below town, growing wild; pads of Opuntia velutina when young are covered by golden glochidia like felt; spines rather few, dark; 168f) yàg-biǎa-tǒop [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `white-haired´], Opuntia pilifera ^[[CacOpuPil1]], ^[[CacOpuPil2]]: occasional at lower elevations; pads covered with long white hairs; fruits not considered edible; 168g) yàg-biǎa-dòoz [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `corn field´] (= yàg-biǎa-lùdz-ngǒn [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `ear´ + `ox´]), Opuntia (Nopalea) auberi ^[[CacNopAub1]]: it is planted in town and on field margins; it may grow to 4 m; the elongate pads are distinctive (hence the alternate name), as are the red tubular flowers. *169) yàg-biǎa-mǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly pear cactus´ + `cholla´] (= biǎa-mǐts [`prickly pear cactus´ + `cholla´], mǐts [`cholla cactus´], yàg-guièts-mǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `thorn´ + `cholla cactus´]), Opuntia pumila ^[[CacOpuPum1]]: most often named separately. 169) biǎa-mǐts [`prickly pear cactus´ + `cholla´] ` (= mǐts [`cholla´], yàg-biǎa-mǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `prickly-pear cactus´ + `cholla cactus´], yàg-mǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `cholla cactus´] but some reject yàg-míts as ungrammatical, in favor of mǐts (= guièts-mǐts [`thorn´ + `cholla cactus´]), Opuntia pumila ^[[CacOpuPum1]]; cholla: one species, perhaps with two varieties, is involved; low very spiny cacti with cylindrical pads and large yellow flowers that bloom in May and June; fruits considered edible by some, inedible by others; two varieties may be distinguished, as follows: 169a) mǐts[-0], Opuntia pumila in large part: this is the unmarked variety; it differs from the next by smoother spines, brighter yellow flowers, and somewhat less tasty fruits; 169b) mǐts-nàad [`cholla cactus´ + `sticky´], Opuntia pumila in part: this is said to differ from the preceding by having particularly vicious barbed spines, somewhat paler yellow flowers, and sweeter fruits. Schlumbergera Schlumbergera x buckleyi (T. Moore) Tjaden 170) guièe-bàrûm [`flower´ + Y], Schlumbergera x buckleyi, Christmas cactus: cultivated ornamental originally from Brazil, occasionally planted from cuttings in town gardens; flowers in March and April; flowers cooked and eaten; it is `cold´. CALOCHORTACEAECalochortus Calochortus barbatus (H.B.K.) Painter 171) guièe-càa-chuch [`flower´ + `testicles´ + Z] (= guièe-còrôn [`flower´ + `crown<sp>´]), Calochortus barbatus ^[[CctCalBar1]]: uncommon wild flower of tropical deciduous woodland; for decoration. CAMPANULACEAELobelia Lobelia aguana L. Lobelia cardinalis L. Lobelia ghiesbreghtii McVaugh Lobelia gruina McVaugh Lobelia laxiflora H.B.K. Lobelia longicaulis Brandeg. The genus Lobelia is well represented, but Lobelia spp. are poorly recognized, with most either passed off as having no name or given ad hoc descriptive designations, such as guièe-dán [`flower´ + `forest/wild´] and guièe-nàrânj [`flower´ + `orange´]; those with showy tubular flowers (especially Lobelia laxiflora) may be included in guièe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´] along with various Castilleja (Orobanchaceae), Lamourouxia and Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae), and Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae). UN) Lobelia ghiesbreghtii, Lobelia longicaulis, Lobelia gruina ^[[CamLobGru1]]: no name given. *EX137) guìzh-sàntàmàrǐ [`herb´ + `feverfew<sp>´], Lobelia cardinalis, Campanulaceae: this is cited as a medicine for “dry nose” or stuffy nose caused by colds; it is used to “loosen the nose” (though it may have been misidentified by the consultant); see also guièe-sàntàmàrǐ, Tanacetum parthenium. *293) guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `flower´ + `hummingbird´] (= guièe-dán [`flower´ + `forest/wild´], guièe-měets [`flower´ + `louse´], guièe-nàrânj [`flower´ + `orange´]), Lobelia laxiflora ^[[CamLobLax1]] and Lobelia aguana: Lobelia laxiflora is an herb of mountain forests to 2 m tall with a spike of stalked, red and yellow tubular flowers that attract hummingbirds, hence the name; Lobelia aguana is restricted to the highest ridges under Pinus hartwegii; these are grouped with a variety of similar flowers under this heading; guièe-dzǐn̲g also includes Cuphea spp. (Lythraceae), Castilleja spp. (Orobanchaceae), and Penstemon and Lamourouxia spp. (Scrophulariaceae); the prototypes are several red Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae); medicinal: for a child´s rash (granos) and to “clean” the body, as a limpia. CANNABACEAECannabis Cannabis sativa L. 172) marijuana, Cannabis sativa: Illegal drug plant uncommonly cultivated in San Pedro Gbëë; known only by its Spanish name. CANNACEAECanna Canna indica L. 173) guièe-blàg-bdiò [`flower´ + `leaf´ + `banana´] (= guièe-còtêcw [`flower´ + Y<sp>?], blàg-bdiò [`leaf´ + `banana´]), Canna indica, canna lily or Indian shot ^[[CnnCanInd1]]: Caribbean species naturalized throughout tropical America; planted from rhizomes in gardens as an ornamental; several color varieties are recognized, as follows: 173a) guièe-còtêcw-nguěts [`flower´ + Y + `yellow´], Canna indica var.: blooms in July and August; 173b) guièe-còtêcw-nìzhniê [`flower´ + Y + `red´], Canna indica var.: blooms in July and August; 173c) guièe-còtêcw-nquǐts [`flower´ + Y + `white´], Canna indica var.: blooms all year; 173d) guièe-còtêcw-ròsâd or guièe-còtêcw-drôs [`flower´ + Y + `rose-colored´]), Canna indica var. CAPPARACEAEPolanisia Polanisia uniglandulosa (Cav.) DC. G) àlfâlf-dán [`alfalfa<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Polanisia uniglandulosa: a wild flower of riparian gravels; forage for cattle and goats, though donkeys reject it. CAPRIFOLIACEAESambucus Sambucus mexicana Presl. 174) yàg-saûz [`tree-shrub´ + `elderberry<sp>´] (= yàzmîn [`jazmine<sp>´]), Sambucus mexicana, saúco, Mexican elderberry ^[[CprSamMex1]]: grows wild and is planted in gardens for its ornamental and medicinal value; medicine for coughs; the flowers are boiled and the infusion drunk as tea until the cough goes away; it is “cold” (niág); the fruits are not eaten. CARICACEAECarica Carica papaya L. 175) yàg-pàpây [`tree/shrub´ + `papaya<sp>´], Carica papaya, papaya ^[[CrcCarPap9]]: scarce in San Juan; planted commonly at lower elevations, as in San Pedro Amatlán, at 1600 m. CARYOPHYLLACEAEArenaria Arenaria lanuginosa Willd. Arenaria lycopodioides Willd. G) guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `white´], Arenaria lanuginosa. G) guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´] (= guièe-dùr [`flower´ + `pine needle´]), Arenaria lycopodioides: a low, woody herb with white flowers and spinescent leaves; used for decoration, to compost soil, and for forage. Dianthus Dianthus chinensis L. 176) guièe-clàvêl [`flower´ + `carnation<sp>´], Dianthus chinensis, clavel, carnation: cultivated ornamental planted from cuttings in town gardens; blooms in the summer. Drymaria Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. G) guìzh-làs [`herb´ + `slender/small´], Drymaria cordata: this species and perhaps several similar inconspicuous herbs of this family (e.g., Stellaria sp. ?) were given descriptive variants of this term: guìzh-làs-vêrd [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `green<sp>´], guìzh-làs-dán [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `forest/wild´], guìzh-làs-mòrâd [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `purple´], guìzh-làs-nquǐts [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `white´], guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´], guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `white´], guìzh-nquǐts-ló-liù [`herb´ + `white´ + `on the ground´]; most were said to be used for decoration, as forage, or to compost soil. CASUARINACEAECasuarina Casuarina equisetifolia L. 177) yàg-pîn [`tree/shrub´ + `pine tree<sp>´], Casuarina equisetifolia: introduced from Australia; tree to 10+ meters, planted in town for shade and firewood; the term is sometimes used more generally to refer to all conifers. May also be used to refer to the recently introduced Norfolk Island pine, Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco, Araucariaceae. CHENOPODIACEAEChenopodium Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. = Teloxys ambrosioides (Lag.) Lag. ex Dunal Chenopodium graveolens Willd. Chenopodium murale L. 178) guìzh-dàc [`herb´ + Y] (= dàc-x-guiě-ngǒn [X + `its excrement´ + `ox´], guìzh-bæ̀c [`herb´ + Z]), , Chenopodium murale: distinguished from the “true” dàc by its greener, less whitish, leaves; may be eaten as a potherb (a quelite, < ncuàan-yê); also forage for domestic animals. 179) dàc [X] (= guìzh-dàc [`herb´ + Y]), Chenopodium album, goosefoot ^[[ChnCheAlb1]]: a quelite, a milpa weed gathered as a potherb. 180) ptiè [X], Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (= Teloxys ambrosioides), epazote ^[[ChnCheAmb1]], ^[[ChnCheAmb2]]: a quelite, a volunteer in cultivated ground harvested while weeding; cooked with beans; recent research documents bacteriocidal activity of this species that may serve to protect cooked beans from spoilage (Logan et al. 2004); medicinal: as a vermifuge; for empacho; drink as tea, two times a day, morning and afternoon; should be cured in 24 hours; it (empacho) is quite painful, you can eat but with difficulty; the treatment is a purgative (“para que purgarse“), a laxative; mix [with leaf of guìzh-mèt, see below] with root of epazote for worms; two varieties are distinguished: 180a) ptiè-mòrâd [X + `purple<sp>´] (= ptiè-màmâch [X + `male´] guìzh-ptiè-màmâch [`herb´ + X + `male´], Chenopodium ambrosioides var.: distinguished by purplish stems and stronger flavor; considered to be the “male” variety; used to deworm a person (of both large and small worms, lòmbrîz); boil the root 15-20 minutes, drink as tea; 180b) ptiè-nquǐts [X + `white´](= ptiè-màgûs [X + `female´]), Chenopodium ambrosioides var.: distinguished by greenish stems, lighter flavored; considered to be the “female” variety; preferred for cooking to the “male.” 181) guìzh-mèt [`herb´ + `skunk´] (= ptiè-mèt [X + `skunk´], Chenopodium graveolens, hierba de zorillo, wormseed ^[[ChnCheGra1]]: distinctive yellow glands on the undersurface of the leaves; medicinal: it is “somewhat hot” (medio caliente); for indigestion or “air in the stomach,” also for nausea, taken as a tea; also for “pain in the side” (dolor del costado); used in a medicinal concoction for empacho (èmpâch) combined with the bark of Eysenhardtia spp. and Leucaena spp. (Fabaceae) and Plumeria rubra (Apocynaceae), drunk as tea, twice a day, morning and afternoon; should be cured in 24 hours; calms the pain of empacho; mix with root of epazote for worms; also for constipation (estrenimiento), retention of menstrual fluid, when a woman´s period does not come (retenimiento); cf. Caballero (1998:70-71), which suggests that the Nahuatl original meant “la suciedad del zorrillo.” CHRYSOBALANACEAELicania Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch. 182) yàg-guiél̲-bêdz [`tree/shrub´ + `annona´ + `wild cat´?], Licania platypus; mezon zapote < Nahuatl: small tree said to grow at lower elevations in the municipio; medicinal: bathe with it for bruises; also for women who have recently delivered a child: mix with rosemary, feverfew, laurel and avocado leaves, then the milky juice of mezon zapote; grind together, then drink a glass; the generic yàg-guiél̲ includes a variety of native tropical fruit trees: see also Annona cherimolia (Annonaceae), Manilkara zapota, and Pouteria sapota (Sapotaceae). CISTACEAEHelianthemum Helianthemum glomeratum (Lag.) Lag. ex Dunal. 183) gbày-tǽ [`broom´ + Y] (= guìzh-òrêgànò-dán [`herb´ + `oregano<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Helianthemum glomeratum ^[[CisHelGlo1]]: low flowering shrub common nearly throughout; whole plant used as a broom, hence the name; the modifier —tǽ may allude to the pale undersides of the leaves; use to treat children suffering from a rash (granos) [as well as whatever other illness]; the plant is used for a limpia (rliòob mé) or to bathe the child for a “fright”; it is fresca (niág); cf. gbày [`broom´], Schkuhria spp. (Asteraceae), Dalea spp. (Fabaceae); yàg-gbày [`tree/shrub´ + `broom´] (= gbày-yâg [`broom´ + `tree/shrub´]), Forestiera angustifolia (Oleaceae), Amelanchier denticulata (Rosaceae). CLUSIACEAEHypericum Hypericum cf. moranense H.B.K. NON) three collections of Hypericum were identified as Hypericum silenoides Juss.; however, that is an Andean species, so our species is more likely Hypericum cf. moranense ^[[CluHypMor1]]; they were labeled guièe-dán [`flower´ + `forest´], guìzh-ptiè-dán [`herb´ +`epazote´ + `forest´], guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´], all apparently nonce forms. COMMELINACEAEGenus unspecified: G) guìzh-dán [`herb´ + `forest/wild´], Commelinaceae sp. Aneilema, see Gibasis Commelina Commelina coelestis Willd. Commelina erecta L. 184) guièe-bôy [`flower´ + `rooster<sp>´] (= guìzh-gàyît [`herb´ + `chick<sp>´]), Commelina coelestis ^[[CmmComCoe1]], ^[[CmmComCoe2]]: a milpa weed; the flower resembles the crest of a rooster. 185) guièe-nìt [`flower´ + `sugar cane´] (= guìzh-nìt [`herb´ + `sugar cane´], e.g., Commelina erecta ^[[CmmComEre9]], Tinantia erecta, Tradescantia crassifolia: named for resemblance to sugar cane. Gibasis Gibasis pulchella NON) guièe-siêmpr-vîv [`flower´ + `live-forever<sp>´], Gibasis (Aneilema) pulchella ^[[CmmGibSpp9]], may also refer to Commelina sp.: named for resemblance to Selaginella lepidophylla. Thyrsanthemum Thyrsanthemum floribundum (Schl. & Cham.) Hunt. NON) guìzh-yàg-bdiò-dán [= `canna lily´ + `forest/wild´], Thyrsanthemum floribundum ^[[CmmThyFlo9]]: named for resemblance to the canna lily (Canna indica L., Cannaceae). Tinantia Tinantia erecta (Jacq.) Schlecht. Tradescantia Tradescantia brevifolia (Torr.) Rose Tradescantia crassifolia Cav. *185) guièe-nìt [`flower´ + `sugar cane´] (= guìzh-nìt [`herb´ + `sugar cane´], e.g., Commelina erecta, Tinantia erecta ^[[CmmTinEre1]], ^[[CmmTinEre9]], Tradescantia crassifolia ^[[CmmTraCra9]], ^[[CmmTraSpc1]]: named for resemblance to sugar cane. G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Tradescantia brevifolia: a cultivated garden ornamental. *161) guìzh-dòb-yèen̲ [`herb´ + `maguey´ + `baby´] (= dòb-yèen̲ [`maguey´ + `baby´], guièe-dòb [`flower´ + `maguey´], dòb-làs-dán [`maguey´ + `slender/small´ + `forest/wild´], Echeverria sp., Sedum sp. (Crassulaceae): may be extended to include Thyrsanthemum sp., Tradescantia sp. Tripogandra Tripogandra amplexicaulis (C. B. Clarke) Woodson Tripogandra disgrega (Kunth) Woodson Tripogandra cf. serrulata (Vahl) Handlos 186) x-tòoz-pěch2 [`its milpa´ + `vulture´] (= guìzh-pěch [`herb´ + `vulture´], guìzh-guièe-pěch [`herb´ + `flower´ + `vulture´], blàg-pěch [`leaf´ + `vulture´], x-tòoz-ngǎ [`its young corn´ + `raven´]), Tradescantia sp. ^[[CmmTraSpc2]]; Tripogandra cf. serrulata ^[[CmmTriAmp9]], Thyrsanthemum sp.: Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura, pěch) are said to eat this plant, perhaps to aid digestion; see also x-tòoz-pěch1, Echeandia flexuosa (Anthericaceae); medicinal: for hemorrhaging when giving birth, drink infusion of the leaf. CONVALLARIACEAEMaianthemum Maianthemum sp. G) guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`flower´ + `vine´ + `white´], Maianthemum sp.: wild flower found at 2700 m. CONVOLVULACEAECuscuta Cuscuta tinctoria C. Martius 187) guìzh-lbæ̀-nguěts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellow´], Cuscuta tinctoria: may also be applied more widely as a descriptive term; labeled variously ló-guìzh-guièe-tǐ [`on´ + `Bidens sp.´], named for the host plant; guìzh-nàrânj [`herb´ + `orange´] and guìzh-lbæ̀-nguěts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellow´], referring to the color of the plant; a slender parasitic vine; may be forage for livestock; two varieties may be recognized, as follows: 187a) guìzh-lbæ̀-nguěts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellow´], Cuscuta tinctoria: may also be applied more widely as a descriptive term; 187b) guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `white´], Cuscuta sp.: also applied more widely as a descriptive term to include, e.g., Dichondra sp., Drymaria sp. (Caryophyllaceae), Dioscorea oaxacensis (Dioscoriaceae), Vicia sp. (Fabaceae). Dichondra Dichondra argentea H.B.K. 188) guìzh-xquìdiè [`herb´ + `ash´] (= guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `white´], guìzh-diàg-cûch [`herb´ + `ear´ + `pig´], guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), Dichondra argentea: trailing herb of waste ground in the tropical deciduous woodland; names descriptive of the powdery whitish leaf surface or the shape of the leaf. Evolvulus Evolvulus alsinodes Kuntze G) guìzh-làs-dán [`herb´ + `small/slender´ + `forest´], Evolvulus alsinodes. Ipomoea Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Ipomoea cf. bicolor, see Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf., Rivea corymbosa Ipomoea cf. castellata Torr. Ipomoea hartwegi Benth. Ipomoea cf. incanus Vahl. Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Merr. Ipomoea intrapilosa Rose Ipomoea cf. longipedunculata Hemsl. Ipomoea cf. muricatisepala Matuda Ipomoea cf. orizabensis (Pell.) Led. ex Standl. Ipomoea cf. purpurea Lamm. Ipomoea simulans Hemsley Ipomoea tyranthina Lindl. Ipomoea violaceae L. UN) Ipomoea cf. castellata. 189) guièe-rrè [`flower´ + `pitcher´] (= lbæ̀-guièe-rrè [`vine´ + `flower´ + `pitcher´], guìzh-guièe-rrè [`herb´ + `flower´ + `pitcher´], guièe-tâs [`flower´ + `cup<sp>´]), Ipomoea cf. purpurea, Ipomoea hartwegi, Ipomoea cf. longepedunculata, Ipomoea cf. incanus, Ipomoea simulans, Ipomoea violaceae ^[[CnvIpoHed1]]; see also Maurandya scandens (Scrophulariaceae) which is also called guìzh-lbæ̀-rrè [`herb´ + `vine´ + `pitcher´]). 190) guièe-rôs-chín, guièe-rósà-d-chínà [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + China<sp>´], Ipomoea indica: ornamental vine of gardens, planted from seed; doubled rose-colored flowers; blooms year round. 191) gù-blâg [`tuber´ + `leaf´] (= gù [`tuber´], guìzh-gù-blâg [`herb´ + `tuber´ + `leaf´]), batata, sweet potato ^[[CnvIpoBat1]]: Ipomoea batatas; extended to include yams (Dioscorea batatas, Dioscoriaceae) and manioc (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae): low, sprawling vine occasionally planted in San Juan gardens, propagated vegetatively; tuber eaten. 192) yàg-bnù [`tree/shrub´ + Z] (= blàg-bnù [`leaf´ + Z], yàg-blàg-bnù [`tree/shrub´ + `leaf´ + Z]), Ipomoea intrapilosa, pájaro bobo ^[[CnvIpoInt1]], ^[[CnvIpoInt2]], ^[[CnvIpoInt3]]: large shrub or small tree to 3 m, flowering late August through January; common near town, protected or planted in living fences; medicinal, white sap spread on leaf, which is then applied topically for headaches (yòob-guìc) and toothaches; in veterinary medicine, feed leaves to mules, bulls, donkeys, for various pains; also for humans for head aches (dolor de cabeza) as a plaster/poultice (“lo hacen como parche”), applied on both sides [of the head] to kill the pain; tie it to the forehead with a cloth; apply a few drops of the milky sap, then paste the leaf; it is caliente (nzæ̌æ-w); also for “aire”; side pain; apply as above. 193) gù-guìib2 [`jícama´], Ipomoea cf. muricatisepala ^[[CnvIpoMur1]]: slender trailing vine with linear leaflets, lilac flower; tuber eaten by boys while herding; it is sweet; named as is jícama (Pachyrrhizus erosus, Fabaceae). Rivea (L.) Hallier f. Rivea corymbosa, see Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf. Turbina Turbina corymbosa (L.) Raf., (= Ipomoea cf. bicolor, Rivea corymbosa) 194) zhì-ncuàan-ná-zhnâzh [poss. + `medicine´ + `mother´ + `virgin´], Ipomoea cf. bicolor [syn. Turbina corymbosa = Rivea corymbosa], piule ^[[CnvIpoBic1]]: vine apparently cultivated in San Pedro Amatlán, known widely in Mexico for the hallucinogenic properties of its seeds; recognized in San Juan Gbëë as a remedy for a “fright” suffered while far from home, perhaps on pilgrimage caused by anger (“un susto de un enojo”); drink to treat nerves or a fever that will not quit after several days; use the seeds; gives dreams (“es alucinante”); drink in order to divine cause of disease (“pues sueña de su enfermedad”); resembles guièe-rrè; cf. Martínez notes, “Ololiuqui. Piule, en Oaxaca” for Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall., Convolvulaceae>. “En los tiempos precortesianos los indígenas usaban las semillas molidas para procurarse una especie de embriaguez acompañada de alucinaciones que después interpretaban como adivinación. Se sabe que en algunas regiones de Oaxaca se usan todavía con igual finalidad” (1967:463-464). [“In pre-Contesian times the Indians used the ground seeds to achieve a kind of intoxication accompanied by hallucinations that they afterwards interpreted as a divination. It is known that in some regions of Oaxaca such is used still today for the same purpose.”] (translation by the author). CORNACEAECornus Cornus excelsa Kunth G) guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´], Cornus sp.: this residual descriptive term was applied to this mountain forest species, which is a low shrub to 1 m. 195) yàg-zhàn̲ [`tree/shrub´ + `underneath´] (= yàg-guièe-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `white´], blàg-chòg [`leaf´ + `rough´]), Cornus excelsa [an identification of Cornus sericea is likely in error as it is out of range] ^[[CorCorExc1]]: common shrub or small tree to 3 m of riversides; wood used to make tops for children. CRASSULACEAEGenus unspecified: NON) guìzh-chò-yâg [`herb´ + `beside´ + `tree´], Crassulaceae sp.: an epiphytic herb with white flowers, harvested for decoration at the Christmas season. Bryophyllum Bryophyllum [Kalanchoe] pinnatum (Lam.) Oken 196) guìzh-cùchâr [`herb´ + `spoon<sp>´] (= rlǎal̲-x-pǽæd-á [`throws´ + `its children´], Bryophyllum [Kalanchoe] pinnatum ^[[CrsBryPin1]]: a succulent ornamental with the odd characteristic of budding from the tips of the marginal teeth of the leaves, hence one local name; see also Chlorophytum comosum of the Anthericaceae. Echeveria Echeveria carminea Alexander Echeverria coccinea DC. Echeverria dactylifera E. Walther 197) guièe-yùzh [`flower´ + `sand´], Echeveria carminea, Echeverria coccinea, Echeverria dactylifera, Sedum chrysicaulum, Sedum cf. hultenii, Sedum moranense, Sedum prealtum, may also include Bryophyllum [Kalanchoe] pinnatum: this is the general term for nearly all Crassulaceae; the name alludes to the fact that many species grow on a sandy substrate; Sedum prealtum, at least, has medicinal value for ronchas (ló guièdz); used raw (“no más así crudo”); also used for the saints as an adornment at Christmas (Noche Buena); also for canker sores (fuegos en la boca); there are varieties; may be extended to include Monotropa (Hypopitys) hypopitys, Monotropaceae, an uncommon saprophyte of pine forests (at 2300-3100 m): 197a) guìzh-yùzh-dán [`flower´ + `sand´ + `forest/wild´] (= guièe-yùzh-yǎ-guì [`flower´ + `sand´ + `up high´ + `mountain´]), Echeveria spp., Sedum spp.: generally applied to distinguish wild from cultivated species, such as Sedum prealtum which is often set apart as siêmpr-vîv2, see below; 197b) guièe-yùzh-ngùrâgw [`flower´ + `sand´ + `lizard´] (= guièe-yùzh-ngùtsiěts [`flower´ + `sand´ + `iguana´] ), Echeverria sp. ^[[CrsEchSpc2]]: distinguished from the full range or referents of the generic guièe-yùzh; 197c) guièe-yùzh-pěch [`flower´ + `sand´ + `Turkey Vulture´], Echeverria sp.: not clearly distinct. Kalanchoe (see also Bryophyllum Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. UN) Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ^[[CrsKalBlo1]], flaming Katy: garden cultivar from Madagascar, said to have been introduced by R. Reeck in the 1970s; now escaped from cultivation; riparian flats near town; no local name recorded. Sedum Sedum chrysicaulum J. A. McDonald Sedum cf. hultenii Frod. Sedum moranense Kunth Sedum cf. morganianum E. Walther Sedum prealtum DC. 198) siêmpr-vîv2 [`always alive<sp>´] (= guièe-yùzh [`flower´ + `sand´]), Sedum prealtum ^[[CrsSedPra1]]: an ornamental shrub planted from cuttings in gardens and cemeteries; yellow flowers in December; medicine for canker sores, grind the leaves and place in the mouth; it is `cold´; see also Echeverria spp. and Sedum spp, above; this term also applied to Selaginella spp. (Selaginellaceae), Commelina spp. (Commelinaceae). 199) x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil [`its tail<sp>´ + `sheep´], Sedum cf. morganianum, cola de borrego: ornamental succulent occasionally planted from cuttings in gardens. *161) dòb-yèen̲ [`maguey´ + `child´], prototype is Tillandsia plumosa; some Echeveria sp. and Sedum sp. of the Crassulaceae may be likewise named, as this term is often applied to species with a dense basal leaf rosette reminiscent of the basal rosette of a miniature maguey; one Echeveria sp., a cliff species with lavender-tipped white flowers, was identified as a medicine for sore feet; this was also used for decoration. CUCURBITACEAECitrullus Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai 200) sandía, Citrullus lanatus, watermelon: African species now widely cultivated; not grown in San Juan but available for purchase in the Miahuatlán market; no Zapotec name recorded. Cucumis Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo var. dudaim (L.) Naudin 201) melón, Cucumis melo ssp. melo var. dudaim, cantaloupe, muskmelon: West African species now widely cultivated; not grown in San Juan but available for purchase in the Miahuatlán market; no Zapotec name recorded. Cucurbita Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Poiret var. Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne) Poiret var. Cucurbita pepo L. ssp. pepo Cucurbita radicans Naud. 202) lbæ̀-guìt [`vine´ + `squash´], Cucurbita spp.: includes cultivated and wild squashes; squash flowers are mzié ^[[CucCucPep4]] and are cooked and eaten; several varieties recognized, which by-and-large correspond to distinct species, cultivated and wild: 202a) guìt-wěedz [`squash´ + Y1], Cucurbita ficifolia ^[[CucCucFic1]], ^[[CucCucFic2]], ^[[CucCucFic3]], ^[[CucCucFic5]]; chilacayote; squash, malabar gourd: commonly cultivated in fields with corn and beans and in gardens; seeds planted in July, harvested September-November; white seeds; sweet fruit; more hardy than guìt-wèts, thus the common species above 2200 m; 202b) guìt-wèts [`squash´ + Y2], calabaza, squash, Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo ^[[CucCucPep3]]: commonly cultivated in fields with corn and beans and in gardens; black seeds; less hardy but more drought tolerant than guìt-wěedz, thus more common in cultivation between 1800 and 2200 m; 202c) guìt-tàliân [`squash´ + `Italian<sp>´], Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo var. ^[[CucCucZuc1]], calabaza italiana, zucchini: occasionally cultivated in gardens; planted in January, harvested in April; unlike the standard variety, the flowers are not eaten; 202d) guìt-gù [`squash´ + `tuber´] (= guìt-gù), Cucurbita moschata, calabaza, támala; pumpkin, winter squash: late maturing; cultivated at lower elevations, thus uncommon in San Juan; a late maturing variety, cf. Reeck´s “malabar gourd”, a term more often applied to Cucurbita ficifolia; two varieties recognized: 202d1) lguìt-gù[-0] [`squash´ + `tuber´ + 0], Cucurbita moschata var. 1: thick skinned; 202d2) lguìt-gù-běæl [`squash´ + `tuber´ + `meat´], Cucurbita moschata var. 2: thin skinned. 203) guìt-lǎ [`squash´ + `bitter´] (= lbæ̀-guìt-lǎ [`vine´ + `squash´ + `bitter´]), Cucurbita radicans ^[[CucCucRad1]]: wild vine with orange flowers half the size of Cucurbita pepo, the fruit round, green, 3 cm in diameter. Cyclanthera Cyclanthera langaei Cogn. G) frês-dán [`strawberry<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Cyclanthera langaei: vine with white flowers, edible fruits with taste of strawberries, hence the name; occasional at lower elevations in San Juan. Echinopepon Echinopepon multiflorus Naud. Echinopepon paniculatus (Cogn.) J.V.A. Dieterle Echinopepon pubescens (Benth.) Rose var. Echinopepon pubescens (Benth.) Rose var. 204) zhlôzh-bzîn [`whiskers´ + `mouse´] (= x-làadz-mzîn [`its rash´ + `mouse´]), Echinopepon pubescens ^[[CucEchPub1]], ^[[CucEchPub2]], ^[[CucEchPub3]], ^[[CucEchPub4]], ^[[CucEchPub9]], Echinopepon paniculatus; may include Cyclanthera spp.: weedy vines of gardens and margins of fallow fields; the same or a similar species is found at high elevations; pods smooth or spiny, when mature explode at a touch; plant fed to chickens and turkeys; two varieties recognized, as follows: 204a) zhlôzh-bzîn-nquǐts [`whiskers´ + `mouse´ + `white´] (= x-làadz-mzîn-nquǐts [`its rash´ + `mouse´ + `white´]), Echinopepon pubescens var.; smooth skinned; 204b) zhlôzh-bzîn-guièts [`whiskers´ + `mouse´ + `spine´] (= x-làadz-mzîn-guièts [`its rash´ + `mouse´ + `spine´]), Echinopepon pubescens var.; spiny skinned. Lagenaria Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) St. 205) lbæ̀-guièg [`vine´ + `gourd´], Lagenaria siceraria ^[[CucLagSic9]]: not grown in San Juan, but the dried fruits as gourds are available in local markets. Microsechium Microsechium helleri (Peyn.) Cogn. = Microsechium palmatum (Seringe) Cogn. in DC. Microsechium ruderale Naud. ? 206) bià-tòo [`soap´ + `big´] (= lbæ̀-bià-tòo [`vine´ + `soap´ + `big´]), Microsechium helleri, amole, tumba vaqueros, cf. ^[[CucMicPal9]]: sprawling vine from a large tuber, which is a source of strong soap used, at least in the past, to wash wool; also medicinal, to treat “attacks” (ataques) or “nerves” (nervios; “que sube nervios en su cabeza, eso se toma”) [this may be epilepsy (guiédz-gùtiè), which some consider a form of “nervios”]; also for “fright” (espanto) and insanity (“los que vuelven loco”, mén̲ ràc tônt); those afflicted must drink it as a purgative, though it is nauseating (“puro ascos”); used to treat dandruff or lice (“para amontar piojos”); wash scalp, but with care, as if it gets in your eyes you may go blind; it grows in the mountains, its vine resembles that of zhlôzh-bzîn, Echinopepon spp., see above [cf. Martínez 1979:57]; two varieties may be recognzied: 206a) bià-tòo-guièdz [`soap´ + `big´ + `cordage´], Microsechium helleri, amole de cuerda: a variety used to extract cordage fiber; 206b) bià-tòo-mzhùdz [`soap´ + `big´ + `?´], Microsechium sp.: an exotic variety purchased in San Francisco Ozolotepec. Sechium Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. 207) yàp [X] (= lbæ̀-yàp [`vine´ + `chayote´]), Sechium edule, chayote ^[[CucSecEdu1]], ^[[CucSecEdu8]], ^[[CucSecEdu9]]: cultivated vine with edible fruit, which ripens in November; cf. Caballero “Chayotal“ (1998:59-60), where cited as possibly first domesticated in Oaxaca; all parts used as food; it is `cold´; varieties described: “…esté en el pellejo diferencia en varias especies, porque unos son verdes obscuros al tanto de sus hojas de éste, unos hay espinosos, como el erizo, otros lisos al modo de la berenjena, y otros que llaman blancos, porque su verde es tan claro que cuasi son blancos, de estos también se hallan lisos y espinosos…”( 207a) yàp-rǔx [`chayote´ + `naked´], (= yàp-còlét [`chayote´ + `naked<sp>´], Sechium edule, variety with smooth fruits; 207b) yàp-guièts [`chayote´ + `spine´], Sechium edule, variety with spiny fruits ^[[CucSecEdu1]]; 207c) yàp-nguiǎ [`chayote´ + `green´], Sechium edule, green variety; 207d) yàp-nquǐts [`chayote´ + `white´], Sechium edule, white variety. CYPERACEAECarex Carex athrostachya Olney Carex boliviensis Van Huerck & M…uell.-Arg. ssp. boliviensis Carex peucophila Holm. Carex polystachya Sw. Carex spissa Bailey var. seatonica (L. H. Bailey) Kukenthal Cyperus Cyperus buckleyi Britton = Cyperus spectabilis Link Cyperus esculentus L. Cyperus cf. flavus (Vahl.) Nees. Cyperus hermaphroditus (Jacq.) Standl. Cyperus cf. sesleroides H.B.K. ? Eleocharis Eleocharis cf. acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. ? Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. Kyllinga Kyllinga pumila Michx. Rhynchospora Rhynchospora sp. Scirpus Scirpus sp. *366) guìzh-dǐp [`herb´ + Y = `grass´], general term for a wide variety of Cyperaceae, e.g., Cyperus sp. ^[[CypCypSpc3]], ^[[CypCypSpc4]], Cyperus cf. buckleyi ^[[CypCypSpe1]], Juncaceae, and Poaceae, approximately 20 named specific subdivisions are recognized; subdivisions focused on Cyperaceae taxa are listed here (other subdivisions are detailed under the Juncaceae and Poaceae family headings): *366b) guìzh-dǐp-chôg [`grass´ + `rough´], Carex polystachya: to 40 cm; for fodder; as compost. *366c) guìzh-dǐp-guièe [`grass´ + `flower´] (= guìzh-dǐp-zhǐil [`grass´ + `cotton´]), Melinus repens, of the Poaceae: abundant roadside weedy grass; mature panicle quite showy; may be extended to include Juncus sp. (Juncaceae) and/or Kyllinga pumila, the low spikesedge. *366h) guìzh-dǐp-còyûl [`grass´ + `oil palm<sp>´] (= guìzh-còyûl [`herb´ + `oil palm<sp>´]), Cyperus cf. esculentus, nut sedge: tall upland sedges with oily tubers attached to the roots which are reminiscent of the fruits of the oil palm (coyul); these are eaten by children, hence the name; Cyperus spp. ^[[CypCypSpc1]], ^[[CypCypSpc2]] were also included here; cf. xín-guìzh-còyûl [`relative of´ + herb´ + `coyul palm<sp>´], Kyllinga pumila, Juncus sp. (Juncaceae). *366i) guìzh-dǐp-crùz [`grass´ + `cross<sp>´], Cyperus cf. flavus ^[[CypCypFla1]], ^[[CypCypSpc1]], ^[[CypCypSpc2]]; Rhynchospora sp. *366j) guìzh-dǐp-gòdz [`grass´ + `marsh´] (= guìzh-dǐp-ló-gòdz [`grass´ + `in marsh´], guìzh-dǐp-sàntîsm [`grass´ + `<sp>´]), Cyperus sp., Eleocharis cf. acicularis, Eleocharis geniculatus ^[[CypEleSpc1]], ^[[CypEleSpc2]], ^[[CypEleSpp9]]; Scirpus sp.; Juncus sp. (Juncaceae): these are species that grow in saturated soils; the term guìzh-dǐp-sàntîsm is used in San Andrés Gbëë; several of these species are ornamental and good animal fodder. *366k) guìzh-dǐp-guì [`grass´ + `mountain´] (= guìzh-crùz-guièe [`herb´ + `cross<sp>´ + `flower´]), Cyperus sp.: a mountain species. *366l) guìzh-dǐp-làs [`grass´ + `slender/small´], Cyperus hermaphroditus: forage for livestock and an ornamental. *366m) guìzh-dǐp-pàrêf [`grass´ + Y<sp>], Bothriochloa barbinoides (Poaceae), Carex spissa var. seatonica: includes a grass and a sedge with dangerously sharp-edged leaves. *6c) guìzh-crùz-guièe [`herb´ + `cross<sp>´ + `flower´] (guìzh-dǐp-crùz [`grass´ + `cross<sp>´]), Cyperus cf. flavus ^[[CypCypFla1]]; Rhynchospora sp. DIOSCOREACEAEDioscorea Dioscorea alata L. Dioscorea batatas L. Dioscorea oaxacensis Uline G) guìzh-lbæ̀-dùuzh [`herb´ + `vine´ + `green bean´] (= guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `white´]), Dioscorea oaxacensis, wild yam: slender trailing vine; tiny white flowers on axillary spikes. DRACAENACEAEDasylirion Dasylirion serratifolium (Schultes) Zucc. Nolina Nolina longifolia (Schult. & Schult.) Helmsl. = Nolina parviflora (H.B.K.) Hemsl. 208) yàg-ptsìis [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= ptsìis [X], yàg-mèl [`tree/shrub´ + `star´], mèl [`star´]), Nolina longifolia and Dasylirion serratifolium, which may be distinguished as follows: 208a) yàg-ptsìis[-0] (= ptsìis-yá-guì [X + `up high´ + `mountain´], ptsìis-nquǐts [X + `white´]), Nolina longifolia ^[[DrcNolLon1]], cf. ^[[DrcNolPar9]]: sparingly branched tree-like plant of cliffy areas in pine forests, to 2 m; each trunk branch supports a tuft of leaves to 1 m long, finely serrate-edged, from which emerges the floral stalk; leaves may be woven to make a cuchillo, called mèl `star´ in Gbëë Zapotec, used to decorate the church at the Christmas season; Dasylirion serratifolium is preferred for this purpose, however; 208b) ptsìis-dán-ptsæ̌æ [X + `hot country´] (= ptsìis-nguěts [X + `yellow´], mèl-ptsæ̌æ [`star´ + `hot country´]), Dasylirion serratifolium, sotol ^[[DrcDasSer4]]: rare at the lower margins of San Juan Gbëë; may be harvested in neighboring communities at lower elevations where it is common; leaves woven to make a cuchillo ^[[DrcDasSer3]], ^[[DrcDasSer5]], ^[[DrcDasSer2]], ^[[DrcDasSer1]], called mèl `star´ in Gbëë Zapotec, used to decorate the church at the Christmas season. EBENACEAEDiospyros Diospyros digyna Jacq. 209) yàg-bliòw [`tree/shrub´ + `black zapote´], Diospyros digyna, zapote negro, black zapote ^[[EbnDioDig1]]: native cultivated fruit tree of lower elevations, as at San Pedro Amatlán at 1600 m; rarely planted in San Juan; fruits are imported for sale. EHRETIACEAE (BORAGINACEAE)Ehretia Ehretia tinifolia L. 210) yàg-màmdîm [`tree/shrub´ + `mamdimbo<sp>´], Ehretia tinifolia: tropical tree occasionally transplanted to San Juan gardens for shade or ornament. ERICACEAEAgarista Agarista mexicana Judd. var. mexicana (= Leucothoe mexicana) Agarista sleumeri H.B.K. 211) yàg-guièe-ròb [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Z] (= yàg-nrùdz [`tree/shrub´ + `smooth´]): Agarista sleumeri, Agarista mexicana var. mexicana; small, gnarled understory trees of pine forests, to 5 m, with deeply furrowed bark, pendant white bell-shaped flowers and dry capsules; light-weight wood used for canes but not good for burning; the alternate name is descriptive of the shiny leaves; may be confused with yàg-x-guièe-bæ̀cw (Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae) of the same habitat. Arbutus Arbutus xalapensis H.B.K. 212) yàg-yǎn [`tree/shrub´ + `above´], Arbutus xalapensis, madroña, madrone ^[[EriArbXal1]], ^[[EriArbXal2]]: common tree of pine-oak forests, to 10 m; wood used for firewood; medicine for “fright,” for which grind Wigandia leaf with madrone flowers; branches for decoration; fruits eaten by trogons, jays, and band-tailed pigeons; considered to be a close relative of yàg-nìd, which see below. Arctostaphylos Arctostaphylos pungens H.B.K. Comarostaphylis Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs ssp. discolor (= Arctostaphylos arguta (Zucc.) DC.) Comarostaphylis glaucescens (Kuntze) Zucc. ex Klotzsch (= Arctostaphylos mucronifera H.B.K.) Comarostaphylis lanata Small Comarostaphylis polifolia (Kuntze) Zucc. ex Klotzsch ssp. polifolia Comarostaphylis spinulosa (M.Martens & Galeotti) Diggs ssp. glandulifera Diggs (= Arctostaphylos aff. conzattii (Zucc.) DC.) Gaultheria Gaultheria sp. Leucothoe Leucothoe mexicana (Hemsl.) Small (= Agarista mexicana Judd. var. mexicana) Lyonia Lyonia squamulosa (Schlecht. & Cham.) Small Monotropa, see Monotropaceae Pernettya Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) DC. (= Pernettya ciliata (Schlecht. & Cham.) Small) Vaccinium Vaccinium leucanthum Cham. & Schltdl. Vaccinium secundum Klotzsch (= Vaccinium haematinum Standley & Steyerm.) 213) yàg-blæ̀æ [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Arctostaphylos pungens, pigüica, manzanita ^[[EriArcPun1]]: the fruits (blæ̀æ) are edible, are ripe in December; medicine: for “nerves” and back pain (yòob zhìts), leaves, stems boiled or soaked, drunk at room temperature; or steep stems in water with hawthorn root (yàg-mànzànît, Crataegus pubescens, Rosaceae), then drink decoction; for kidneys, drink an infusion at room temperature; for urinary problems (mal de orina), urinary blockage (“tapación, cuando no se puede orinar”), mix with Equisetum myriochaetum (Equisetaceae) and leaves of Mexican hawthorn (Crataegus pubescens, Rosaceae); also for kidney stones (cálculos); drink twice a day or every two days; after two days and four treatments “va a dar a calmar”; OK for children but in smaller doses; it is strong (fuerte); for children 5-6 years old for inflammation of the stomach; drink as tea; it cures them; for sores, mix with Malva sp. (Malvaceae); es fresca (niág), as are all the ingredients cited; dead wood good for starting fires (alumbre), burns rapidly; two varieties are sometimes distinguished, as follows: 213a) yàg-blæ̀æ[-0], Arctostaphylos pungens var.: the common variety, found near town; 213b) yàg-blæ̀æ-yǎ-guì [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `up high´ + `mountain´]: Arctostaphylos pungens var.: smaller variety of mountain forest clearings; said to set fruit in spring, not fall; same medicinal uses as the previous variety. 214) yàg-nìd [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Comarostaphylis spp. ^[[EriComSpc1]], ^[[EriComSpc2]], ^[[EriComSpc3]], e.g., Comarostaphylis discolor ssp. discolor, Comarostaphylis glaucescens, Comarostaphylis cf. lanata, Comarostaphylis polifolia ssp. polifolia, Comarostaphylis spinulosa ssp. glandulifera ^[[EriComSpc1]], ^[[EriComSpc2]], ^[[EriComSpc3]]: shrubs to 3 m found throughout San Juan; varieties are consistently distinguished, as follows: 214a) yàg-nìd[-0], Comarostaphylis glaucescens ^[[EriComGla1]]: this is the prototype, the most common and conspicuous species of the category; a shrub to 3 m of open, sandy areas, sometimes forming a matorral; flowers are pink (in contrast to the following), in racemes; fruits are red, edible (in contrast to the following) and used as a red paint; wood used for firewood; 214b) yàg-nìd-làs [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `slender/small´] (= guìzh-ncuàan [`herb´ + `medicine/poison´]), Comarostaphylis polifolia ^[[EriComPol1]], Gaultheria sp., Pernettya prostrata ^[[EriPerPro1]], Vaccinium secundum: this type includes low shrubs of higher elevations (2800-3700 m), to 20 cm with urceolate flowers; these may be poisonous to livestock; also a taller shrub, Comarostaphylis polifolia, from 3600+ m; these are said to contribute to the danger of forest fires, adding to the fuel load; 214c) yàg-nìd-dán [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `forest/wild´], Lyonia squamulosa: this variety is distinguished from the prototype by having creamy white flowers, smooth reddish bark, less crowded leaves, warty blue-black fruits with inedible green seeds; it occurs at lower elevations. *G) xín-yàg-nìd [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + Z], Verbesina macdonaldii, Asteraceae: shrub to 2 m, at 3600 m; large simple leaves, lanate below; a few yellow-rayed flower heads; for kindling, burns fast. *337) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw [`tree/shrub´ + `its flower´ + `dog´], the primary referent appears to be Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae ^[[OlcSchShr1]], ^[[OlcSchShr2]]: a small tree (7-8 m) with non-descript flowers, red fruits; wood resistant, used for forked poles and posts, may last 8-10 years; also for firewood and to make toys; may also include Ilex cf. pringlei of the Aquifoliaceae; Leucothoe mexicana and/or Vaccinium leucanthum of the Ericaceae; and Bunchosia lanceolata of the Malpighiaceae; may be confused with yàg-guièe-ròb (Agarista spp., see above); two varieties may be recognized: *337a) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw[-0], Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae, the prototype: the variety of lower elevations; may also refer to Vaccinium leucanthum and/or Bunchosia lanceolata; *337b) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw-yǎ-guì [`tree/shrub´ + `it´s flower´ + `dog´ + `on the mountain´], Leucothoe mexicana, Ilex cf. pringlei (Aquifoliaceae): said to be distinct from the prototype characteristic of lower elevations. NON) mîdz-bæ̀d [`seed´ + `Peter<sp>´, alluding to the cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum)], Pernettya prostrata ^[[EriPerPro1]]: shrub of pine forests, to 2 m, with white flowers and red fruits attractive to birds, in particular the cedar waxwing (mguîn-bæ̀d). EUPHORBIACEAEAcalypha Acalypha adenophora Muell. Arg. Acalypha indica L. var. mexicana (Muell. Arg.) Pax & K. Hoffm. 215) guìzh-ngùdzìi1 [`herb´ + `spider´], Acalypha adenophora: herb with red spike; see also guìzh-ngùdzìi2 [`herb´ + `spider´] (= guìzh-nàad4 [`herb´ + `sticky´]), e.g., Galium mexicanum (Rubiaceae) and Croton ciliato-glandulifer (Euphorbiaceae). 216) x-côl-bǐch [`its tail´ + `cat´], Acalypha spp. ^[[EupAcaSpc1]]: common weed near town; no use cited; two varieties recognized: 216a) x-côl-bǐch[-0], Acalypha sp.: the prototype; 216b) x-côl-bǐch-dán [`herb´ + `its tail´ + `cat´ + `forest/wild´]: Acalypha sp. 217) pàlètâr [X<sp>], Acalypha indica var. mexicana: weed; animal fodder. Cnidoscolus Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I. M. Johnst. 218) yàg-làg [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= làg [X]), Cnidoscolus multilobus, mala mujer ^[[EupCniMul1]], ^[[EupCniMul2]], ^[[EupCniMul3]]: shrub to small tree of subtropical deciduous woodland, covered with highly irritating hairs and spines; to relieve the pain chepíl (pxǐizh, Crotalaria sp.) may be rubbed on the affected area; the milky sap of the mala mujer may be used to extract spines; paste it on and it pulls them out. Croton Croton ciliato-glandulifer Ort. 219) blàg-zhnâzh [`leaf´ + `virgin´] (= guìzh-blàg-zhnâzh [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `virgin´], guìzh-ngùdzìi [`herb´ + `spider´], guìzh-ngùd-mzhiè-dán [`herb´ + `lump/ball´ + `witch´ + `forest/wild´]), Croton ciliato-glandulifer ^[[EupCroCil1]]: common low shrub of subtropical deciduous woodland; leaves margined with yellow glandular hairs; the plant is said to be “like a saint”; used medicinally as a “limpia” (brush body with the plant) for “evil eye” (mal ojo); or the sap used topically to treat sore eyes (mal de ojo) [distinction unclear]; some report apply the sap to treat warts (mezquinos); wash with it and use as a limpia. NON) yàg-guièdz-zân-dán-ptsæ̌æ [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `childbirth´ + `hot country´], Croton morifolium: cf. Solanum lanceolatum (Solanaceae). Euphorbia Euphorbia cf. graminea L. Euphorbia heterophylla L. Euphorbia cf. hyssopifolia L. Euphorbia cf. macrocarpus L. Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Euphorbia rossiana Paz, cf. Euphorbia antisyphilitica Jacq. 220) guìzh-biè [`herb´ + `cataract´] (= guìzh-xlǔtsí [`herb´ + `swift/swallow´], guìzh-lìndrîn [`herb´ + `swallow<sp>´], guìzh-zhìp [`herb´ + `sap´], zhìp-nquǐts [`sap´ + `white´]), Euphorbia heterophylla, Euphorbia hyssopifolia ^[[EupEupHys1]], ^[[EupEupHys3]], hierba de la golondrina: scandent herb with milky sap; medicine for cataracts (biè-lô “nube del ojo”); place three drops of the milky sap in the affected eye every six hours, then wash clean; medicine for headaches, take in water at room temperature; it is “fresca”; birds eat the fruits. 221) guièe-chên [`flower´ + `blood´], Euphorbia pulcherrima, flor de Noche Buena, poinsettia ^[[EupEupPul1]]: cultivated in gardens, planted from cuttings; showy floral bracts especially favored to decorate the church for the Christmas season or the house for posadas; see also guièe-chiên-dán, Sprekelia formosissima (Amaryllidaceae). 222) còrdòbân [`leather<sp>´], Euphorbia rossiana and Pedilanthus cf. tomentellus ^[[EupPedTom1]]: the first is a leafless herb uncommon in subtropical deciduous woodland (Euphorbia rossiana replaces the very similar Euphorbia antisyphilitica in Oaxaca); the second is a tall, nearly leafless shrub planted in gardens, but it doesn´t grow well here; medicinal: for eyes, use milky sap; affirms use as topical application (parche) for bodily pains of whatever type, e.g., aching or broken bones, sore ribs, bruises; put sap (sangre) on a piece of paper, then apply to where it hurts; it is nzæ̌æ-w `hot´; also a medicine for some unspecified illness of animals; cf. Caballero, “Cordoban“ (1998:60-61); two unnamed varieties, which are a function of where they grow. Jatropha Jatropha cordifolia Pax Jatropha platyphylla Muell. Arg. 223) yàg-pcuà [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Jatropha cordifolia, Jatropha platyphylla ^[[EupJatCor1]]: small tree found at and below town; often planted from cuttings for living fences; boys use the large hard seeds to make tops; the sap is applied to treat canker sores (granos en la boca). Manihot Manihot esculenta Crantz *191) gù [`tuber´], Manihot esculenta, yuca, manioc: rarely if at all cultivated in San Juan for its edible tubers; see also Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) and Dioscorea batatas (Dioscoreaceae), similarly named. Pedilanthus Pedilanthus cf. tomentellus Rob. & Greenm. *222) còrdòbân [`leather<sp>´], Euphorbia rossiana and Pedilanthus cf. tomentellus ^[[EupPedTom1]]: the first is a leafless herb uncommon in subtropical deciduous woodland (Euphorbia rossiana replaces the very similar Euphorbia antisyphilitica in Oaxaca); the second is a tall, nearly leafless shrub planted in gardens, but it doesn´t grow well here; medicinal: for eyes, use milky sap; affirms use as topical application (parche) for bodily pains of whatever type, e.g., aching or broken bones, sore ribs, bruises; put sap (sangre) on a piece of paper, then apply to where it hurts; it is nzæ̌æ-w `hot´; also a medicine for some unspecified illness of animals; cf. Caballero, “Cordoban“ (1998:60-61); two unnamed varieties, which are a function of where they grow. Ricinus Ricinus communis L. 224) yàg-blàp [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Ricinus communis, higuerilla, castor bean ^[[EupRicCom1]], ^[[EupRicCom2]], ^[[EupRicCom3]]: tall, weedy shrub or small tree, originally from Asia; planted in gardens for its medicinal values; medicine: for stomach ache (yòob-zdòo), back ache (yòob-zhìts); mix with mezcal or alcohol, apply two leaves at night, by morning the pain is eased; also drink for back pain, body pain wherever; oil extracted from the seeds (mîdz-blàp) is burned for incense; they sell the seeds for 3 pesos per kilo in Miahuatlán, to extract the oil, perhaps to make candles to light in church or to make soap (in Ejutla, Ocotlán); no longer much processed in San Juan; two varieties recognized according to the color of the stems, differing in “heat” and curative power, as follows: 224a) yàg-blàp-mòrâd [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `purple<sp>´] (= yàg-blàp-nìzhniê [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `red´]), Ricinus communis var. purple: this variety is the stronger and is considered to be `hot´; 224b) yàg-blàp-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `white´] (= yàg-blàp-nguiǎ [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `green´]), Ricinus communis var. green: less powerful as medicine; considered to be `cold´. FABACEAE: CAESALPINIOIDEAEBauhinia Bauhinia sp. UN) a single plant seen in a garden in San Juan: shrubby, with typical cow´s print leaves and white flowers; not named ^[[FabBauSpc1]]. Conzattia Conzattia multiflora (Rob. ) Standl. 225) yàg-x-quǐit-ngùbìdz [`tree/shrub´ + `its toy´ + `the sun´] (= yàg-nl̲ibâd-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `yellow´]), Conzattia multiflora ^[[FabConMul9]]: uncommon tree to 8 m of hot spots in tropical deciduous woodland, at 1570-1920 m; bark smooth, gray; showy yellow flowers in spikes that cover the tree in April and May, attract bees; pods pointed; wood is weak, rots readily, so not even useful for firewood. Senna Senna galeottiana (Martens) H.S. Irwin & R.C. Barneby Senna greggii (Rose) H.S. Irwin & R.C. Barneby Senna holwayana Moc. & Sesse Senna polyantha (Colladon) H. S. Irwin & R. C. Barneby Senna villosa Mill. Senna wislizeni (A. Gray) H. S. Irwin & R. C. Barneby var. pringlei (Rose) H. S. Irwin & R. C. Barneby NON) guièe-yàg-bziàa [`flower´ + `tree/shrub´ + `bean´], Senna sp.: shrub to 2 m; even-pinnate leaves (N = 6), leaflets lanceolate, strongly scented; densely covered with yellow glandular, stellate hairs; yellow flowers. NON) yàg-guièe-yùzh [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `sand´]: Senna sp. 226) yàg-x-pàan-ngutsiěts [`tree/shrub´ + `its tail´ + `iguana´] (= yàg-tèpèsquít [`tree/shrub´ + `tepescuite<sp>´], yàg-nl̲ibâd-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `yellow´]), Senna galeottiana, Senna greggii, Senna polyantha: shrub or tree to 3 m; thin flat rectangular pods with a broad distinct margin; once pinnate leaves; not the real guaje (Leucaena spp.); fodder to fatten goats and donkeys; not widely recognized. 227) guièe-mzhòodz [`flower´ + `bee´] (= guìzh-mzhòodz [`herb´ + `bee´], guièe-nguládz, guìzh-nguládz, x-guìzh-nguládz [`flower´ / `herb´ / `its herb´ + `fly´], guièe-sàn-wsé [`flower´ + `San José<sp>´], guièe-yòob-chèn [`flower´ + `diarrhea´], yàg-guièe-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]), Senna holwayana, Senna vilosa, Senna wislezeni var pringlei, flor de San José ^[[FabSenSpc1]], ^[[FabSenSpc2]], cf. ^[[FabSenSpp9]]: shrub 1-2 m of second-growth in oak woodland; even-pinnate leaves (N = 6, N = 18); yellow flowers; long narrow pods; medicine to treat pain of the sting of the large ant, mrè-dǔn, of bee or wasp stings or fly bites; rub leaves or flowers on affected part; also for “aire”; pain of “cornilla”; wood for firewood; flowers for decoration. Tamarindus Tamarindus indica L. 228) tamarindo; Tamarindus indica: not grown in San Juan Gbëë; rather found on the coast; medicine: [a tea] with rose of Castile (Rosa x centifolia) is an effective purgative; no Zapotec name recorded. FABACEAE: MIMOSOIDEAEAcacia Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze. Acacia cochliacantha H. & B. ex Willd. Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. Acacia pennatula (Schldl. & Cham.) Stand. yàg-guièts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´]: a named complex that includes mostly spiny trees of the Mimosoidea, especially Acacia and Mimosa spp. 229) yàg-guièts-clâv [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `nail<sp>´], the prototype is Acacia farnesiana, but is extended to include Acacia cochliacantha: two varieties may be distinguished, based on spine color and size, as follows: 229a) yàg-guièts-clâv-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `nail<sp>´ + `white´] (= yàg-guièts-clâv-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´+ `nail<sp>´ + `slender/small´]), alternative expressions for the prototype Acacia farnesiana ^[[FabAcaFar1]]: small tree; long white spines, hence the name, paired at the branch nodes; inflorescences small, spherical, yellow; used for forage for livestock and for firewood; one may cut a branch and place it beneath a baby´s bed to protect it from mzhiè `witching´, as with Brassica campestris (Brassicaceae); 229b) yàg-guièts-clâv-nìzhniê [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´+ `nail<sp>´ + `red´] (= yàg-guièts-clâv-guièe [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´+ `nail<sp>´ + `flower´]), Acacia cochliacantha ^[[FabAcaCoc1]]: a low tree of the selva baja caducifolia with long, broad-based red spines, paired at the nodes; relatively uncommon. 230) yàg-guièts-yàaz [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´+ `black´] (= yàg-guièts-dà [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´+ `flat-topped´], yàg-guièts-ngǒn [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `ox´]), Acacia pennatula ^[[FabAcaPen1]]: a low tree with a distinctive flat-topped profile; pods dark brown, thick; short, thick, black spines paired at nodes; common and characteristic of heavily grazed areas below town; a favorite tree of cattle that browze the leaves and pods, which are easy to reach given the shape of these trees; often planted in living fences where grown from cuttings; medicine: for intestinal blockage (empacho) drink infusion of the bark. 231) yàg-guièts-nàad [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´], Mimosa spp. (with the exception of Mimosa albida, for which see below), uña de gato: these are small trees of secondary growth from the lower oak to the tropical deciduous woodland, at 1620-2050 m; used generally for livestock fodder, fencing, and firewood; the prototype, Mimosa biuncifera, also has medicinal uses; two varieties recognized: 231a) yàg-guièts-nàad[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´ + unmarked] (= yàg-guièts-nàad-mòrâd [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´ + `purple<sp>´]), Mimosa biuncifera ^[[FabMimBiu1]], ^[[FabMimBiu2]]: small tree to 4 m, once-pinnate leaves; short stout recurved spines, paired at the branch nodes; inflorescences small, spherical, pink; medicinal, for an unspecified ailment; 231b) yàg-guièts-nàad-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´ + `black´] (= yàg-guièts-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `black´]), Mimosa galeottii: broad, jagged-spiny-margined pods. *269) yàg-guièts-zhìg [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + Y] (= yàg-guièe-zhìg [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Y]), Fouquieria formosa (Fouquieriaceae) ^[[FoqFouFor1]]. 232) yàg-læ̀ [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Acacia angustissima, alcornoque ^[[FabAcaAng1]], ^[[FabAcaAng9]]: unarmed shrub or small tree of secondary growth in pine-oak woodland; bipinnate leaves (N = 10 x 30); inflorescences small (10 mm diameter), spherical, white; pods (nlàbâd, nl̲ibâd) are not eaten; branches (yàg-nlǎ [`wood´ + `bitter´]) and bitter bark is added to pulque or tepache to cut its excessive sweetness; medicine: for hemorrhage in childbirth, cook, drink infusion three times daily; if not recognized as yàg-læ̀ it is likely to be called yàg-nl̲ibâd-làs [`tree´ + `guaje´ + `slender/small´]). Calliandra Calliandra grandiflora Benth. Calliandra houstoniana (Mill.) Standl. 233) guìzh-měets [`herb´ + `louse´] (= yàg-nlàbâd-měets, yàg-nl̲ibâd-měets [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `louse´], yàg-nlàzhò-měets, yàg-nlízhò-měets [`tree/shrub´ + `tender young leaves of this species´ + `louse´], yàg-nlàbâd-dzǐn̲g, yàg-nl̲ibâd-dzǐn̲g [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `hummingbird´], yàg-nlàzhò-dzǐn̲g, yàg-nlízhò-dzǐn̲g [`tree/shrub´ + `tender young leaves of this species´ + `hummingbird´], yàg-nl̲ibâd-tǒop [tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `gray-haired´]), Calliandra grandiflora, Calliandra houstoniana ^[[FabCalSpc1]], ^[[FabCalHou1]]: shrubs to 1+ m of pine-oak forest and associated clearings; bipinnate leaves; inflorescences of clusters of showy red stamens tipped by yellow anthers; the reference to lice describes the appearance of the tiny anthers at the tips of the stamens; pods (nlàbâd, nl̲ibâd) resemble the guajes of Leucaena esculenta, but are not edible; used for livestock fodder, firewood, and for composting; may also be applied to Indigofera sp. Leucaena Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sesse) Benth. Leucaena pallida Britton & Rose Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ssp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zárate Leucaena trichandra (Zuccarini) Urban 234) yàg-nlàbâd, yàg-nlìbâd [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´] (= yàg-nlázhò, yàg-nlízhò [`tree/shrub´ + Y]), Leucaena esculenta, Leucaena pallida, Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata, Leucaena trichandra: trees to 7 m, planted in and near town or growing wild; people eat the seeds (but not the pods) raw and the tender leaf-tips; said to be a good source of vitamins; seed pods (guajes) called nlìbâd; medicine: bark is used in a medicinal concoction drunk as tea for diarrhea and empacho (èmpâch), combined with Chenopodium graveolens and the bark of Eysenhardtia spp. and Plumeria rubra; decoction of the bark also used to wash wounds; animals eat the foliage; the generic is sometimes extended to include species of other related genera with similar seed pods, e.g., Calliandra sp., Indigofera jaliscensis, Lysiloma sp.; four varieties of Leucaena spp. are distinguished, as follows: 234a) yàg-nlàbâd[-0], yàg-nl̲ibâd[-0], prototype is a variety of Leucaena pallida [identified as Leucaena esculenta (Moc. & Sesse) Benth. at MEXU] ^[[FabLeuPal1]], ^[[FabLeuPal2]]: the unmarked prototype grows in and near town at ca. 2000 m, has narrower pods which ripen early [July, August], compared to yàg-nlàbâd-tsǒ (Leucaena esculenta); 234b) yàg-nlàbâd-tsǒ, yàg-nl̲ibâd-tsǒ [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `wide´]: Leucaena esculenta, guaje ^[[FabLeuEsc1]]: grows at lower elevations, has broader pods which ripen later, compared to yàg-nlàbâd[-0] (Leucaena pallida); 234c) yàg-nlàbâd-làs, yàg-nl̲ibâd-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `slender/small´], Leucaena diversifolia ^[[FabLeuDiv1]], Leucaena trichandra, extended to include Acacia angustissima, Brongniartia diffusa, Brongniartia cf. intermedia, Brongniartia papyraceae, and Lysiloma diversifolia: shrubs to 2 m; bipinnate leaves (N = 15 x 25); smooth pods, thin, rib-edged, reddish, with 6-8 seeds, each visible; tip apiculate; fodder for livestock; not used for flavoring tepache, hence not properly inclusive of Acacia angustissima, which is rather yàg-lǽ, which see; 234d) yàg-nlàbâd-nguiǎ [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `green´] (= yàg-nl̲ibâd-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `white´], Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata, guaje blanco: rarely planted in San Juan; more commonly planted in nearby towns at lower elevations, such as San Pedro Amatlán (1600 m). *235) yàg-yàz [`tree´ + Y] (= yàg-nlàbâd-pěch, yàg-nl̲ibâd-pěch [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `vulture´]), Lysiloma acapulcensis, tepeguaje: a tree to 8 meters of riparian zone at 1675-1900 m; bipinnate leaves; pods thin, purplish-brown, split open readily to expose white papery inner shell; rather hard heartwood used to make plough-shares; T-shaped joints useful; also very good firewood; grows best in lower, warm areas [but one is growing at the creek just below town on our side]; has guajes but these are not eaten, fodder for livestock only; cf. Juan de Córdova, Yaga-yàzi or for “arbol tepeguaxe, que dize el mexicano” and Yaga-yàze “arbol como este mo[n]tes” (cf. Smith-Stark 2004). G) yàg-nlìbâd-nguěts [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `yellow´], Senna galeottiana: shrub to small tree; once-pinnate leaf; yellow flowers; broad thin pods; fodder for cattle; this is an alternative to the better established name yàg-x-pàan-ngutsiěts [`tree/shrub´ + `its tail´ + `iguana´], which see. Lysiloma Lysiloma acapulcense (Kunth) Benth. Lysiloma diversifolia (Sesse & Mociño ex DC.) Urban 235) yàg-yàz [`tree´ + Y] (= yàg-nlàbâd-pěch, yàg-nlìbâd-pěch [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `vulture´]), Lysiloma acapulcensis ^[[FabLysAca9]], tepeguaje: a tree to 8 m, of riparian zone at 1675-1900 m; bipinnate leaves; pods thin, purplish-brown, split open readily to expose white papery inner shell; rather hard heartwood used to make plough-shares; T-shaped joints useful; also very good firewood; grows best in lower, warm areas [but one is growing at the creek just below town on our side]; has guajes but these are not eaten, fodder for livestock only; cf. Juan de Córdova, Yaga-yàzi or for “arbol tepeguaxe, que dize el mexicano” and Yaga-yàze “arbol como este mo[n]tes” (cf. Smith-Stark 2004). UN) Two specimens of Lysiloma diversifolia were variously subsumed within two allied generics as yàg-nl̲ibâd-làs [`guaje tree´ + `small/slender´], allied with Leucaena, and yàg-quìguiâ-měets [`Eysenhardtia polystachea´ + `louse´], allied with Eysenhardtia, and Calliandra; these appear to be ad hoc designations. Mimosa Mimosa aculeaticarpa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Mimosa albida Willd. var. albida Mimosa albida Willd. var. strigata (Willd.) Robinson Mimosa biuncifera Benth. Mimosa galeottii Benth. Mimosa lacerata Rose *231) yàg-guièts-nàad [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´], Mimosa spp. (with the exception of Mimosa albida, for which see below), uña de gato: these are small trees of secondary growth from the lower oak to the tropical deciduous woodland, at 1620-2050 m; used generally for livestock fodder, fencing, and firewood; the prototype, Mimosa biuncifera, also has medicinal uses: *231a) yàg-guièts-nàad[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´ + unmarked] (= yàg-guièts-nàad-mòrâd [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´ + `purple<sp>´]), Mimosa biuncifera ^[[FabMimBiu1]], ^[[FabMimBiu2]], Mimosa lacerata: small tree to 4 m, once-pinnate leaves; short stout recurved spines, paired at the branch nodes; inflorescences small, spherical, pink; medicinal, for unspecified ailment; *231b) yàg-guièts-nàad-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´ + `black´] (= yàg-guièts-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `black´]), Mimosa galeottii: broad, jagged-spiny-margined pods. 236) guièts-làa-tó [`spine´ + Y + `shame´] (= guìzh-lòo-tó [`herb´ + `Y + `shame´], guièts-guièe-tó [`spine´ + `flower´ + `shame´]), Mimosa albida var. albida ^[[FabMimAlb1]], Mimosa albida var. strigata, vergonsoza: shrub of milpa margins and trailsides to 1 m; leaves even pinnate (N = 4), touch sensitive; medicine for stomach ache; animals will not eat it; cf. guièl̲-tó `verguenza´. Prosopis Prosopis laevigata (H. & B. ex Willd.) M. C. Johnst. 237) yàg-bèe [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= yàg-guièts-nlìbâd [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `guaje´], yàg-mèzquît [`tree/shurb´ + `mesquite<sp>´), Prosopis laevigata, smooth mesquite ^[[FabProLae9]]: fairly common tree below 1650 m; not known to occur in San Juan. Sphinga Sphinga acatlensis (Benth.) Barneby & Grimes (= Havardia acatlensis Benth., = Pithecellobium acatlense Benth.) UN) yàg-guièts [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´], Sphinga acatlensis ^[[FabSphAca1]]: a straggling tree to 5 m with showy “flowers” formed of long tufts of white stamens that give rise to broad-margined flat hanging seed-pods; common in disturbed selva baja caducifolia in the Valleys of Oaxaca but rare or absent in San Juan Gbëë, though recognized. FABACEAE: PAPILIONOIDEAEAstragalus Astragalus guatemalensis Benth. *EX242) xín-nlít-quiè [`relative of´ + Y + `rock/cliff´], Astragalus guatemalensis ^[[FabAstSpp9]]: trailing herb; bluish pea-shaped flowers; pods rattle when dry. Brongniartia Brongniartia diffusa Rose Brongniartia cf. intermedia Moric. Brongniartia lupinoides (Kunth) Standl. Brongniartia mollis H.B.K. Brongniartia papyracea (H.B.K.) Taubert 238) guìzh-càpâr [`tree´ + `a disease<sp>´], Brongniartia papyracea ^[[FabBroSpc2]]: unarmed shrub of oak woodland, to 1.5 m; odd-pinnate leaves, reddish flowers; medicine for a disease called càpâr; alternatively treated as a variety of yàg-nl̲ibâd, Leucaena spp., which see. *234c) yàg-nlàbâd-làs, yàg-nl{l`}bâd-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´ + `slender/small´], prototypically includes Leucaena diversifolia and Leucaena trichandra, extended to include Brongniartia diffusa, Brongniartia cf. intermedia, Brongniartia papyraceae, and Lysiloma diversifolia: these Leucaena spp. are shrubs to 2 m; bipinnate leaves (N = 15 x 25); smooth pods, thin, rib-edged, reddish, with 6-8 seeds, each visible; tip apiculate; fodder for livestock. G) yàg-dùuzh-dán [`tree´ + `green bean´ + `forest/wild´], Brongniartia cf intermedia. G) guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´], Brongniartia mollis: low herb or shrub of gravelly, riverside habitat, once-pinnate lanate leaves; orange-pink flowers; pods apiculate; pods eaten by goats; flowers for decoration. G) guìzh-nrùdz [`tree´ + `smooth´], Brongniartia lupinoides: plant to 2 m (e.g., at 1900 m), blue flowers; “smooth” leaves, hence the name; for livestock fodder and firewood. Canavalia Canavalia hirsuta (M. Martens & Galeotti) Standley Canavalia villosa Benth. Canavalia viscosa (Balbis) DC. 239) bæ̌æl-cuìrr [`meat´ + `hanging´] (= guièe-bæ̌æl-cuìrr [`flower´ + `meat´ + `hanging´], guìzh-gǎy [`herb´ + `rooster<sp>´], guièe-gǎy [`flower´ + `rooster<sp>´]), Canavalia hirsuta, Canavalia villosa ^[[FabCanVil1]], ^[[FabCanVil9]], Canavalia viscosa; may be extended to include Rhynchosia macrocarpa, bziàa-nàad, which see), gallito: clambering vine [< lbæ̀] of matorral in oak woodland and tropical deciduous woodland (at 1620-2240 m), with showy oddly-shaped purple flowers, resembling the heads of roosters, hence the alternative name; fodder for livestock; vines may be pressed into service as cord for tieing bundles; two varieties recognized: 239a) guièe-bæ̌æl-cuìrr[-0] (= guièe-bæ̌æl-cuìrr[-0] [`flower´ + `meat´ + `hanging´]), Canavalia spp.: the prototype; 239b) bæ̌æl-cuìrr-làs [`meat´ + `hanging´ + `slender/small´]: Desmodium orbiculare, Nissolia fruticosa. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], Canavalia villosa: a weed at e.g., 1770 m, purple fowers; fruits not edible; livestock fodder. Cologania Cologania brousonettii (Balbis) DC. Cologania procumbens Rose G) guìzh-lbæ̀-mòrâd [`herb´ + `vine´ + `purple<sp>´] (= bziàa-dán [`bean´ + `forest/wild´], guìzh-yìlòbé [`herb´ + Y]), Cologania brousonettii, Cologania procumbens: vine (at e.g., 2240 m) with tri-lobed leaves, purple pea-shaped flowers, and linear pods; no use cited. Crotalaria Crotalaria acapulcensis Hook. & Arn. Crotalaria cf. filifolia Hook. & Arn. Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn. Crotalaria mollicula Ort. Crotalaria pumila Ort. Crotalaria sagittalis L. 240) pxǐizh (= ncuàan-yè [`unripe´ + `medicine´, or `quelite<sp>´, < Náhuatl]), Crotalaria spp.: spindly shrubs of open, dry terrain, with yellow flowers and pods resembling those of other peas and beans; leaves eaten in a special tamale, tamál de chepíl; medicinal, to ameliorate itch and swelling caused by contact with plants such as Pseudosmodingium multifolium and Cnidoscolus multilobus; chew the raw leaf, then apply; to treat pain, swelling, burning of spines; it calms the pain; apply with olive oil on a leaf; for constipation (estrenimiento), fever, gonorrhea, drink juice or eat the leaf raw; ncuàan-yè more properly is a general term for edible, most often wild, herbs, eaten in stews, tamales, or other dishes; however, the term is now commonly applied as an alternative generic name to Crotalaria spp., which are thus prototypical of the more general, utility-based category; four varieties are named, though my understanding of how these varieties might map to the several species of the genus is quite imperfect: 240a) pxǐizh-zhên [`chepíl´ + `wide´] (= ncuàan-yè-zhên [`quelite´ + `wide´], pxǐizh-yeets [`chepíl´ + `yellowish´]) Crotalaria longirostrata ^[[FabCroLon1]], ^[[FabCroLon2]] and/or Crotalaria pumila ^[[FabCroPum1]]: low herbs of disturbed ground at 1770-2000 m, plant to 1 m; leaflets three, broader than those of other varieties of pxǐizh, hence the name; yellow flowers, with red centers; inflated pods, rattle when dry; leaves and flowers edible, eaten in special tamales; medicinal: a glass of the green juice is drunk to induce vomiting; 240b) pxǐizh-gbè [`chepíl´ + Y] (= pxǐizh-nguěts [`chepíl´ + `yellow´], ncuàan-yè-làs [`quelite´ + `slender/small´], xín-ncuàan-yè [`relative of´ + `chepíl´]), Crotalaria filifolia ^[[FabCroFil1]], ^[[FabCroFil9]] and/or Crotalaria mollicula ^[[FabCroMol1]]: plant to 20 cm, very similar to other Crotalaria spp. but with narrow, lanceolate leaflets Crotalaria filifolia; used for livestock fodder and compost; 240c) pxǐizh-guiùu [`chepíl´ + `river´](= ncuàan-yè-yǎ-guì [`quelite´ + `up high´ + `mountain´], Crotalaria acapulcensis ^[[FabCroAca1]]: herb/shrub to 1 m of humid arroyos at e.g., 2000 m; as the name indicates, associated with stream courses; not medicinal like other varieties of pxǐizh; used for livestock fodder; 240d) pxǐizh-quiè [`chepíl´ + `cliff´], Crotalaria sp.: another species of the genus, characterized by its affinity for rocky or cliffy sites; 240e) pxǐizh-ngulǎdz [`chepíl´ + `fly´], Crotalaria sp.: not edible; medicine to relieve pain of insect bites (picaduras); chop up leaves, apply topically. 241) guìzh-bziàa [`herb´ + `bean´], Crotalaria sagittalis ^[[FabCroSag1]], ^[[FabCroSag2]]: this term is widely applied, see also Astragalus spp., Lupinus spp. Dalea Dalea cf. bicolor H. & B. ex Willd. Dalea capitata Wats. Dalea carthagenensis (Jacq.) J.F. Macbride Dalea foliolosa (Ait.) Barneby = Dalea citriodora Willd. Dalea leucosericea Standley & Steyerm. Dalea lutea Willd. var. gigantea (Rydb.) Barneby 242) nlít-quiè [X + `rock/cliff´] (= guìzh-nlít-quiè [`herb´ + X + `rock/cliff´]), Dalea foliolosa = Dalea citriodora, toronjíl ^[[FabDalFol1]], ^[[FabDalFol9]]: delicate trailing herb, with purplish flowers in the rainy season; very strong cosmetic soap odor; “Barneby states that in Guatemala and southern Mexico it is called toronjíl because of the penetrating smell of lemon-balm (Melissa, Lamiaceae) exhaled by the crushed leaves” (re. Dalea foliolosa var. citrina (Rydb.) Barneby; McVaugh 1987, vol. 5, pg. 420); medicine for asco `disgust´ and empacho, place in water at room temperature, then drink; may or may not be mixed with guìzh-mèt (Chenopodium graveolens, Chenopodiaceae); when the pain is very strong, some drink a tea of it; otherwise applied as a poultice (for the aroma ?); the term may be extended to include Astragalus guatemalensis, a trailing herb with bluish pea-shaped flowers and pods that rattle when dry, called xín-nlít-quiè [`relative of´ + Y + `rock/cliff´]. *EX242) xín-nlít-quiè [`relative of´ + Y + `rock/cliff´], Astragalus guatemalensis: trailing herb; bluish pea-shaped flowers; pods rattle when dry. 243) gbày [`broom´] (= yàg-gbày [`tree/shrub´ + `broom´], gbày-zhǐil [`broom´ + `cotton´], guìzh-gbày-dán [`herb´ + `broom´ + `forest/wild´]), Dalea capitata, Dalea carthagenensis, Dalea cf. bicolor, Dalea leucosericea, Dalea lutea var. gigantea: woody subshrubs to 1 m of waste areas in oak woodland at 2000-2300 m; whole plant used as a broom; may be extended to include Nama cf. sericeum (Hydrophyllaceae) or Amelanchier denticulata (Rosaceae); see also gbày tǽ (Helianthemum glomeratum, Cistaceae). Desmodium Desmodium amplifolium Hemsl. Desmodium aparines (Link) DC. Desmodium cf. asperum Desv. Desmodium cf. conzattii Standley Desmodium grahamii Gray Desmodium cf. macrostachyum Hemsl. Desmodium orbiculare Schl. 244) yàg-dòo-guìd [`tree/shrub´ + `mecate´ + `skin´] (= bárr-dòo-guìd [`stem<sp>´ + `mecate´ + `skin´], guìzh-dòo-nlǎ [`herb´ + `mecate´ + `bitter´]), Desmodium amplifolium, Desmodium aparines, Desmodium cf. conzattii ^[[FabDesSpc1]]: shrub to 1 m, small purple pea-shaped flowers in spikes; bark peels easily and is used for temporary lashings, hence the name. 245) guìzh-clâv [`herb´ + `nail<sp>´], Desmodium cf. macrostachyum ^[[FabDesMac1]], ^[[FabDesMac9]]: a tall weedy herb of fallow gardens in town; no use cited. *239b) bæ̌æl-cuìrr-làs [`meat´ + `hanging´ + `slender/small´]: Desmodium orbiculare, Nissolia fruticosa. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`tree´ + Y], Desmodium cf. asperum. Erythrina Erythrina americana Miller Erythrina montana Rose & Standley Erythrina sousae Krukoff & Barneby 246) yàg-ptǒots [`tree´ + Y] (= yàg-pǐp [`tree/shrub´ + `pipe<sp>´], Erythrina americana, tzompantle (< Nahuatl), colorín, coral bean tree ^[[FabEryAme1]]: deciduous tree to 10 m, trunk with short spines; planted in living fences near town; leaves fall by January with showy red-orange tubular flowers appearing shortly thereafter; flowers used by children to make whistles; necklaces sometimes made of the shiny red and black seeds; wood for firewood; flowers and tender young leaves edible; cf. Caballero, “Zompantle“ (1998:53) with “pichijlla“ from Cordova. 247) x-càa-mèr-gòl [`its testicles´ + `tom turkey´], Erythrina montana, Erythrina sousae: very spiny shrub to 3 m, of arroyos in pine-oak forest, at 2000-2270 m; leaves large, tri-partite; black seeds used as counters in a game of deception. Eysenhardtia Eysenhardtia platycarpa Pennell & Safford ex Pennell Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. 248) yàg-guièe-guiâ [`tree´ + Y], Eysenhardtia platycarpa, Eysenhardtia cf. polystachea, cuatle, jocotil ^[[FabEysPol1]], ^[[FabEysPol2]]: uncommon trees to 8 m, planted in town or of rocky places in oak woodland at 2050-2240 m; Eysenhardtia platycarpa flowers October-December, is a tree to 10 m; Eysenhardtia polystachea is a shrub 1-3 m tall (McVaugh 1987); inflorescence a spike of tiny, white, highly fragrant flowers in October, attractive to bees; flowers hung in doorways to repel flies, which dislike the strong sweet scent; bark is used in a medicinal concoction for empacho (èmpâch), combined with Chenopodium graveolens and the bark of Leucaena spp. and Plumeria rubra, drunk as tea; also eaten in combination with Dalea foliolosa and Chenopodium graveolens for asco `disgust´, as for example, at the sight of a dead rat; heartwood very hard, used for plough shares and house beam pins (cuñas); excellent firewood; two varieties may be recognized: 248a) yàg-guièe-guiâ[-0], the prototype, Eysenhardtia platycarpa; 248b) yàg-guièe-guiâ-měets [`tree´ + Y + `louse´], Indigofera sp. ?: shrub to 2 m, red flowers; guajes are edible. Indigofera Indigofera jaliscensis Rose Indigofera miniata Orteg. *248b) yàg-guièe-guiâ-měets [`tree´ + Y + `louse´] (= nlìzho-měets [`?´ + `louse´], Indigofera sp. ?: shrub to 2 m, red flowers; guajes are edible; see also Calliandra spp., above. 249) yàg-guièe-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `black´] (= yàg-guièe-guiâ-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `black´], yag-nlìbâd [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´]), Indigofera jaliscensis ^[[FabIndJal1]]: unarmed shrub; once-pinnate leaves with rounded leaflets; little fat pods, e.g., at 2400 m; also called yag-nlìbâd [`tree/shrub´ + `guaje´]), an extension of the term for Leucaena spp. G) guièe-lbæ̀-ròsâd [`flower´ + `vine´ + `rose-colored<sp>´], Indigofera miniata ^[[FabIndMin1]]; or měy-tînt [`mushroom´ + `dye<sp>´] for Indigofera miniata: name may be in error, confused with a mushroom of that name. Lotus Lotus sp. NON) yàg-guìzh-nlìbâd [`tree/shrub´ + `herb´ + `guaje´], Lotus sp., cf. ^[[FabLotRep9]]. Lupinus Lupinus campestris Schldl. & Cham. Lupinus montanus H.B.K. Lupinus jaimehintoniana B. L. Turner 250) guièe-bziàa [`flower´ + `bean´] (= guìzh-bziàa [`herb´ + `bean´], bziàa-dán [`bean´ + `forest/wild´]), Lupinus campestris ^[[FabLupCam1]], Lupinus montanus ^[[FabLupMon1]], ^[[FabLupMon2]], ^[[FabLupMon9]]: shrubs to ca. 1 m; Lupinus campestris is fairly common near town and in pine-oak forests at 1550-2400 m), Lupinus montanus grows with Lupinus jaimehintoniana at high elevations, e.g., 3450 m; may be extended to include Astragalus guatemalensis, Cologania sp., Crotalaria sagittalis, Dalea sp., Phaseolus coccineus; cf. yàg-guièe-bziàa [`tree´ + `flower´ + `bean´] Lupinus jaimehintoniana. 251) yàg-guièe-bziàa [`tree´ + `flower´ + `bean´] (= pxǐizh-guiê [`chepíl´ + `rain´], Lupinus jaimehintoniana (Turner 1995) ^[[FabLupJai1]]: tree to 8 m of Pinus hartwegii forest openings, at 2900-3450 m; large size attributed to mountain soils by PMZ. Macroptilium Macroptilium atropurpureum (Sesse & Mociño ex DC.) Urban Macroptilium gibbosifolium (Ort.) Delgado G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`tree/shrub´ + `vine´] (= guìzh-lbæ̀-mòrâd [`tree/shrub´ + `vine´ + `purple<sp>´]), Macroptilium atropurpureum ^[[FabMacAtr9]], Macroptilium gibbosifolium: trailing vine to 50 cm at 2000-2270 m, spherical tuberous root; small tri-partite leaves; rose-colored flowers; fodder for rabbits; no distinctive name nor use cited; cf. Caballero, “Bezeco“ (1998:66); note the Zapotec term “pizáacóo“ from Marcus and Flannery (1996), literally `frijol de tubérculo´, and contemporary “bisya-gu.” Medicago Medicago denticulata Willd. (= Medicago polymorpha L.) Medicago lupulina L. Medicago polymorpha L. (= Medicago denticulata Willd. and Medicago hispida) Medicago sativa L. 252) frôw [`clover<sp>´] (= lbæ̀-frôw [`vine´ + `clover<sp>´], guìzh-frôw [`herb´ + `alfalfa<sp>´]), Medicago lupulina ^[[FabMedLup1]], Medicago denticulata, Medicago polymorpha ^[[FabMedPol9]], Medicago sativa, medic, hop clover, alfalfa: weedy vine to 0.5 m of humid ground; spiny-margined coiled fruits; fodder for rabbits; may be extended to include Trifolium amabile. 253) àlfâlf [`alfalfa<sp>´] (= guìzh-frôw [`herb´ + `alfalfa<sp>´], guìzh-àlfâlf [`herb´ + `alfalfa<sp>´]), Medicago sativa, alfalfa; may also include Melilotus alba and Melilotus indicus ^[[FabMelInd1]] ^[[FabMelInd9]], sweet clover: annual weeds of pasture and disturbed ground; planted from seed; medicine for nervios `nerves´ or `irritation´ (“cuando se pone enfadada”; grind and eat raw; it is `cold´; also for animal fodder. Melilotus Melilotus alba Medikus Melilotus indicus (L.) All. *253) álfâlf [`alfalfa<sp>´] (= guìzh-àlfâlf [`herb´ + `alfalfa<sp>´]), Melilotus alba, Melilotus indicus, sweet clover ^FabMelOff1, cf. ^[[FabMelInd9]]; may also include Medicago sativa: annual weeds of pasture and disturbed ground; planted from seed; medicine for nervios `nerves´ or `irritation´ (“cuando se pone enfadada”); grind and eat raw; it is `cold´; also for animal fodder. Nissolia Nissolia fruticosa Jacq. *239b) bæ̌æl-cuìrr-làs (`Canavalia sp.´ + `small/slender´), Nissolia fruticosa. Pachyrrhizus Pachyrrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. 254) gù-guìib1 [`tuber´ + `metal´], Pachyrrhizus erosus ^[[FabPacEro9]], jícama: not grown in San Juan Gbëë; bought in the Miahuatlán market; see also Ipomoea muricatisepala (Convolvulaceae), called by the same name. Phaseolus Phaseolus coccineus L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. 255) nguìs-guièe [X + `flower´] (= nguìs-guièe-dán [X + `flower´ + `forest/wild´]), Phaseolus coccineus: clambering vine of canyons in pine forests, at 2070-2600 m; rough tri-partite leaves; red-orange flowers cooked in a special yellow mole sauce; if not recognized, simply described as guièe-bziàa [`flower´ + `bean´] or guìzh-guièe [`herb´ + `flower´]. 256) blǎ-dǐp [X + Y] (= dzè-díp [X + Y], bziàa-díp [`bean´ + Y]), Phaseolus sp.: wild trailing vine with orangish flowers (cf. Phaseolus coccineus), or possibly naturalized cultivated bean or Phaseolus coccineus ^[[FabPhaVul4]]; at e.g., 2240 m: medicinal for skin problems; blǎ < blâg, lit. `hoja de pasto´. G) lbæ̀-gù [`vine´ + `tuber´], Phaseolus sp.: trailing vine at e.g., 1960 m; reddish flowers, twisted keel; tri-partite leaf; tuberous root; children use tuber as a toy; see Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae. 257) lbæ̀-bziàa [`vine´ + `bean´] (= bziàa [`bean´], bziàa-wlàt [`bean´ + `real´]), Phaseolus vulgaris: frijoles, cultivated beans ^[[FabPhaVul1]], ^[[FabPhaVul2]]; several cultivated varieties recognized: with pods (ejotes), purple or green, the latter turn light tan later; the purple ones are good to eat shell and all (after boiling); not so the green-husked ones; the beans themselves are black, speckled, white, red-orangish, and yellowish-brown; plus a small/slender black variety ^[[FabPhaVul3]]; they breed true (they apparently vary in other ways still to be recorded), as follows: 257a) bziàa-nguǎts [`bean´ + `black´] (= bziàa-ngǎs [`bean´ + `black´]), Phaseolus vulgaris var.: prototypical variety with large black seeds; planted in June, harvested in October, November, or in dry years, December; 257b) bziàa-guiès [`bean´ + `pot´], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: variety with large black seeds; may be synonymous with bziàa-nguǎts; 257c) bziàa-làs [`bean´ + `slender/small´], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: small, black bean; does not climb, so preferred for planting with corn, as it won´t “choke” the corn plants, climbing up and knocking down the stalks; 257d) bziàa-nquǐts [`bean´ + `white´], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: variety with white seeds; 257e) bziàa-dùuzh [`bean´ + `pod´], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: beans with edible pods; planted in June, harvested October to December; several varieties distinguished by bean color and pattern, as follows: 257e1) bziàa-dùuzh-nguěts [`bean´ + `pod´ + `yellow´] (= bziàa-nguěts [`bean´ + `yellow´]), Phaseolus vulgaris var.: variety of pod-bean with yellow seeds; 257e2) bziàa-dùuzh-nìizhniê [`bean´ + `pod´ + `red´], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: variety of pod-bean with red seeds; 257e3) bziàa-dùuzh-nguǎts [`bean´ + `pod´ + `black´] (= bziàa-dùuzh-pînt-nguǎts [`bean´ + `pod´ + `spotted<sp>´ + `black´]), Phaseolus vulgaris var.: creole variety of pod-bean with black and white seeds; 257f) bziàa-bày [`bean´ + `Y´] (= bziàa-dán [`bean´ + `forest/wild´], bziàa-dǐp [`bean´ + `grass´]), Phaseolus vulgaris var.: creole variety with mottled seed; planted at higher elevations (yǎ-guì); 257g) bziàa-bnudz [`bean´ + Y], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: grows wild; 257h) bziàa-dìp [`bean´ + Y], Phaseolus vulgaris ^[[FabPhaVul4]] var.: beans that have escaped from cultivation; name refers to the poor soils where they grow; 257i) bziàa-cònàsúpò [`bean´ + `conasupo<sp>´], Phaseolus vulgaris var.: commercial variety sold by the federal cooperative. *258) bziàa-lbêrj [`bean´ + `garden pea<sp>´], Pisum sativum, arveja, garden pea ^[[FabPisSat1]], ^[[FabPisSat2]]: occasionally planted with Phaseolus vulgaris in milpas, especially at higher elevation. *259) bziàa-nàad [`bean´ + `sticky´], Rhynchosia discolor: clambering vine of rocky ground at e.g., 2400 m; fodder for goats. *261) bziàa-xtîl [`bean´ + `Castilian<sp>´], Vicia faba, haba, faba bean ^[[FabVicFab1]]: occasionally planted with Phaseolus vulgaris in milpas, especially above 2000 m. *262) bziàa-bǐch [`bean´ + `cat<Nahuatl <sp>´], Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata, blackeyed pea, cowpea: the cowpea is a tropical vine, originally cultivated in Africa; planted in hot country, two varieties are recognized: *262a) bziàa-bǐch-nguǎts [`bean´ + `cat<Nahuatl <sp>´ + `black´], Vigna unguiculata, variety; *262b) bziàa-bǐch-nguěts [`bean´ + `cat<Nahuatl <sp>´ + `yellow´], Vigna unguiculata, variety. Pisum Pisum sativum L. 258) lbêrj [`garden pea<sp>´] (= bziàa-lbêrj [`bean´ + `garden pea<sp>´]), Pisum sativum, arveja, garden pea ^[[FabPisSat1]], ^[[FabPisSat2]]: occasionally planted with Phaseolus vulgaris in milpas, especially at higher elevations. Psoralea Psoralea rhombifolia Torr. & Gray G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], Psoralea rhombifolia ^[[FabPsoRho9]]. Rhynchosia Rhynchosia discolor Martens & Galeotti Rhynchosia macrocarpa Benth. 259) bziàa-nàad [`bean´ + `sticky´], Rhynchosia macrocarpa, also called bæ̌æl-cuìrr [`Canavalia´] or lbæ̀-cuìrr [`vine´ + `hanging´]: clambering vine of rocky ground at e.g., 2400 m; fodder for goats; cf. Caballero, “Hierba de la Cazampulga“ (1998:66-67), the seeds used to treat black-widow spider bites, due to physical resemblance of the black and red seeds of Rhynchosia precatoria to that spider. Trifolium Trifolium amabile Kunth 260) dǐp-rên [`grass´ + `blood´] (= guièe-frôw [`flower´ + `clover<sp>´]), Trifolium amabile, clover ^[[FabTriAma1]]: low weedy herb to 10 cm; long tap root; tri-partite leaves; white flowers; medicinal; fodder for livestock; decoration; for composting; if not recognized may be described as guìzh-dán [`herb´ + `forest/wild´] or guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´]). Vicia Vicia faba L. Vicia pulchella Kunth ssp. pulchella 261) bziàa-xtîl [`bean´ + `Castilian<sp>´], Vicia faba, haba, faba bean ^[[FabVicFab1]]: occasionally planted with Phaseolus vulgaris in milpas, especially above 2000 m.; eaten in soups and sauces; it is `cold´. G) guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `white´], Vicia pulchella ^[[FabVicPul9]]: slender clambering vine of damp arroyos; spike of tiny white flowers; no use cited. Vigna Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata 262) bziàa-bǐch [`bean´ + `cat<Nahuatl via sp´], Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata, blackeyed pea, cowpea: the cowpea is a tropical vine, originally cultivated in Africa; planted in hot country: [unlikely to be Cicer arietinum L., garbanzo, chickpea; (rare in Mexico, fide McVaugh 1987)]; two varieties recognized: 262a) bziàa-bǐch-nguǎts [`bean´ + `cat<Nahuatl via sp´ + `black´], Vigna unguiculata, variety; 262b) bziàa-bǐch-nguěts [`bean´ + `cat<Nahuatl via sp´ + `yellow´], Vigna unguiculata, variety. Zornia Zornia reticulata J. E. Smith 263) guìzh-càdên [`herb´ + `chain<sp>´], (= guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), Zornia reticulata (originally identified as Zornia cf. diphylla (L.) Pers., an Asian species) ^[[FabZorRet1]], ^[[FabZorRet2]]: scandent herbs of overgrazed area, to 10 cm; small yellow pea-shaped flowers enclosed in small round entire overlapping bracts, thus resembling a chain. NON) guìzh-làa-tó [`herb´ + `sensitive´], guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], or lbæ̀-dùuzh [`vine´ + `green bean´], Zornia sp.: small shrub; touch sensitive two-lobed leaves; yellow flowers; possibly confused with Mimosa albida. FAGACEAEQuercus Quercus acutifolia Née Quercus castanea Née Quercus conzattii Trel. Quercus crassifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus deserticola Trelease Quercus glaucoides Mart. & Gal. Quercus laurina Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus liebmanii Oersted Quercus magnoliifolia Née Quercus obtusata Humb. & Bonpl. Quercus peduncularis Née Quercus rugosa Née Quercus sebifera Trelease 264) yàg-xìid [`tree/shrub´ + `tangled´] (= yag-yù [`tree/shrub´ + `land´]), Quercus castanea, the prototype, sometimes extended to include Quercus obtusata, and possibly a shrubby species, Quercus sp.; three varieties may be recognized: 264a) yàg-xìid-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `tangled´ + `slender/small´] (= yàg-xìid[-0], yag-yù [`tree/shrub´ + `land´]), Quercus castanea ^[[FagQueCas1]], ^[[FagQueCas2]], ^[[FagQueCas3]]: very common 1950-2300 m, to 8 m, tardily deciduous with new leaves in April and mature acorns in November; in common with other oaks, it is important as a source of firewood; acorns are food for woodpeckers, squirrels; 264b) yàg-xìid-mběe [`tree/shrub´ + `tangled´ + `large´] (= yàg-xìid-diè [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `powder/dust´]), Quercus obtusata ^[[FagQueObt2]], for some includes Quercus peduncularis, though this species is more often considered a type of yàg-pxù, see below): uncommon tree within the range of the prototype, to 10 m, bark dark, roughly broken into squarish blocks; wood judged of superior durability, thus selected for posts, etc.; 264c) yàg-xìid-zhǐil [`tree/shrub´ + `tangled´ + `cotton´], Quercus sp.: a single population noted of this shrubby species, to 1.5 m; may simply be a variant dwarfed by poor soils. *332) yàg-xìid-sêd [`Quercus castanea´ + `silk<sp>´], Myrica cerifera (Myricaceae): shrub to 1 m of pine forest understory; so called because of resemblance to the namesake oak (Quercus castanea, Fagaceae, which see) and because people used to grow silk worms (mèel̲-zhêl) on the leaves; it is not considered to be a kind of “oak,” however, as it lacks acorns (mgàg); wood for firewood. 265) yàg-pxû [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Quercus glaucoides, is the prototype: extended to include four or five less common species of oak; these are distinguished, as follows: 265a) yàg-pxû[-0], Quercus glaucoides ^[[FagQueGla1]], ^[[FagQueGla3]]: common tree 1800-2240 m, to 10m, bark light gray, soft, broken into vertical rectangles in older trees; leaves glaucous above; 265b) yàg-pxû-yâas [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `black´] (= yàg-pxû-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `black´]), Quercus liebmannii ^[[FagQueLie1]], ^[[FagQueLie2]]: this is a substantial tree with leaves somewhat similar to those of Quercus magnoliifolia but narrower; noted in neighboring Santa Catarina Quioquitani at 1900 m and common along the road above San Cristobal Amatlán; not common in San Juan; 265c) yàg-pxù-yěets [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `yellowish´] (= yàg-pxû-diè [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `powder/dust´], Quercus peduncularis; may include as well the rare Quercus deserticola: Quercus peduncularis is a tree common in canyons in the pine-fir zone at 2400-2760 m; may also be treated as yàg-xìid-mběe, see below; Quercus deserticola is known from a single collection near town; 265d) yàg-pxû-làs [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `slender/small´], Quercus sebifera ^[[FagQueSeb2]]: a shrubby oak to 2 m with small, holly-like leaves; found at several locations in the tropical deciduous woodland at 1800-1850 m; may be used for firewood; acorns may be eaten by goats. 266) yàg-zhòg [`tree/shrub´ + `rough´], prototype is Quercus conzattii, may also include Quercus crassifolia: 266a) yàg-zhòg-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `rough´ + `white´] (= yàg-zhòg[-0], Quercus conzattii ^[[FagQueCon2]]: common tree to 9 m, 2000-2400 m, replaced above by Quercus crassifolia; Quercus conzattii characterized by large, thick, convex “spoon-shaped” (“cucharada”) leaves; young foliage covered with red powder ^[[FagQueCon1]]; wood is “white”; without “heart” (sin corazón); for firewood; leaves used as “nests” for pine-cone “livestock” during the Fiestas de la Santa Cruz (May 3, September 14) and the Fiesta de San Isidro (May 15), when San Juan families climb to the summit of Cerro San Isidro (Guìc-dzûb) to petition for rain and a productive season; 266b) yàg-zhòg-diè [`tree/shrub´ + `rough´ + `powder/dust´] (= yàg-zhòg-yàas [`tree/shrub´ + `rough´ + `black´]), Quercus crassifolia ^[[FagQueCra1]]; may include two similar species which are far less common, Quercus laeta and Quercus rugosa: a characteristic hardwood of the pine forest zone above 2300 m, replacing the former above 2400 m to ca. 2500+ m; may grow to 25 m; leaves thick, covered below by whitish to brownish felt, hence the attributive diè `dust´, but flatter than those of Quercus conzattii; wood described variously as `yellow´ or `black´, with “heart” (corazón), used for firewood, but also selected for plough shafts and horcones (forked posts). 267) yàg-rèdz [`tree/shrub´ + `turns yellow´], Quercus magnoliifolia ^[[FagQueMag1]]: common tree 2000-2150 m; one large tree measured 115 cm circumference at breast height; bark on old trees light gray with deep vertical fissures; leaves very large, turning yellow and falling in winter; the name may allude to the yellowing of leaves in winter; leaves used to pack apples in order to bring out the yellow color; wood for firewood; two locations along the ridge trail north of San Juan are named after this tree. *341) yàg-rèdz-bêy [`tree/shrub´ + `turns yellow´ + `rebozo´] (= yàg-frêsm [`tree/shrub´ + `ash<sp>´]): Fraxinus uhdei (Oleaceae): not considered to be a kind of “oak,” despite the name. 268) yàg-lbìis [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Quercus acutifolia ^[[FagQueAcu1]], Quercus laurina ^[[FagQueLau1]]: Quercus acutifolia is a slender tree of canyons at 2000-2100 m with thin, deciduous leaves; Quercus laurina has similar leaves, though typically smaller, darker green, and somewhat thicker, but is characteristic of pine forests at 2450-2900 m; one huge individual at 2640 m measured 490 cm in circumference at breast height; wood is notably strong and straight grained, selected for ax handles and plough shafts; special in having very hard, straight wood. FOUQUIERIACEAEFouquieria Fouquieria formosa L. 269) yàg-guièts-zhìg [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + Y] (= yàg-guièe-zhìg [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Y]), Fouquieria formosa ^[[FoqFouFor1]], ^[[FoqFouFor9]]: spiny shrub to 3 m with showy red flowers; frequently planted in living fences; medicine for cold sores (granos de los labios); chew buds or young flowers. GARRYACEAEGarrya Garrya laurifolia Hartw. Garrya longifolia Rose 270) yàg-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `black´] (= yàg-lǎy-blàd-nàal̲ [`Cercocarpus macrophylla´ + `bark´ + `thick´]), Garrya laurifolia: may also include (or be confused with, more likely) Salix nigra and/or Salix oxylepis (Salicaceae): small tree, to 5 m, of steep rocky slopes in pine forest, uncommon from 2000-2700 m, with blackish bark and wood; firewood only; likened to Cercocarpus macrophylla, the prototypical yàg-lǎy, but distinguished by thick bark. GERANIACEAEErodium Erodium cicutarium (L.) L´Hér. ex Aiton 271) guìzh-gûzh [`herb´ + `needle´] (= guièe-gûzh [`flower´ + `needle´]), Erodium cicutarium ^[[GerEroCic2]]; may also include Geranium lilacinum: weed, named for needle-like seedpods, used as toy swords by children. Geranium Geranium bellum Rose Geranium crenatifolium Moore Geranium lactum Small. Geranium lilacinum Kunth Geranium cf. mexicanum Kunth Geranium schiedianum Schldl. Geranium seemannii Peyr. 272) guìzh-frês [`flower´ + `strawberry<sp>´], Geranium crenatifolium, Geranium cf. mexicanum: weedy herbs; fodder for livestock and for composting the milpa. G) guièe-guìzh-mòrâd [`flower´ + `herb´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guièe-cônch [`flower´ + `conch<sp>´], guièe-jèrân-mòrâd [`Pelargonium´ + `purple<sp>´]), Geranium bellum ^[[GerGerBel1]], Geranium lactum, Geranium seemannii. G) guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´], Geranium schiedianum ^[[GerGerSch1]]. NON) guièe-cònêf [`flower´ + `rabbit<sp>´], Geranium sp.: food for rabbits; may not be consistently distinguished from guìzh-frês; said to be planted from seed in gardens. Pelargonium Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L´Hérit Pelargonium zonale (L.) L´Hérit 273) guièe-jèrân [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale ^[[GerPelHor1]], geranio, solferino, geranium: common garden ornamental, originally from South Africa; planted from cuttings; flowers at all seasons; some say it is a medicine for burns; leaves ground, pasted on; two or three specific types and eight color varieties may be distinguished: 273a) guièe-jèrân[-0] Pelargonium zonale: varieties distinguished by color and form, as follows: 273a1) guièe-jèrân-bajito [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `dark<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a2) guièe-jèrân-dè-rósà [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `rose-colored<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a3) guièe-jèrân-guìndâ [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `wild cherry<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a4) guièe-jèrân-mòrâd [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `purple<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a5) guièe-jèrân-nàrânj [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `orange<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a6) guièe-jèrân-nquǐts [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `white´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a7) guièe-jèrân-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `red´], Pelargonium zonale var.; 273a8) guièe-jèrân-sùlfèrîn [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `solferino<sp>´], Pelargonium zonale var.; medicinal, the color is reddish-purple, cf. guinda `wild cherry´, thus possibly synonymous with guièe-jèrân-guìndâ, see above; grind leaves, apply to burns. 273b) guièe-jèrân-strànjêr [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `foreign<sp>´], Pelargonium sp.: considered distinct from all other guièe-jèrân forms. 273c) guièe-jèrân-lbæ̀ [`flower´ + `geranium<sp>´ + `vine´], Pelargonium peltatum: a vining geranium, occasionally planted in town gardens. GROSSULARIACEAERibes Ribes ciliatum Roemes & Schultes 274) xín-yàg-yàal̲ [`relative of´ + `copal tree´], Ribes ciliatum: shrub to 3 m of high elevation stream courses; so called for odor reminiscent of yàg-yàal̲, Bursera spp. (Burseraceae), the copal tree. HEMEROCALLIDACEAE (has been included in the AGAVACEAE)Hemerocallis Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´] (= guièe-sùzênà [`flower´ + `lily<sp>´]), Hemerocallis fulva, day lily: cultivated ornamental flower native to East Asia; planted from tubers in local home gardens. HYDRANGEACEAEHydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. in DC. (= Hydrangea hortensis DC.) 275) guièe-hòrtêns [`flower´ + `hortensia<sp>´], Hydrangea macrophylla, hydrangea: cultivated ornamental originally from Japan, planted in town gardens; flowers in summer. HYDROPHYLLACEAENama Nama cf. sericeum (Cav.) Spreng. G) gbày-dán [`broom´ + `forest/wild´], Nama cf. sericeum; see also Dalea spp. (Fabaceae). Phacelia Phacelia platycarpa Spreng G) guièe[-0] [`flower´ + unmarked], Phacelia platycarpa ^[[HydPhaPla1]]: shrub to 1 m, blue flowers in cymes. Wigandia Wigandia urens Ruiz & Pav. 276) blàg-wê [`leaf´ + Y], Wigandia urens, hoja de San Pablo ^[[HydWigUre1]]: tall weedy shrub to 4 m, huge coarsely hairy leaves, purple flowers; common along roads; medicine for “fright”: grind Wigandia leaf with madrone flowers (Arbutus xalapensis, Ericaceae); also for coughs, “air in the body” (aire en el cuerpo); apply leaf as a plaster (cataplasma); leaf also for trapping fleas; place leaf on the floor under the bed, then burn the fleas with the leaf; apples and other commercial fruits wrapped in the leaves to hasten their maturation; an edible larva (mtsàn-blàg-wé or mèel̲-ziè), pink-colored, 2 cm long, is dug up from the roots, put in mezcal for flavor or eaten; sold in Miahuatlán for 20 pesos a dozen, July to October; two varieties of blàg-wê are recognized, with and without spines: 276a) blàg-wê-zhǐil [`leaf´ + Y + `cotton´], Wigandia urens var.: leaves have glands (bellos); leaves are larger and sticky; 276b) blàg-wê-guièts [`leaf´ + Y + `spine´] (= blàg-wê[-0] [`leaf´ + Y + unmarked], Wigandia urens var.: leaves have irritating hairs or spines. ILLICIACEAEIllicium Illicium verum Hook. 277) ptsìidz [`X´], Illicium verum, anís estrella: this is not grown in San Juan but local herbalists buy the dried fruits in local markets to prepare a composite treatment for “aire caliente”; the treatment involves a mixture of such exotic ingredients as this with cancerina (unidentified) and guaco (perhaps Aristolochia sp., Aristolochiaceae), with locally-grown plants, rue (Ruta chalepensis) and horehound (Marrubium vulgare); according to Martínez (1979:60), the term refers to the star-shaped fruits of this Chinese shrub. IRIDACEAEGladiolus Gladiolus x hortulanus L. Bailey 278) guièe-glàdiôl [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´], Gladiolus x hortulanus: popular garden ornamental of Old World origin; planted from seeds or corms; flowers June through August; several varieties recognized based on flower color, as follows: 278a) guièe-glàdiôl-nàrânj [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´ + `orange<sp>´], Gladiolus x hortulanus variety; 278b) guièe-glàdiôl-mèlôn [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´ + `melon<sp>´], Gladiolus x hortulanus variety; 278c) guièe-glàdiôl-nguěts [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´ + `yellow´], Gladiolus x hortulanus variety; 278d) guièe-glàdiôl-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´ + `red´], Gladiolus x hortulanus variety; 278e) guièe-glàdiôl-nquǐts [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´ + `white´], Gladiolus x hortulanus variety; 278f) guièe-glàdiôl-ròsâd [`flower´ + `gladiolus<sp>´ + `rose-colored<sp>´], Gladiolus x hortulanus variety. Iris Iris sp. UN) Iris sp., lirio blanco, white iris: cultivated ornamental occasionally planted in town gardens; purchased in Miahuatlán; flowers in the rainy season; no Zapotec name known. Nemastylis Nemastylis cf. tenuis (Baer) Benth. UN) Nemastylis cf. tenuis ^[[IriNemTen1]]: low but showy herb of overgrazed slopes; no Zapotec name known. Rigidelia Rigidelia orthantha Lam. 279) guìzh-ncuàan2 [`herb´ + `poison/medicine´] (= guìzh-gây [`herb´ + `rooster<sp>´], sàbàdí [X<sp>]): Rigidelia orthantha ^[[IriRigOrt1]], red or orange flowered, 3-petals: in pine forest at 2900 m; poisonous to donkeys, mules, oxen; found in the mountains; can cure this poisoning by feeding the animal salt, garlic, and chili. Sisyrhinchium Sisyrhinchium cf. bracteatum Greenm. Sisyrhinchium convolutum Nocca *349) guìzh-blàg-dòoz [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `corn field´] (= guìzh-dòoz [`herb´ + `corn field´]), Sisyrhinchium convolutum: in pine forest at 2900 m. G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´] (= guìzh-gòdz [`herb´ + `swamp´]), Sisyrhinchium cf. bracteatum ^[[IriSisSpc1]]: weedy wildflower of overgrazed fields near town. Tigridia Tigridia pavonia L. 280) guièe-pànît [`flower´ + `handkerchief/scarf<sp>´], Tigridia pavonia, flor de pañuelos, tiger flower: cultivated ornamental planted from seed; native to Mexico; flower opens for just an hour. Tritonia Tritonia (Crocosmia) crocosmiflora Nichols 281) guièe-gàyît [`flower´ + `chick<sp>´] (= guièe-tèrèsít1 [`flower´ + `teresita<sp>´], guièe-jòsèfîn [`flower´ + `Josephine<sp>´]), guièe-nàrânj [`flower´ + `orange<sp>´]), Tritonia (Crocosmia) crocosmiflora, montbresia: garden ornamental; see Polianthes tuberosa (Agavaceae). JUNCACEAEJuncus Juncus spp. *366) guìzh-dǐp [`grass´]: general term for most Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, and Poaceae; a number of named specific subdivisions are recognized; those that apply to species of Juncaceae are listed below (others that apply to various Cyperaceae and Poaceae are treated under their respective family headings): *366c) guìzh-dǐp-guièe [`grass´ + `flower´] (= guìzh-dǐp-zhǐil [`grass´ + `cotton´]), prototype is Melinus repens: abundant roadside weedy grass; mature panicle quite showy; may be extended to include Juncus sp.; Kyllinga pumila (Cyperaceae). *366j) guìzh-gòdz [`herb´ + `swamp´] (= guìzh-dǐp-gòdz [`grass´ + `marsh´], guìzh-dǐp-sàntîsm [`grass´ + `<sp>´]), Juncus sp.: herb of swampy ground; fodder for livestock and for decoration. *366n) guìzh-dǐp-dùr [`grass´ + `pine needle´], Juncus sp.: herb of overgrazed pasture with leaves like pine-needles, thus the name. Luzula Luzula sp. UN) Luzula sp. KRAMERIACEAEKrameria Krameria cuspidata Presl. Krameria cytisoides Cav. 282) yàg-ngùrǔdz [`tree/shrub´ + `black fly´] (= guìzh-ngùrǔdz [`herb´ + `black fly´], guìzh-ngùrǔdz-mîdz [`herb´ + `black fly´ + `seed´], yàg-ngùrǔdz-guièts [`tree/shrub´ + `black fly´ + `spine´], yàg-blàg-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `leaf´ + `slender/small´]), Krameria cuspidata ^[[KrmKraCus1]], Krameria cytisoides: uncommon shrub to 1.5 m of matorral in tropical deciduous woodland; odd salmon-pink flowers; fruit capsules covered with hooked spines; not consistently named; may be used for firewood, as brooms; cattle fodder; decoration. LAMIACEAEHyptis Hyptis albida Kunth Hyptis suaveolens Poit. *438d) yàg-guièdz-zân-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `childbirth´ + `slender/small´], Hyptis albida, of the Lamiaceae, was labeled yàg-guièdz-zân-làs, perhaps for the superficially similar texture of the leaves to yàg-guièdz-zân, prototypically Solanum lanceolatum (Solanaceae); unlike the prototype, this species is not used medicinally. NON) guìzh-zêd [`herb´ + `salt´], Hyptis suaveolens. Leonotis Leonotis nepetaefolia (L.) R. Br. 283) guièe-guièts [`flower´ + `spine´] (= guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´], guìzh-pèlôt [`herb´ + `ball<sp>´]), Leonotis nepetaefolia ^[[LamLeoNep1]]: cultivated and ruderal native ornamental. Marrubium Marrubium vulgare L. 284) màrrûb, màrrùbí, màrrùbiô [`horehound<sp>´] (= guìzh-màrrûb [`herb´ + `horehound<sp>´]), Marrubium vulgare, marrubio, horehound ^[[LamMarVul1]]: wild and cultivated herb, planted from seed; plants collected for sale; quantities are sold in Tehuántepec and Juchitán; medicine for bitter stomach, stomach ache, colic (cólico), latido, or bodily pains; grind leaves, boil, drink as tea or with a shot of mezcal; it is very bitter to drink; also used to treat a disease called wdzìdz, like a nail that passes [through the body] from one side to the other (como clavillo); drink as tea for this; marrubio is “caliente” (nzæ̌æ-w), thus also for frigidity (frialdad); a treatment for aire caliente involves a mixture of such exotic ingredients as anís estrella (Illicium verum, Illiciaceae), cancerina (unidentified), and guaco (perhaps Aristolochia sp., Aristolochiaceae), with locally-grown plants, rue (Ruta chalepensis L.) and horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Mentha Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. (= Mentha rotundifolia (L.) Huds.) 285) guìzh-mònstânz [`herb´ + `monstranza<sp>´], (= mònstânz [`monstranza<sp>´]), Mentha suaveolens ^[[LamMenSua1]]: garden plant; medicine for coughs, boil and drink as tea; it is “caliente”; mix with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae) for a post-partum vaginal douche (lavado vaginal), or drunk post-partum with rosemary, alusema (Salvia lavanduloides), monstranza (Mentha oblongifolia), all of the Lamiaceae, and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae). Micromeria Micromeria chamissonis (Benth.) E. Greene 286) bìt-wàd [X + Y] (= bìt-xtîl [X + `Castillian<sp>´], yêrbàwên [`hierba buena<sp>´]), Micromeria chamissonis ^[[LamMicCha1]]; hierba buena: planted from cuttings in home gardens; medicine for stomach problems, diarrhea; drunk as tea; eaten as a potherb; may be extended to include e.g., Verbena carolina (Verbenaceae) and Cuphea aequipetala (Lythraceae); the latter may be known as yêrbàwên-guiùu `hierba buena of the river´; two varieties are recognized: 286a) bìt-wàd-mòrâd [`hierba buena´ + `purple<sp>´], Micromeria chamissonis var.; 286b) bìt-wàd-nquǐts [`hierba buena´ + `white´], Micromeria chamissonis var. 287) yêrbàwên [`hierba buena<sp>´]), Micromeria sp.; hierba buena: some claim that this is an introduced form distinct from the indigenous cultivar bìt-wàd (see above); it may be distinguished by larger size and broader leaves. Ocimum Ocimum basilicum L. 288) àlbâc, àlbácà [`basil<sp>´] (= guìzh-àlbâc [`herb´ + `basil<sp>´]), Ocimum basilicum, albahaca, basil ^[[LamOciBas1]]: cultivated from seed or a milpa weed; primarily a culinary herb; secondarily used as medicine, as a “limpia” for “fright” or “aire malo”; for head aches, ear aches; it is `cool´ (“medio,” niág); mix with rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae); may also be used as decoration; three varieties may be distinguished, as below: 288a) àlbâc-mòrâd [`basil<sp>´ + `purple<sp>´], Ocimum basilicum var.: purple stems; this is the more powerful variety; 288b) àlbâc-nquǐts [`basil<sp>´ + `white´], Ocimum basilicum var.: white stemmed; not as powerful as àlbâc-mòrâd; 288c) àlbâc-àlfórì [`basil<sp>´ + Y<sp>], Ocimum sp. Origanum Origanum marjorana L. Origanum vulgare L. 289) mèjòrân [`marjoram<sp>´], Origanum marjorana, sweet marjoram: cultivated herb of southern European origin, planted from cuttings; used in mole sauces; leaves steeped for tea. 290) òrêgànò [`oregano<sp>´] (= guìzh-òrêgànò [`herb´ + `oregano<sp>´]), Origanum vulgare, orégano, oregano: cultivated culinary herb of Eurasian origin, planted from seed or cuttings; leaves used in sauces, such as mole; planted most often at high elevations, 2780-3400 m; grown in quantity for sale; may be extended to include Salvia hispanica, a quelite; two varieties recognized: 290a) òrêgànò-mòrâd [`oregano´ + `purple<sp>´], Origanum vulgare var.; 290b) òrêgànò-nquǐts [`oregano´ + `white´], Origanum vulgare, var. Plectranthus Plectranthus cf. australis R. Brown UN) Plectranthus cf. australis, Swedish ivy: Australian vine occasionally planted in San Juan gardens for its ornamental value; not named in Zapotec. Rosmarinus Rosmarinus officinalis L. 291) ròmêrr [`herb´ + `rosemary<sp>´] (= guìzh-ròmêrr [`herb´ + `rosemary<sp>´]), Rosmarinus officinalis, romero, rosemary: garden herb originally from the Mediterraean; medicine, used with Salvia coccinea as a limpia; burned with yàg-lgàzh (Abies guatemalensis, Pinaceae) as a fumigant to “lift airs” (levantar aires); bathe with an infusion for bruises (golpes); after giving birth a woman should drink a glass of a decoction of rosemary with feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae), laurel and avocado leaves (Litsea [Licaria] glaucescens, Persea americana, of the Lauraceae), and the mezonzapote fruit (Licania platypus, Chrysobalanaceae); burn rosemary as a fumigant to “clean” the house, that is, to rid it of bad dreams; also take rosemary for “bad air” (mal aire); after giving birth use rosemary with feverfew for a vaginal douche and/or drink an infusion of rosemary with alusema (Salvia lavanduloides), monstranza (Mentha rotundifolia), and feverfew; three varieties may be recognized: 291a) ròmêrr[-0], Rosmarinus officinalis: the cultivated variety; 291b) ròmêrr-dán [`rosemary<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Rosmarinus sp.: perhaps a wild relative of Rosmarinus officinalis; 291c) ròmêrr-làs [`rosemary<sp>´ + `small/slender´], Aster subulatus (Asteraceae): plant to 1 m of humid ground; narrow leaves, hence the modifier; white flowers; fodder for goats. Salvia Salvia adenophora Fernald Salvia breviflora Moc. & Sesse ex Benth. Salvia cacaliaefolia Benth. Salvia cinnabarina (Muell. & Arg.) Mart. & Gal. Salvia coccinea L. Salvia elegans L. Salvia glechomaefolia Schldl. & Cham. Salvia hispanica L. Salvia lavanduloides Kunth Salvia leucantha Cav. Salvia microphylla H.B.K. Salvia muscuroides Fernald Salvia cf. polystachea Ort. Salvia semiatrata Zucc. Salvia tiliaefolia Vahl. Salvia tricuspidata Mart. & Gal. Salvia vitifolia Benth. UN) Salvia glechomaefolia. G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], guìzh-guièe-mòrâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `purple<sp>´), e.g., Salvia leucantha (garden cultivar) ^[[LamSalLeu1]], Salvia tricuspidata: cultivated and wild flowers; for decoration, fodder, compost. 292) guièe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´] (= guìzh-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `hummingbird´], guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `flower´ + `hummingbird´], guièe-měets [`flower´ + `louse´]), Salvia adenophora, Salvia coccinea ^[[LamSalCoc1]], Salvia cinnabarina, Salvia elegans ^[[LamSalEle1]]: this category includes a number of common wild herbs of various families, most with conspicuous scarlet flowers, a few with orange, yellow, or even blue flowers, attractive to hummingbirds (dzǐn̲g), e.g., Lobelia laxiflora (Campanulaceae); Castilleja spp. (Orobanchaceae), Penstemon spp. and Lamourouxia spp. (Scrophulariaceae); some or all of these are medicinal: for a child´s rash (granos) or to “clean” the body, as a limpia; may be collected to decorate altars; four varieties may be recognized: 292a) guièe-dzǐn̲g[-0] (= guièe-dzǐn̲g-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `red´]), the prototype, cultivated Salvia species; 292b) guièe-dzǐn̲g-dán [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `forest/wild´], non-cultivated species generally; 292c) guièe-dzǐn̲g-sùlfèrîn [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `solferino<sp>´]), Castilleja tenuiflora, Orobanchaceae: a reddish-purple-flowered species, hence the name; 292d) guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g-mòrâd [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `purple<sp>´], Salvia cf. polystachea, Penstemon cf. gentianoides (Scrophulariaceae): with purple flowers. 293) mîrt [`mirto<sp>´] (= guìzh-mîrt [`herb´ + `mirto<sp>´], guièe-mîrt [`flower´ + `mirto<sp>´]), Salvia microphylla, mirto ^[[LamSalMic1]]: garden flower planted from cuttings, native to Mexico and Oaxaca; medicine for stomach problems; used as a limpia with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis); to treat hemorrhage; cultivated; some report that it is “cold” (niág), but most consider it to be “hot” (nzæ̌æ); given its use post-partum, however, it would most likely be considered “hot”; an element of an infusion for women after giving birth, with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), with alusema (Salvia lavanduloides), monstranza (Mentha rotundifolia), and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae). 294) ncuàan-zân-làs [`medicine´ + `childbirth´ + `slender/small´], Salvia breviflora: wild flower of lower elevations; medicine for women in childbirth; taken to regain “heat” after giving birth; it is “caliente”; cf. ncuàan-zân (Calea hypoleuca, Asteraceae). 295) lùsêm [`alusema<sp>´], Salvia lavanduloides ^[[LamSalLav1]], Salvia muscuroides, alusema: native wild herb of forests above town, with a spike of tiny blue flowers; medicine: for a child´s diarrhea, drink an infusion as a tea; drink an infusion of alusema with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), monstranza (Mentha rotundifolia), and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae); burn with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) as a fumigant for “bad aire” (mal aire), to rid a house of “heavy dreams”; it is “cold” (niág); two varieties may be recognized, though it is unclear on what basis: 295a) lùsêm[-0], Salvia lavanduloides: the prototype; 295b) lùsêm-dán [`alusema<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]: Salvia sp. 296) blàg-guìtsiè [`leaf´ + `explodes´] (= xín-lùzêm [`relative of´ + `alusema<sp>´]), Salvia tiliaefolia ^[[LamSalTil1]], ^[[LamSalTil2]]: weedy annual, blue flowers; common in and near town; medicine for a weeping child; bathe with a decoction; do likewise to treat a rash; if not recognized may be called xín-lùsêm [`relative of´ + `Salvia lavanduloides´] ^[[LamSalSpc2]]. G) guièe-àzûl [`flower´ + `blue<sp>´] (= guìzh-làs-azûl [`herb´ + `small/slender´ + `blue<sp>´]), Salvia cacaliaefolia ^[[LamSalCac1]], Salvia vitifolia: a wild flower of pine-oak woodland; blue flowers with a distinctive sickle-shaped hood; no uses noted. G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Salvia semiatrata, Salvia tricuspidata, Salvia vitifolia. Satureja Satureja macrostemma (Benth.) Briq. Satureja mexicana (Benth.) Briq. 297) yàg-wǎas [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= guìzh-wǎas [`herb´ + Y]), Satureja macrostemma, poleo: shrub to 2 m; found in the mountains; foliage used as medicine for stomach ache, “pain of cold” (dolor de frío), “bad air,” hangovers (la cruda); drink as tea or eat with beans; also as an antacid; it is “caliente”; cf. Caballero (1998: 69-70), which cites quiazá (Córdova) and guisa´ (Mitla) as Valley Zapotec terms. Scutellaria Scutellaria sp. G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Scutellaria sp. Stachys Stachys coccinea Jacq. Stachys pilosissima Mart. & Gal. 298) guìzh-zhwǐn [`herb´ + `muiña´] (= guìzh-[zhi-]wìin [`herb´ + poss. + `muiña<sp>´), Stachys coccinea ^[[LamStaCoc1]]: wild flower, broad-lipped, orange-red flowers with yellowish pattern in the throat, of pine-oak woodland; medicine for “sadness” (tristeza), weeping (llanto, wìin), a condition characterized by chronic crying and anxiety in children when separated from their parents; bathe the child in an infusion of the plant, using three branches; or grind the leaves, drink the decoction; two varieties may be distinguished: 298a) guìzh-zhwǐn-mòrâd [`herb´ + `muiña´ + `purple<sp>´], Stachys coccinea, var.; 298b) guìzh-zhwǐn-nìzhniê [`herb´ + `muiña´ + `red<sp>´], Stachys coccinea, var. NON) xín-xòob-mæ̀z [`relative of´ + `corn kernel´ + `fox´], Stachys pilosissima: plant of mountain summits at 3600-3700 m; red tubular flowers; opposite leaves; leaves cooked in sauces; likened to xòob-mæ̀z (Lantana spp., Verbenaceae). Thymus Thymus vulgaris L 299) guìzh-tòmî, tòmî [`herb´ + `thyme´] (= guìzh-scuàan [`herb´ + `condiment´]), Thymus vulgaris, tomillo, thyme: a European herb occasionally planted from cuttings or seed in gardens; it is `hot´; guìzh-scuàan refers to any condiment. LAURACEAECinnamomum Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. (= Cinnamomum verum J. Presl.) 300) yàg-cànêl, cànêl [`tree/shrub´ + `cinnamon´<sp>], Cinnamomum zeylanicum, canelo, cinnamon: South Asian tree planted at lower elevations; bark sold in local markets; for flavoring food. Litsea Litsea (Licaria) glaucescens Kunth 301) yàg-laùrêl1 [`tree/shrub´ + `laurel<sp>´], Litsea glaucescens: a tree to 10 m planted in town for shade and decoration; may refer also to a similar or identical tree to 8 m of pine-oak woodland; flowers smell very pleasant; leaves used in cooking to flavor sauces, such as mole, chili vinagre; leaves used to make a tea, which is “caliente,” used to treat “cold” conditions; medicinal as one element of a compound treatment: after giving birth a woman should drink a glass of a decoction of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae) with feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae), laurel and avocado leaves (Persea americana), and the mezonzapote fruit (Licania platypus, Chrysobalanaceae); see also yàg-laùrêl2, Ficus nitida (Moraceae); two types may be recognized: 301a) yàg-laùrêl[-0], Litsea glaucescens: the cultivated tree, planted in town; 301b) yàg-laùrêl[-dán] [`tree/shrub´ + `laurel<sp>´ [+ `forest/wild´]], Lauraceae sp. ?: a wild shrub or tree of canyons in pine-oak woodland, at 2300-2500 m; aromatic; leaves used in cooking to flavor sauces, such as mole; but see Eugenia mexicana, below. EX301) xín-yàg-laùrêl, Eugenia mexicana, Myrtaceae: a wild shrub to 2 m, flowers in June; wood very hard, used for digging sticks (guìib-gǒn, “coa”) and shovels (“pala”). Persea Persea americana Mill. 302) yàg-ngùd-guièx [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´], Persea americana, aguacate, avocado; tree to 10 m, cultivated in gardens or planted in the riparian zone; planted from seed, mature in three years; fruit eaten and leaves used in cooking as flavoring; medicinal as one element of a compound treatment: after giving birth a woman should drink a glass of a decoction of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae) with feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae), laurel (Litsea glaucescens) and avocado leaves, and the mezonzapote fruit (Licania platypus, Chrysobalanaceae); as medicine, considered to be `cold´ (fresco); three varieties regularly recognized, based on fruit characteristics, as follows: 302a) yàg-ngùd-guièx-pèlôt [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `ball<sp>´] (= yàg-ngùd-guièx-ngǎs [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `black´], yàg-ngùd-guièx-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `small´]:), Persea americana var. ^[[LauPerAme1]]; 302b) yàg-ngùd-guièx-zhàb [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `husk´] (= yàg-ngùd-guièx-pchòg [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `husk´]: Persea americana var.: characterized by thick-skinned fruits; fruiting only in July; said to be more pest resistant; 302c) yàg-ngùd-guièx-ziôol [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `long´] (= yàg-ngùd-guièx-nguiǎ [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `avocado´ + `green´]): Persea americana var. ^[[LauPerAme2]]: characterized by large, elongated fruit; fruiting twice each year, winter and spring. EX302) blàg-guièx-dán [`leaf´ + `avocado´ + `forest/wild´] (= xín-blàg-guièx [`relative of´ + `leaf´ + `avocado´]), Forestiera phillyreoides (Oleaceae). LENTIBULARIACEAEPinguicula Pinguicula acuminata Benth. Pinguicula macrophylla Kunth Pinguicula moranensis H.B.K. 303) diàg-cûch [`ear´ + `pig´] (= guièe-ngùrùdz [`ear´ + `gnat´], guièe-yòob-chèn [`flower´ + `diarrhea´]), Pinguicula macrophylla, Pinguicula moranensis ^[[LntPinMor1]], Mexican butterwort: insectivorous herb of pine forests, round leaves flat on ground; medicine for diarrhea. G) guièe-né-ròw-mièch [`flower´ + `that people eat´], Pinguicula acuminata ^[[LntPinAcu1]], ^[[LntPinAcu2]]: insectivorous herb of pine forests, white flower, narrow attenuate leaves with glandular hairs for catching insects, hence the name. LOASACEAEMentzelia Mentzelia conzatti Greenm. Mentzelia hispida Willd. 304) yàg-làa [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= guièe-yàg-làa [`flower´ + `tree/shrub´ + Z], Mentzelia conzatti ^[[LoaMenCon1]]: tree to 8 m, grows near town; large yellow or orange flowers in January; medicine for sores (ronchas, granos); boil the bark, wash with the infusion; wood for firewood; planted as a living fence; flowers for decoration; relative of guìzh-nàad (Mentzelia hispida). 305) guìzh-nàad2 [`herb´ + `sticky´] (= guièe-nàad [`flower´ + `sticky´]), Mentzelia hispida ^[[LoaMenHis1]], ^[[LoaMenHis9]]: shrub fairly common near town; considered guìzh before it flowers, guièe when in flower; curers use it; medicinal: for hemorrhage in childbirth; drink a tea of the root; Mentzelia hispida is considered a `relative of´ Mentzelia conzatti (“pariente de yàg-làa”); guìzh-nàad is applied to four quite distinct groups of plants which have only their “stickiness” in common: see also guìzh-nàad1 (Baccharis ramulosa, Asteraceae), to guìzh-nàad3 (Plumbago pulchella, Plumbaginaceae), and to guìzh-nàad4 (Galium mexicanum, Rubiaceae). EX305) xín-guìzh-nàad [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `sticky´], Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Scrophulariaceae): low trailing plant, uncommon near town; this is not one of the four “real” or “meru” guìzh-nàad, for which see guìzh-nàad, above. LOGANIACEAEBuddleia Buddleia americana L. Buddleia cordata H.B.K. Buddleia lanceolata Benth. Buddleia parviflora H.B.K. Buddleia sessiliflora H.B.K. 306) blàg-wì [`leaf´ + Y] (= lùdz-ngǒn [`tongue´ + `ox´], yàg-chànêcw [`tree/shrub´ + `chaneque<sp>´]), Buddleia sessiliflora ^[[LogBudSes1]], ^[[LogBudSes2]] and other Buddleia spp.; may be extended to include Crusea diversifolia (Rubiaceae) ^[[RubCruDiv1]]: wild shrubs to 3 m with opposite leaves and tiny yellow to white flowers clustered at the tips of the branches; medicine for sore feet and/or a condition known as chaneque characterized by extreme fatigue, an “air” (aire, mê) that “hits” those who are very lazy; grind the leaves and apply to the soles of the feet with mezcal; it is strong (fuerte); also used for empacho and “stomach pain” (yòob-zdòo); massage, then “suck the blood” (“chupe la sangre melo”?); two varieties are commonly recognized, said by some to be equivalent as medicines, but others describe contrasting applications, as noted below: 306a) blàg-wì[-0] (= lùdz-ngǒn[-0]) (= blàg-wì-nzhên [`leaf´ + Y + `wide´], blàg-wì-zhǐil [`leaf´ + Y + `cotton´]), Buddleia sessiliflora ^[[LogBudSes2]]: this variety is for treating “stomach pain” (yòob-zdòo); 306b) blàg-wì-làs [`leaf´ + Y + `slender/small´] (= lùdz-ngǒn-yèen̲ [`herb´ + `ox´ + `baby´], yàg-chànêcw [`tree/shrub´ + `chaneque<sp>´]), several Buddleia species ^[[LogBudSpc1]], including Buddleia lanceolata, Buddleia microphylla, and Buddleia parviflora: this variety is for treating chaneque, as described above; also used for stomach ache with diarrea, the sap is mixed with hierba buena (Micromeria chamissonis) and drunk as tea. 307) yàg-blàg-wì [`tree/shrub´ + `leaf´ + Y], Buddleia cf. cordata, [and/or Buddleia americana]: a medium-sized tree of higher elevations, as at San José del Pacífico; may not occur in San Juan. LORANTHACEAEArceuthobium Arceuthobium cf. gillii Hawksw. & Wiens Arceuthobium globosum Hawksw. & Wiens Cladocolea Cladocolea cf. andrieuxii Van Tiegh. Phoradendron Phoradendron brachystachyum (DC.) Nutt. Phoradendron carneum Urban Phoradendron forestiere Robins & Greenm. Phoradendron longifolium Eichles Psittacanthus Psittacanthus acuminatus (Oliver) Eichl. Psittacanthus auriculatus (Oliver) Eichl. Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) D. Don Struthanthus Struthanthus condensatus J. Kuijt Struthanthus deppeanus (Schl. ex Cham.) Blume Struthanthus interruptus (Kunth) Blume Struthanthus microphyllus (Kunth) Don 308) guièe-ló-yâg [`flower´ + `on tree´] (= guìzh-ló-yâg [`herb´ + `on tree´]), Loranthaceae in general, muérdago, mistletoe, to include Arceuthobium spp., Cladocolea cf. andrieuxii, Phoradendron spp., Psittacanthus spp.; Struthanthus spp. are generally set apart as lbæ̀-dzǐ (see below) as they are sources of birdlime, though if not recognized as such they will be included here; varieties recognized by host plant: 308a) guièe-ló-yâg[-0], Psittacanthus calyculatus: parasitic on various trees, such as Baccharis sp.; Phoradendron sp., on Quercus spp.; Phoradendron longifolium, Struthanthus microphyllus on Rosaceae spp.; Phoradendron carneum: this may be a “residual” category inclusive of species not otherwise distinguished; 308b) guìzh-ló-yâg-dùr [`flower´ + `on pine tree´], Arceuthobium globosum ^[[LorArcSpc1]]: leafless; parasitic on Pinus spp.; 308c) guièe-ló-yâg-guièts [`flower´ + `on thorn tree´] (= guièe-ló-yâg-nlìbâd-tsò [`flower´ + `on´ + `Leucaena sp.´]), Cladocolea cf. andrieuxii and Psittacanthus auriculatus ^[[LorPsiAur1]], which are parasitic on Acacia pennatula; may include Psittacanthus acuminatus, parasitic on Leucaena pallida: one consultant noted that the species (not yet identified) that parasitizes Acacia farnesiana is different: the prototype has round, clasping glaucous leaves and long tubular red flowers; used as decoration; medicine for headaches; boil and bathe with the infusion; it is “hot” (nzæ̌æ); also for “attacks” (ataques) (particularly the one parasitic on Acacia pennatula (yâg-guièts-dà), which is different from the one on Acacia farnesiana. 309) dzǐ [X] (= lbæ̀-dzǐ [`vine´ + Y]), Struthanthus spp. ^[[LorGenSpc1]], parasitic on Arbutus xalapensis; Struthanthus deppeanus, on Quercus spp.; Struthanthus condensatus, Struthanthus interruptus, on Malus, Crataegus, Prunus, of the Rosaceae; Struthanthus interruptus, Struthanthus deppeanus: dzǐ may be distinguished from guièe-ló-yâg (see above) by narrower leaves; seeds are mashed to form a sticky paste “like chicle,” used as birdlime (dzǐ), spread on branches to trap small birds, including pigeons, even on one occasion a hawk; grind seeds with the shell, soak in water for two months; several Struthanthus species may be used, sometimes mixed, but the stickiest seeds are preferred; this technique mostly practiced by boys; a meadow ssw of San Juan Gbëë is called Làdz-dzǐ (= Lèts-dzǐ) due to the abundance of this species there; two varieties may be distinguished: 309a) dzǐ[-0], the prototype. 309b) lbæ̀-dzǐ-dán [`vine´ + Y + `forest/wild´]), Phoradendron sp. LYTHRACEAECuphea Cuphea aequipetala Cav. Cuphea cyanea DC. Cuphea jorullensis H.B.K. Cuphea cf. lanceolata Ait. 310) guièe-mzhòodz [`flower´ + `bumblebee´] (= guìzh-lèn̲-guiùu [`herb´ + `inside´ + `water´], yêrbàwên-guiùu [`hierba buena<sp>´ + `water´], guìzh-guiùbée [`herb´ + `river bed´]), Cuphea aequipetala ^[[LytCupAeq2]] and/or Cuphea sp. ^[[LytCupSpc1]]: common trailing herb or erect shrub in and near town; characteristic oddly-shaped rose-purple flowers; attractive to bees, hence the primary name; characteristic of humid to saturated soils, hence the alternative names; may be fed to animals or used as decoration; other consultants label this species with a variety of descriptive residual terms, e.g., guìzh-làs-dán [`herb´ + `small/slender´ + `forest/wild´], guìzh-làs-líl [`herb´ + `small/slender´ + Z]. G) named descriptively for flower color: guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´], Cuphea cyanea; guìzh-guièe-gùts-nàrânj [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellowish´ + `orange´], Cuphea jorullensis; guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], Cuphea aequipetala; guìzh-nìzhniê [`herb´ + `red´], Cuphea cf. lanceolata. *292) guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `flower´ + `hummingbird´] (= guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´]), Cuphea aequipetala ^[[LytCupAeq2]], Cuphea jorullensis: alternatively, various Cuphea species ^[[LytCupSpc1]] may be classed as guièe-dzǐn̲g `hummingbird flower´, a diverse assortment of wild flowers for which certain Salvia species (Lamiaceae) are prototypical; in the present instance these are herbs of pine-oak forest with showy yellow or red-orange yellow-tipped flowers; used for decoration. Heimia Heimia salicifolia (H.B.K.) Link 311) ncuàan-yǎas [`medicine´ + `black´], Heimia salicifolia, sinicuichi ^[[LytHeiSal1]]: shrub to 2 m found in and below town; most often planted; literally “black medicine,” used to treat a condition called bæ̌æl-yǎas 'black meat' (a.k.a., cuerdas `tendons´, guíp in Zapotec) characterized by pain in the bones and black spots on the face and skin (manchas negras); these black spots often appear on women´s faces when they are pregnant; this may be the relatively benign disease known as paño, thought to be caused by a spirochete (Mata Pinzón et al. 1994:654-5); drink an infusion of this plant at night before sleeping and/or massage with it; it is nzæ̌æ `hot´; two varieties may be distinguished: 311a) ncuǎan-yǎas-mòrâd [`medicine´ + `black´ + `purple<sp>´], Heimia salicifolia var.; 311b) ncuǎan-yǎas-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `black´ + `white´], Heimia salicifolia var. MALPIGHIACEAEBunchosia Bunchosia lanceolata Turcz. Bunchosia lindeniana Adr. Juss. *338) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw [`tree/shrub´ + `its flower´ + `dog´], the primary referent appears to be Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae ^[[OlcSchShr2]]; may also include Bunchosia lanceolata, Ilex cf. pringlei of the Aquifoliaceae; and Leucothoe mexicana and/or Vaccinium leucanthum of the Ericaceae: a small tree (7-8 m) with non-descript flowers, red fruits; wood resistant, used for forked poles and posts, may last 8-10 years; also for firewood and to make toys; may be confused with yàg-guièe-ròb (Agarista spp. of the Ericaceae, which see); two varieties may be recognized. Byrsonima Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) H.B.K. 312) yàg-ngùd-guèy-pcàal̲ [`tree/shrub´ + `lump/ball´ + `limestone´ + `dream´] (= yàg-ngùd-pcàal̲ [`tree/shrub´ + `lump/ball´ + `dream´], guìzh-pcàal̲ [`herb´ + `dream´], ngùd-guèy-nguěts [`lump/ball´ + `limestone´ + `yellow´]), Byrsonima crassifolia, nanché; may include Bunchosia lindeniana: uncommon shrub or small tree to 3 m, leaves opposite, lanceolate; near town; may be planted; fruits may or may not be considered edible; there may be two species involved, one cultivated and edible, one wild and one not; medicine used to treat nightmares (mcàal) and “bad air” (mal aire); bathe with an infusion of the leaves or place leaves over your eyes while sleeping; may be combined with yàg-ngùd-guèy (Casimiroa edulis, Rutaceae), guìzh-zhwèe (Eupatorium mairetianum, Asteraceae), and rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae); also for firewood; flowers attract bees; compare yàg-ngùd-guèy (Casimiroa edulis). Galphimia Galphimia glauca Cav. 313) guìzh-ncuàan-bzhiân2 [`herb´ + `fright´ + `rage´] (= ncuàan-bzhiân2 [`fright´ + `rage´]), Galphimia glauca: a shrub (palita) to 2 m tall; yellow flowers during the rainy season, in October; medicine for berrinche, characterized by rage and tantrums, or for “bile” (bilis), “nerves” (gente nervioso); grind leaves, drink bitter decoction as tea; it is hot (nzæ̌æ); see also Coreopsis mutica, Asteraceae; two varieties may be recognized: 313a) guìzh-ncuàan-bzhiân[-0], the prototype, Galphimia glauca var.: flowers yellow; stems gray; 313b) guìzh-ncuàan-bzhiân-nquǐts [`herb´ + `fright´ + `rage´ + `white´], Galphimia glauca var.: young stems red; leaves round. Gaudichaudia Gaudichaudia cf. mucronota Juss. G) guìzh-lbæ̀-gùts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellowish´], Gaudichaudia cf. mucronota ^[[MlpGauMuc1]]. Heteropterys Heteropterys brachiata Turcz. UN) Heteropterys brachiata: rare shrub to small tree of dry rocky canyon at 1700 m; fruits resemble maple samaras; no Zapotec name recorded. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], Malpighiaceae sp.: weed, orange flower; rabbit feed. MALVACEAEAlcea Alcea rosea L. 314) guièe-màrpôl2
[`flower´ + `poppy<sp>´], Alcea
rosea, hollyhock ^[[MlvAlcRos1]], ^[[MlvAlcRos9]]: Eurasian species occasionally
planted from seed as an ornamental in San Juan gardens; three varieties recognized, `white´, `rose-colored´, and solferino, a reddish-purple variety; the white-flowered variety is medicinal: for whooping cough, drink infusion of the flowers. 314a) guièe-màrpôl-nquǐts
[`flower´ + `poppy<sp>´ + `white´], Alcea rosea, hollyhock, white var.; 314b) guièe-màrpôl-ròsâd
[`flower´ + `poppy<sp>´ + `rose-colored<sp>´], Alcea rosea, hollyhock, rose-colored var.; 314c) guièe-màrpôl-sùlfèrîn
[`flower´ + `poppy<sp>´ + `solferino<sp>´], Alcea rosea, hollyhock, reddish-purple var. Anoda Anoda cf. cristata (L.) Schlecht. 315) guìzh-quês [`herb´ + `cheese´] (= xín-mâlb [`relative of´ + `mallow<sp>´], Anoda cristata ^[[MlvAnoCri1]], ^[[MlvAnoCri2]], ^[[MlvAnoCri3]]: weedy wildflower common in and near town; distinctive arrow-head-shaped leaves with dark centers (or without); single pink flower; name descriptive of the flat-cylindrical seed heads; medicine for foot injuries, grind up the leaf and apply topically; if not recognized may be called xín-mâlb [`relative of´ + `mallow<sp>´] or xín-blàg-mêd [`relative of´ + `medicine leaf´], both terms referring to a resemblance to Malva parviflora, which see. 316) guìzh-mèl1 [`herb´ + `star´] (= blàg-mèl [`leaf´ + `star´]), Anoda sp. ^[[MlvAnoSpc1]]: weedy wildflower common near town; like Anoda cristata but leaves long triangular, hastate; see also guìzh-mèl2, Pterospermum rotundifolius (Sterculiaceae). Gossypium Gossypium hirsutum L. 317) yàg-zhǐil [`tree/shrub´ + `cotton´], Gossypium hirsutum, algodón, cotton: shrub planted occasionally for cotton, more commonly at lower elevations: a `great fright´ experienced by children who narrowly escape drowning requires an elaborate ritual cure involving seven pieces of ocote, seven cotton seeds, seven pieces of the small reed guìzh-gòob (Lasiacis cf. nigra, Poaceae), seven leaves of the “sacred palm” (Brahea dulcis) (Arecaceae), plus copal (Bursera, Burseraceae), the ritual to be performed at midnight on Cerro San Isidro (Guìc-dzùb). Herissantia Herissantia (Abutilon) crispa (L.) Sw. 318) pchǔux-lǎb [`tomato´ + `spirit´], Herissantia crispa ^[[MlvHerCri9]]: a low, weedy shrub of heavily grazed selva baja caducifolia, with fruits that superficially resemble those of the tomatillo, Physalis philadelphica, Solanaceae; not edible, however. Hibiscus Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Hibiscus spiralis Cav. 319) yàg-guièe-tùlìpân [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `tulip<sp>´] (= guièe-tùlìpân [`flower´ + `tulip<sp>´]), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, flor de tulipan: shrub or small tree to 3 m; planted from cuttings for ornamental value of flowers; two color varieties distinguished, as follows: 319a) guièe-tùlìpân-nquǐts [`flower´ + `hibiscus<sp>´ + `white´], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var.; 319b) guièe-tùlìpân-ròsâd [`flower´ + `hibiscus<sp>´ + `rose-colored<sp>´], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis var. 320) yàg-guièe-dzǐn̲g [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `hummingbird´], Hibiscus spiralis; may also include Malvaviscus arboreus ^[[MlvMvsArb1]]: shrubs to 1.5 meters with red flowers, of limestone soils in disturbed selva baja caducifolia; different from the guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g of higher elevations because it is a yâg `tree/shrub´; hummingbirds feed on the flowers. Malva Malva parviflora L. 321) blàg-mêd [`leaf´ + `fish scale´] (= guìzh-blàg-mêd [`herb´ + `leaf´ + `fish scale´], mâlb [`mallow<sp>´]), Malva parviflora ^[[MlvMalPar1]], ^[[MlvMalPar9]]: roadside weed or garden flower, native to the Mediterranean; medicine for fever, sores (ronchas, granos), and wounds; bathe with an infusion; if for fever, mix with Loeselia mexicana (Polemoniaceae); if for sores, mix also with Rosa cf. centifolia (Rosaceae), and Gnaphalium spp. (Asteraceae), which see; mix with guièe-rôs-càstî (Rosa centifolia) for a vaginal wash or enema; drink or wash with an infusion of this species mixed with guièe-rôs-nquǐts `white rose´ (Rosa sp.) and màlbàrîscw (Sida rhombifolia) for skin rashes (granos) and measles (sarampión); it is “fresca” (niág); plants are collected for sale. EX321) xín-blàg-mêd [`relative of´ + `leaf´ + `fish scale´], Malva sp.: Malvastrum Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke *455) guìzh-ptiôn-dán [`herb´ + `verbena´ + `forest/wild´], Malvastrum coromandelianum: vining herb to 0.5 m with simple toothed leaves and yellow flowers; of low elevation flood plains (at 1620 m) on limestone soils; food for cattle; or simply described as guìzh-lbæ̀-nguěts [`herb´ + `vine´ + yellow´]. Malvaviscus Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. G) guièe-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `red´] (= x-làa [`poss.´ + Y]), Malvaviscus arboreus ^[[MlvMvsArb1]], ^[[MlvMvsArb9]]: milpa weed to 1 m; flower for decoration; may also be included with Hibiscus spiralis as yàg-guièe-dzǐn̲g `hummingbird-flower tree´, see above. Sida Sida rhombifolia L. 322) màlbàrîscw [`malvavisco<sp>´], Sida rhombifolia ^[[MlvSidRho1]], ^[[MlvSidRho2]], malvavisco: fairly common weed, to 1.5 m tall, from a deep woody taproot, flowers pale orangish-yellow, five petals; leaves lanceolate, toothed; stems very hard to break, may be used to make trail-side barriers; medicine for fever (zhlæ̌æ); boil leaf, wash with the water or drink as tea; it is “cool” (fresca); buds used to treat coughs; wash with a branch for measles (sarampión); prepared with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae) for a post-partum vaginal douche. MELIANTHIACEAESchoenocaulon Schoenocaulon officinale Hemsl. *366c) guìzh-dǐp-zhǐil [`grass´ + `cotton´], Schoenocaulon officinale: a wildflower classed with graminoids; cf. Melinus repens (Poaceae). *451) guìzh-zhǒb-mæ̀z [`herb´ + `corn kernel´ + `fox´]: likened to zhǒb-mæ̀z, Lantana spp. (Verbenaceae). Zygadenus Zygadenus mexicanus Hemsl. 323) guièe-zhǒb2 [`flower´ + `corn´], Zygadenus mexicanus and/or Mesadenus polyanthus and Platanthera cf. brevifolia, of the Orchidaceae: at 2600-3500 m on pine and pine-fir forest floor; the name may be suggested by the plant in seed; Zygadenus mexicanus may also be known as guìzh-nlěch [`herb´ + `onion´] for its resemblance to cultivated onions (Allium cepa); however, Zygadenus is MELIACEAECedrela Cedrela odorata L. 324) yàg-sîdr [`tree/shrub´ + `cedar<sp>´], Cedrela odorata, cedro hembra, West Indian cedar: tree to 6 m native to the Caribbean, Central and South America; planted near town; fruits are medicine for stomach problems; it is “cold” (frío). Melia Melia azedarach L. 325) yàg-pàraîs [`tree/shrub´ + `paradise<sp>´] (= pàraîs [`paradise<sp>´]), Melia azedarach, paraís, chinaberry: Australian tree to 12 m; planted in town; medicine for stomach ache; spray an infusion with mezcal on the affected area; also used to lower fevers, as it is “cold” (frío). MONOTROPACEAEMonotropa Monotropa (Hypopitys) hypopitys L. *197) guièe-yùzh [`flower´ + `sand´], prototypes are various Crassulaceae, e.g., Echeverria spp., but may be extended to include Monotropa hypopitys ^[[MntMonHyp1]]: saprophyte of pine forests (at 2300-3100 m), uncommon; no use cited. MORACEAECastilla Castilla elastica Cav. 326) yàg-ûl [`tree/shrub´ + `rubber<sp>´], Castilla elastica, hule, rubber tree: occasionally planted as an ornamental in San Juan gardens; a large individual is growing along the road in San Pedro Amatlán at 1650 m. Ficus Ficus carica L. Ficus nitida Thunb. (= Ficus retusa ssp. nitida) Ficus cf. padifolia H.B.K. 327) yàg-guîgw [`tree/shrub´ + `fig<sp>´], Ficus carica, fig ^[[MorFicCar1]]: planted from cuttings in San Juan gardens for its edible fruits, which are ripe in August. 328) yàg-guîgw-dán [`tree/shrub´ + `fig<sp>´ + `forest/wild´], Ficus cf. padifolia: tree to 6 m of tropical deciduous woodland; fruits as fodder for livestock; wood for firewood. 329) yàg-laùrêl2 [`tree/shrub´ + `laurel<sp>´], Ficus nitida (= Ficus retusa ssp. nitida), Indian laurel fig: planted in San Juan gardens or fence lines as an ornamental; see also yàg-laùrêl1, Lauraceae. Morus Morus celtidifolia H.B.K. 330) yàg-bzà [`tree/shrub´ + `mulberry´], Morus celtidifolia ^[[MorMorCel1]], ^[[MorMorCel2]], [[MorMorCel3]]: uncommon tree planted near town and in living fences or growing as a volunteer; leaves used until recently to raise silk worms (mèel̲-zhêl) (larval Saturniidae, Lepidoptera, Insecta); hard wood used for plough shares. MUSACEAEMusa Musa sapientum L 331) yàg-bdiò [`tree/shrub´ + `banana´], Musa sapientum ^[[MusMusSap1]]: cultivated tree planted from the rootstock or rhizome; most give fruit at all seasons; most varieties are considered to be “warm” (medio caliente); six local varieties are distinguished as follows: 331a) yàg-bdiò-gnî [`tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + `guinea<sp>´] (= yàg-bdiò-ànân [`tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + `dwarf<sp>´]): Musa sapientum var.: cultivated in gardens and riparian orchards; fruits small, sweet in the local variety; it is considered “cool” (fresca); 331b) yàg-bdiò-mànzân [= `tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + `apple<sp>´]: Musa sapientum var.: banana variety with a thin skin; 331c) yàg-bdiò-pèrôn [`tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + Z<sp>]: Musa sapientum var.:fruiting in October; this variety is said to not produce flowers, though it does produce fruits, an apparent paradox; it is considered “warm” (medio caliente). 331d) yàg-bdiò-mâch [= `tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + `macho<sp>´]: Musa sapientum var.: large cooking banana; purchased in the Miahuatlán market; 331e) yàg-bdiò-mòrâd [= `tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + `purple<sp>´]: Musa sapientum var.: banana variety with a purple skin; purchased in the Miahuatlán market; 331f) yàg-bdiò-ròtân [= `tree/shrub´ + `banana´ + Z<sp>]: Musa sapientum var.: banana variety purchased in the Miahuatlán market; MYRICACEAEMyrica Myrica cerifera L. 332) yàg-xìid-sêd [`Quercus castanea´ + `silk´], Myrica cerifera: shrub to 1 m of pine forest understory; so called because of resemblance to the namesake oak (Quercus castanea, Fagaceae, which see) and because people used to grow silk worms (mèel̲-zhêl) (larval Saturniidae, Lepidoptera, Insecta) on the leaves; it is not considered to be a kind of “oak,” however, as it lacks acorns (mgàg); wood for firewood. MYRTACEAEEucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Eucalyptus sp. 333) yàg-eùcàlîpt [`tree/shrub´ + `eucalyptus<sp>´] (= eùcàlîpt [`eucalyptus<sp>´]), Eucalyptus globulus ^[[MyrEucGlo1]], blue gum: tree to 20 m, native to Australia, planted sparingly in town from seed; “dollar” and “bonzai” forms may be noted, though these may simply describe growth forms of the leaves; medicine for coughs, including “spasmatic cough” (tos pasmado); mix with guìzh-guièe-rò (Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. mexicana, Asteraceae); drink infusion as tea; also for “alcoholic pain,” drink infusion as tea; also for stomach ache (dolor de estómago); it is caliente (nzæ̌æ); wood used for firewood. UN) Eucalyptus sp., dollar leaf eucalyptus: ornamental planted in town gardens. Eugenia Eugenia mexicana L. *EX301) xín-yàg-laùrêl, Eugenia mexicana: a wild shrub to 2 m, flowers in June; wood very hard, used for digging sticks (guìib-gǒn, coa) and shovels. Psidium Psidium guajava L. 334) yàg-buǐ [`tree/shrub´ + `guava´], Psidium guajava, guajaba, guava: uncommon tree to 3 m; near town; fruits edible; wood for firewood; a stream below town is called Guiùu-buì `guava river´. Syzygium Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry 335) clavo, Syzygium aromaticum, cloves: fruits of an exotic plant introduced from the Moluccas; cloves are purchased outside San Juan; an ingredient of a treatment for tarantula bites; these can seriously injure donkeys that step on these spiders; several days after being bitten there may be a pussy discharge from the donkey´s hoof; cloves, pimento, shrimp heads, chilis, and salt are ground together and the mixture applied topically until the hoof is cured. NYCTAGINACEAEBougainvillea Bougainvillea x buttiana Holttum & Standley (= Bougainvillea spectabilis) 336) yàg-bùgàmbîl [`tree/shrub´ + `bougainvillea<sp>´], Bougainvillea x buttiana ^[[NycBouBut1]], buganbilia, bougainvillea: cultivated woody vine, originally from South America; medicine for some unspecified illness; several color varieties recognized, but not consistently named. Mirabilis Mirabilis jalapa L. Mirabilis viscosa Cav. 337) guièe-màràvî [`flower´ + `maravilla<sp>´] (= guièe-mòròvî [`flower´ + `maravilla<sp>´]), Mirabilis jalapa ^[[NycMirJal1]], ^[[NycMirJal2]]: weedy wild flower common in town, flowering in June; medicinal: for “stomach attack,” drink infusion of the cooked root; flowers may be purple, white, or yellow; 337a) guièe-màràvî-mòrâd [`flower´ + `maravilla<sp>´ + `purple<sp>´], Mirabilis jalapa var.; 337b) guièe-màràvî-nquǐts [`flower´ + `maravilla<sp>´ + `white´], Mirabilis jalapa var.; 337c) guièe-màràvî-nguěts [`flower´ + `maravilla<sp>´ + `yellow´] (guièe-màràvî-gùts [`flower´ + `maravilla<sp>´ + `yellow´]), Mirabilis jalapa var. NON) guìzh-dzìn [`flower´ + `honey´], Mirabilis viscosa: one specimen was called guìzh-làs-mòrâd [`herb´ + `small/slender´ + `purple<sp>´]; cf. guìzh-dzìn focused on Viguiera eriophora and Viguiera quinqueradiata, of the Asteraceae. OLACACEAESchoepfia Schoepfia shreberi Gemel. 338) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw [`tree/shrub´ + `its flower´ + `dog´], the primary referent appears to be Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae ^[[OlcSchShr1]], ^[[OlcSchShr2]]: a small tree (7-8 m) with non-descript flowers, red fruits; wood is resistant to decay, used for forked poles and posts, may last 8-10 years; also for firewood and to make toys; this category may also include Ilex cf. pringlei of the Aquifoliaceae; Leucothoe mexicana and/or Vaccinium leucanthum of the Ericaceae; and Bunchosia lanceolata of the Malpighiaceae; may be confused with yàg-guièe-ròb (Agarista spp. of the Ericaceae); two varieties may be recognized: 338a) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw[-0], Schoepfia shreberi, Olacaceae, the prototype: the variety of lower elevations; may also refer to Vaccinium leucanthum and/or Bunchosia lanceolata; 338b) yàg-x-quièe-bæ̀cw-yǎ-guì [`tree/shrub´ + `it´s flower´ + `dog´ + `up high´ + `mountain´], Leucothoe mexicana (Ericaceae), Ilex cf. pringlei (Aquifoliaceae): said to be distinct from the prototype, which is characteristic of lower elevations. OLEACEAEForestiera Forestiera angustifolia Torr. Forestiera phillyreoides (Benth.) Torr. 339) gbày-yâg [`broom´ + `tree/shrub´] (= yàg-gbày [`tree/shrub´ + `broom´]), Forestiera angustifolia: see also yàg-lân (Amelanchier denticulata, Rosaceae). EX302) blàg-guièx-dán [`leaf´ + `avocado´ + `forest/wild´] (= xín-blàg-guièx [`relative of´ + `leaf´ + `avocado´]), Forestiera phillyreoides. Fraxinus Fraxinus americana L. var. texensis (A. Gray) E. Murray Fraxinus purpusii Brandeg. Fraxinus uhdei (Wenzig) Linglesheim 340) yàg-guièe-ncòw [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `dark´] (= xín-yàg-lǎadz [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `skin rash´]), Fraxinus purpusii: very common small tree to 5 m of subtropical deciduous woodland on limestone soils; once pinnate leaves; used for firewood, decoration; superficially resembles Pseudosmodingium multifolium (yàg-lǎadz) and Pistacia mexicana (yàg-ràmôn), both Anacardiaceae, common associates. 341) yàg-rèdz-bêy [`Quercus magnoliifolia´ + `rebozo´] (= yàg-guìib-gòn [`tree/shrub´ + `digging stick´]), Fraxinus uhdei: tree 6 m of riparian zones in oak woodland; wood used to make tops for toys, for firewood; see also yàg-rèdz (Quercus magnoliifolia, Fagaceae) for which it is named, though it is not considered to be a kind of “oak,” lacking acorns (mgàg). 342) yàg-frêsn [`tree/shrub´ + `ash<sp>´], Fraxinus americana var. texensis: large tree, planted in town, clearly distinct from the native Fraxinus uhdei, which has broader leaves; bark and leaves are medicines for fever (zhlæ̌æ), bark for stomach ache and the pain of latido; drink infusion as tea. Ligustrum Ligustrum lucidum Aiton 343) yàg-truên [`tree/shrub´ + `thunder<sp>´], Ligustrum lucidum, trueno, glossy privet: East Asian tree widely planted in San Juan Gbëë as an ornamental, for shade, and for firewood; flowering branches as decoration; medicinal, but unspecified. ONAGRACEAEEpilobium Epilobium ciliatum Raf. Epilobium mexicanum DC. G) guìzh-dán [`herb´ + `forest/wild´], Epilobium ciliatum. NON) guìzh-bzhǎazh [`herb´ + `moss´], Epilobium mexicanum: herb with white flowers; rabbit fodder. Fuchsia Fuchsia cylindracea Lindley Fuchsia microphylla H.B.K. Fuchsia parviflora Lindl. Fuchsia thymifolia Kunth 344) guièe-sènyòrît [`flower´ + `young woman<sp>´], Fuchsia cylindracea, Fuchsia microphylla, Fuchsia parviflora: said to be an invented name, but widely recognized; the “young woman” most likely refers to the Virgin Mary or one of her local manifestations; Fuchsia cylindracea and Fuchsia parviflora also referred to as guièe-dzǐn̲g `hummingbird-flower´, see Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) for the prototype. NON) mîdz-né-ròw-mæ̀z [`seed´ + `eaten by´ + `fox´], Fuchsia thymifolia: weedy herb to 1 m; foxes eat the fruits. Lopezia Lopezia racemosa Cav. 345) guièe-nlěch [`flower´ + `onion´], Lopezia racemosa ^[[OnaLopRac2]]: delicate somewhat weedy herb with an attractive purplish flower; leaves reddish when mature; for forage; named for onion-shaped fruit/seed? cf. nlèch [`onion´], Allium cepa, above. EX345) xín-guièe-nlěch [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `onion´], Lopezia racemosa: said to differ from the prototype by a squarish stem and different leaf. Oenothera Oenothera laciniata Hill. ssp. pubescens (Willd.) Meinz (= Oenothera pubescens (Willd.) Spreng.) Oenothera rosea L'Her ex Aiton 346) guièe-xtsèe2 [`flower´ + `supper´] (= xín-guièe-xtsèe [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `supper´], xín-guièe-zhàn̲-biǎa [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `underneath´ + `prickly pear cactus´]), Oenothera laciniata ssp. pubescens, evening-primrose ^[[OnaOenLac1]]: weedy wild flowers of milpa edges and roadsides near town and up into pine forest meadows to 2650 m; flowers open in the evening and close at dawn, hence the name, which is shared with several other showy wild flowers with that habit (e.g., Milla biflora, Alliaceae); flowers may be yellow or white to pinkish, often on adjacent plants. 347) guièe-zhàn̲-biǎa [`flower´ + `underneath´ + `prickly pear cactus´], Oenothera rosea, hierbita de pollo ^[[OnaOenRos1]]: trailing vine with small rose-colored “morning glory” flower; name alludes to a preference for growing beneath Opuntia cacti, but it is common in gardens, fallow fields, and meadows; medicine for nose bleeds; roll the leaf and insert in the nostril to stop the bleeding or tuck the plant in a headband, which is also prescribed for headache or fever; use with parsley (perejíl, Petroselinum crispum, Apiaceae); it is “cool“ (fresca); fodder for livestock; may also be called simply guièe-mòrâd `purple flower´, a descriptive term. NON) guièe-blàg-nrùdz-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `leaf´ + `smooth/slippery´ + `red´] (= guièe-mèlôn [`flower´ + `cantaloupe<sp>´]), Oenothera sp., a species with red-orange flowers with yellow tips: wild flower to 15 cm; at a clearing in pine forest at 2680 m. OPILIACEAEAgonandra Agonandra obtusifolia Standl. G) yàg-dán [`tree/shrub´ + `forest/wild´], Agonandra obtusifolia. ORCHIDACEAEBarkeria Barkeria vanneriana Reichenb. f Bletia Bletia cf. campanulata La Llave & Lex. Bletia jucunda Linden & Reichenb. f. Bletia reflexa Lindl. Campylocentrum Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Rolfe Corallorhiza Corallorhiza bulbosa A. Rich. & Galeotti Corallorhiza punetatissima Green & Salazar Cypripedium Cypripedium molle Lindl. Encyclia Encyclia cochleata (L.) Lemee Encyclia michoacana (La Llave & Lexera) Schlechter Euchile Euchile citrina (La Llave & Lex.) Withner Govenia Govenia capitata Lindl. Habenaria Habenaria clypeata Lindl. Habenaria cf. filifera S. Watson Habenaria cf. odontopetala Reichenb. f. Laelia Laelia anceps Lindl. Laelia furfuracea Lindl. Malaxis (Microstylis) Malaxis brachyrrhynchos (Reichenb. f.) Ames Malaxis ehrenbergii (Reichenb. f.) O. Ktze. Malaxis cf. rosilloi R. Gonzalez Tamayo & E.W. Greenwood Mesadenus (Brachystele) Mesadenus polyanthus (Reichenb. f) Schlechter Oncidium Oncidium graminifolium Lindl. Platanthera Platanthera sp. nov. Rhynchostele (Cymbiglossum, Lemboglossum) Rhynchostele cervantesii (La Llave & Lex.) Soto Arenas & Salazar Spiranthes Spiranthes eriophora B.L. Rob & Greenm. UN) Bletia cf. jucunda and/or Bletia reflexa. 348) guièe-dzîl [`flower´ + `orchid´]: a variety of showy orchids, mostly epiphytic, with pseudobulbs: 348a) guièe-dzîl-nzhíxtò [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `hanging´], Euchile citrina ^[[OrcEucCit1]]: epiphytic, inflorescence hangs down; showy petals are a striking waxy yellow; harvested as an ornamental; 348b) guièe-dzîl-dán [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `forest/wild´], Govenia capitata ^[[OrcGovLil1]]: a tall, terrestrial orchid with showy white flowers with yellow highlights and two broad basal leaves; harvested as an ornamental; 348c) guièe-dzîl-cònêf [`flower´ + `orchid´ +`rabbit<sp>´], Laelia furfuracea ^[[OrcLaeFur1]], ^[[OrcLaeFur2]], Barkeria vanneriana ^[[OrcBarVar1]]: orchids with showy rose-purple flowers, though some say the flowers are yellow; the Laelia is epiphytic, the Barkeria terrestrial; harvested as an ornamental; 348d) guièe-dzîl-màrpôl [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `poppy<sp>´], Laelia anceps, Laelia furfuracea; epiphytic orchid with showy pink to purple flowers; harvested as an ornamental; considered distinct from guièe-dzîl-cònêf, see above; 348e) guièe-dzîl-ndzǐz [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `squirrel´], Rhynchostele cervantesii ^[[OrcLemCer1]]: epiphytic orchid with showy pink flowers; harvested as an ornamental; 348f) guièe-dzîl-nquǐts [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `white´], Orchidaceae sp.; 348g) guièe-dzîl-mòrâd [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `purple<sp>´], said to be a terrestrial orchid from a succulent pseudobulb, likely Barkeria vanneriana ^[[OrcBarVar1]], collected in the selva baja caducifolia at ca. 2000 m.; 348h) guièe-dzîl-pěch [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `vulture´], Orchidaceae sp.; 348i) guièe-dzîl-ló-yâg [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `on tree´], Orchidaceae sp.; 348j) guièe-dzîl-ló-liù [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `on the ground´] (= guièe-dzîl-ncuàan [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `medicine/poison´]; cf. dzîl-dán), Bletia reflexa ^[[OrcBleRef1]], Bletia jucunda, Oncidium graminifolium: terrestrial orchids with flowers in spikes; 348j1) guièe-dzîl-ló-liù-lêch [`flower´ + `orchid´ + `on the ground´ + `milk<sp>´], Bletia reflexa: terrestrial orchid with flowers in a spike. EX348) xín-guièe-dzîl [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `orchid´], Habenaria cf. filifera ^[[OrcHabFil1]]: in pine forest at 2400 m. Corallorhiza Corallorhiza bulbosa A. Rich. Corallorhiza punetatissima Green & Salazar UN) Corallorhiza bulbosa, Corallorhiza punetatissima: terrestrial, saprophytic orchids; grow under pines at 2300-2475 m; greenish flowers, blackish stem. Cypripidium Cypripidium molle Lindl. 349) guièe-dòoz [`flower´ + `early stage corn field´] (= blàg-dòoz [`leaf´ + `early stage corn field´], guìzh-guièe-bâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `duck<sp>´), Cypripidium molle ^[[OrcCypIra1]]: terrestrial orchid with a showy yellow “lady-slipper” flower; uncommon in San Juan; one population along the road descending from San Agustín to San Cristóbal Amatlán at ca. 2000 m. Encyclia Encyclia cochleata (L.) Lemee Encyclia michoacana (La Llave & Lexera) Schlechter 350) dzîl-dán [`orchid´ + `forest/wild´], Encyclia michoacana, may include Encyclia cochleata, Bletia sp.: Encyclia michoacana is a terrestrial orchid of pine forests; large shiny green pseudobulb eaten for water content; succulent, slightly sweet; possibly equivalent to guièe-dzîl-ló-liù, guièe-dzîl-mòrâd, but contrasts with guièe-dzîl-ncuàan (see above). Habenaria Habenaria clypeata LindL. Habenaria cf. filifera S. Watson Habenaria cf. odontopetala Reichenbach f. UN) Habenaria clypeata or Habenaria cf. odontopetala: 2300 m. *EX348) xín-guièe-dzîl [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `orchid´], Habenaria cf. filifera ^[[OrcHabFil1]]: in pine forest at 2400 m. Malaxis (Microstylis) Malaxis (Microstylis) brachyrrhynchos (Reich.) Ames. Malaxis ehrenbergii Crantz. Malaxis cf. rosilloi R. Gonzalez Tamayo & E.W. Greenwood 351) guièe-càrtûch-dán [`flower´ + `calla lily<sp>´ + `forest/wild´] (= guièe-mzhìig [`flower´ + `bundle´], guièe-nrùdz [`flower´ + `smooth´]), Malaxis cf. rosilloi, Malaxis (Microstylis) brachyrrhynchos. Mesadenus (= Brachystele) Mesadenus polyanthus (Reichb.) Schlechter Platanthera Platanthera sp. nov. UN) Platanthera sp. nov. ^[[OrcPlaDzi1]]: this terrestrial orchid was collected along the road to Rancho Conejo at its highest point, 3500 m; a number of new and/or narrowly endemic species occur here as it represents a montane “island” isolated from areas of comparable elevation by several hundred kilometers; if it proves to be an undescribed species, it will be formally named after the Zapotec generic as Platanthera dzilensis (Salazar & Hunn n.d.). *323) guièe-zhǒb2 [`flower´ + `corn´], the prototype is Zygadenus mexicanus (Melianthaceae); may include as well the orchids Mesadenus polyanthus and Platanthera cf. brevifolia: at 2600-3500 m on pine and pine-fir forest floor; the name may be suggested by the plant in seed. Spiranthes Spiranthes eriophora B.L. Rob & Greenm. UN) Spiranthes eriophora: 1820 m. OROBANCHACEAECastilleja Castilleja arvensis Schldl. & Cham. Castilleja auriculata Eastwood var. auriculata Castilleja conzattii Fernald Castilleja integrifolia L. forma fimbriata Castilleja integrifolia L. forma tricolorata Egger Castilleja nivibractea Nesom Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. Castilleja, the “Indian paintbrushes,” are well represented in the area, with at least six species of seven distinct forms present in the municipio; the flowers may be used for decoration, but the genus is not otherwise significant; most consultants classify all species of Castilleja as a kind of guièe-dzǐn̲g `hummingbird flower´, which term applies rather widely to bright tubular flowers, predominantly red, that are attractive to hummingbirds (Trochilidae spp.), including Penstemon and Lamourouxia (Scrophulariaceae), Lobelia (Campanulaceae), and Salvia (Lamiaceae) species; an alternative naming strategy (which may prove to be idiosyncratic) is x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil `sheep´s tail´, which is restricted, properly speaking, to certain species of Castilleja, e.g., Castilleja arvensis ^[[OroCasArv1]], that grow straight, without branching, thus resembling the namesake; the remaining Castilleja species may then be considered xín-x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil `relatives of sheep´s tail´; Castilleja arvensis, Castilleja auriculata ^[[OroCasAur2]], Castilleja integrifolia forma fimbriata, and Castilleja tenuiflora ^[[OroCasTen1]], ^[[OroCasTen2]] are common near San Juan; Castilleja conzattii ^[[OroCasCon1]], Castilleja integrifolia forma tricolorata ^[[OroCasInt1]], and Castilleja nivibractea ^[[OroCasNiv3]] are common at high elevations in Pinus hartwegii forests. All three are endemic to Oaxaca, the last two apparently restricted to the high ridges behind San Juan. Both have only recently been formally named. *292) guièe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´], Castilleja arvensis, Castilleja auriculata var. auriculata, Castilleja integrifolia forma fimbriata, Castilleja tenuiflora: medicinal: for a child´s rash (granos); to “clean” the body, as a limpia. *292c) guièe-dzǐn̲g-sùlfèrîn [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `solferino<sp>´]), Castilleja tenuiflora, Orobanchaceae ^[[OroCasTen1]], ^[[OroCasTen2]]: a yellow-flowered species, though the name indicates a reddish-purple flower; 352) guièe-x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil [`flower´ + `its tail<sp>´ + `sheep´] (= [guìzh-]guièe-dzǐn̲g [[`herb´ +]`flower´ + `hummingbird´], x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil [`its tail<sp>´ + `sheep´]), Castilleja arvensis is the “real” (meru) guièe-x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil, distinctive in its unbranched habit, giving it the appearance of a “cola de borrego” ^[[OroCasArv1]]; Castilleja tenuiflora may be included here or considered to be xín-x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil. EX352) xín-x-côl-mæ̀cw-zhǐil [`its tail<sp>´ + `sheep´] (= guièe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´]), other Castilleja spp. OXALIDACEAEOxalis Oxalis alpina Torr. Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalis corniculata L. ssp. albicans (Kunth) Lourt. Oxalis divergens Benth. Oxalis hernandezii DC. Oxalis cf. latifolia H.B.K. Oxalis lunulata Zucc. Oxalis magnifica (Rose) Kunth Oxalis tetraphylla Cav. Oxalis tuberosa Molina 353) x-có-bè [poss. + `tuber´ + `oxalis´]), (= guièe-bè [`flower´ + `oxalis´], guìzh-bè [`herb´ + `oxalis´], Oxalis alpina ^[[OxlOxaAlp1]], Oxalis divergens ^[[OxlOxaDiv1]], Oxalis hernandezii ^[[OxlOxaHer4]], Oxalis cf. latifolia, Oxalis magnifica, Oxalis tetraphylla, agrito, sorrel ^[[OxlOxaSpc1]], ^[[OxlOxaSpc2]], ^[[OxlOxaSpc3]], ^[[OxlOxaSti1]]: common weedy wild flower of milpas and waste ground; at least four species are included here, which vary in size, leaf shape, and flower color; children eat the small bulbs (“fruits”) raw in season (e.g., at the onset of the rains in June); they are first washed, then cleaned; the maguey, Agave potatorum (dòb-bè), is named for the Oxalis, which may be cooked with the maguey piña to add flavor and facilitate fermentation in the mezcal manufacturing process; two varieties may be distinguished: 353a) guièe-bè[-0], Oxalis spp., except for the smaller, trailing species: the prototype; 353b) x-có-bè-làs [`poss.´ + Y + `oxalis´ + `slender/small´], Oxalis alpina, Oxalis corniculata, Oxalis lunulata: small species otherwise like the prototype; uses similar. 354) gù-bè [`tuber´ + `oxalis´], Oxalis tuberosa ^[[OxlOxaTub1]]: Andean cultivar planted at Rancho Conejo above San Pedro Gbëë at 3200 m.; tubers are ca. 15 cm long, horizontal, rose-purple fleshed; they may be boiled with peaches; the plant is said to be non-flowering, thus propagated vegetatively; most likely an early post-conquest introduction (King and Bastien 1990). 355) guìzh-bdiò-guìx [`herb´ + `banana´ + `wild´] (= xín-guièe-bè [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `oxalis´], guìzh-bè-làs [`herb´ + `oxalis´ + `slender/small´]), Oxalis corniculata: common low weedy annual in and near town; the first name alludes to a perceived similarity between the fruits and the fruit of yàg-bdiò-guìx (Parmentiera edulis, Cucurbitaceae); alternatively, the whole plant may be used, as are several other Oxalis spp. to flavor the maguey Agave potatorum (dòb-bè), which is baked underground; medicinal: for diarrhea, cook the root and drink the infusion at room temperature; this species may also be called guìzh-guièe-gùt [`herb´ + `flower´ + yellowish´], guìzh-bé-làs [`oxalis´ + `small/slender´], xín-guièe-bè [`relative of´ + `oxalis´]. PAPAVERACEAEArgemone Argemone mexicana L. Argemone cf. platyceras Link. & Otto. 356) guièts-nîz [`spine´ + `corn cob´] (= guìzh-guièts-nîz [`herb´ + `spine´ + `corn cob´]), Argemone mexicana, chicalote, prickly poppy ^[[PapArgOch1]], ^[[PapArgOch2]]: spiny weedy shrub common in town and on waste ground; caustic yellow sap (sangre, literally “blood”) is used to treat cataracts (nubes), sore eyes (mal de ojo), and “blood in the eye”; two or three drops are put in each eye, twice a day, morning and afternoon, left a minute or two, then washed, or washed by tears; the root is effective against diarrhea; it is a “cold” remedy (niág); children note how Inca doves (côc, Columbina inca) and white-winged doves (còolíchè, Zenaida asiatica) come to eat the tiny black seeds when the pods split open, the white-winged dove calling: “Gàz chén Eùgên,” `Eugene [substituting your name] is taking a bath´; modifier nîz `corn cob´ describes the shape of the fruit. G) guièe-guièts [`flower´ + `spine´] (= guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´]), Argemone cf. platyceras: a species of high elevations (3500 m) with large white flowers; somewhat less effective as medicine than Argemone mexicana. Bocconia Bocconia arborescens S. Wats. Bocconia cf. integrifolia Humb. & Bonpl. 357) ârnìcà [`árnica<sp>´] (= ârnìcà-dán [`árnica<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Bocconia arborescens: tall shrub or small tree to 3 m; flowers are white, the sap is yellow and highly toxic; one variety only; occasionally growing wild near town, but mostly as a garden cultivar, planted from seed; medicinal: for wounds, boil leaves, wash wound with the infusion; may be combined with sumac (bèch-mbǎr, Rhus spp., Anacardiaceae) and hoja de cáncer (blàg-chòg, prototypically Tournefortia spp., Boraginaceae) for bathing wounds: dry the stalks, then boil and bathe with the water; also for bruises (para golpe); occasionally confused with Montanoa speciosa, Asteraceae; árnica is a vernacular name applied to a variety of similar plants of the Asteraceae; in Europe the term applies to species of the genus Arnica, of the Asteraceae; in Central Mexico it generally refers to Heterotheca inuloides, another Asteraceae (cf. Linares, Bye, and Flores 1999:32-33). 358) guìzh-mtsòo [`herb´ + `wood-partridge´], Bocconia cf. integrifolia ^[[PapBocInt1]]: tall shrub of high, humid pine forest; many tiny flowers in a drooping panicle; long-tailed wood-partridges, mtsòo (Dendrortyx macroura), are said to favor the seeds. Papaver Papaver somniferum L. 359) guièe-màrpôl2 [`flower´ + `poppy<sp>´], Papaver somniferum ^[[PapPapSom1]]: the opium poppy is cultivated clandestinely in some nearby communities, but not in San Juan; cf. guièe-màrpôl1, Alcea rosea (Malvaceae). PASSIFLORACEAEPassiflora Passiflora bryonioides Kunth Passiflora exsudans Zucc. 360) lbæ̀-grànâd [`vine´ + `pomegranate<sp>´] (= guìzh-grànâd [`herb´ + `pomegranate<sp>´], grànâd-dán [`pomegranate<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Passiflora bryonioides, Passiflora exsudans, and/or Passiflora cf. exsudans ^[[PasPasSpc1]]: several as yet unidentified species may be included here; weedy vines of milpa margins and of humid arroyos in pine-oak woodland; some bear fruits with edible arils, others are inedible; useful as fodder for livestock; for composting; some may have medicinal uses, e.g., for swollen, aching molars; four varieties may be recognized: 360a) lbæ̀-grànâd[-0], Passiflora spp.: the prototype; 360b) guìzh-grànâd-làs [`herb´ + `pomegranate<sp>´ + `small/slender´] (= [lbæ̀-]grànàdît[-làs] [`vine´ + `pomegranate<sp>´ + `small/slender´]), Passiflora cf. exsudans: weedy vine to 50 cm; white flower; edible fruits; useful as fodder for livestock; for composting; 360c) [lbæ̀-]grànàdît[-mbèe] [`vine´ + `pomegranate<sp>´ + `large´] (= grànâd-mǒc [`pomegranate<sp>´ + Y], Passiflora sp.; 360d) lbæ̀-grànâd-mèel̲ [`vine´ + `pomegranate<sp>´ + `snake/worm´], Passiflora sp.: fruits not eaten. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], Passiflora sp. PHYTOLACCACEAEPhytolacca Phytolacca icosandra L. 361) x-quìzh-bziǎ [`its herb´ + `cherry´], Phytolacca icosandra ^[[PhtPhyIco1]]: sprawling weed of waste areas near town; leaves may be cooked and eaten as a quelite; black seeds not eaten; two varieties recognized based on color of the stem and foliage and edibility, as follows: 361a) x-quìzh-bziǎ-mòrâd [`its herb´ + `cherry´ + `purple<sp>´], Phytolacca icosandra var.: this variety is “hotter” (más caliente) than the next and is poisonous to those with “cooler“ (más templada) stomachs; for them it may cause vomiting and diarrhea; can be eaten by people with “hot” (caliente) stomachs; 361b) x-quìzh-bziǎ-nquǐts [`its herb´ + `cherry´ + `white´] (= x-quìzh-bziǎ-nguiǎ [`its herb´ + `cherry´ + `green´]), Phytolacca icosandra var.: this variety may be eaten by anyone, as it is less “hot” than the purple variety. PIPERACEAEPeperomia Peperomia campylotropa A. W. Hill Peperomia deppeana Schl. & Cham. Peperomia cf. umbilicata Ruíz & Pavón 362) guìzh-měy [`herb´ + `mushroom´], Peperomia deppeana: herb to 15 cm on mossy rocks or damp ground; peltate leaf; no use noted. *197) guièe-yùzh [`herb´ + `sand´], guìzh-guièe-yùzh-làs [`herb´ + `flower´ `sand´ + `small/slender´], Peperomia campylotropa, Peperomia cf. umbilicata; for the prototype, see Echeverria spp., Crassulaceae. G) guìzh-nrùdz [`herb´ + `smooth/slippery´] (= guìzh-guièe-yùzh-làs [`herb´ + `flower´ + `sand´ + `slender/small´]), Peperomia campylotropa: herb to 10 cm of humid ground; minute white flowers in spike; round tuberous root; for decoration. NON) xín-sàlviâ-d-càstîl [`relative of´ + `Castillian mint<sp>´], Peperomia sp. Piper Piper auritum H.B.K. (= Piper sanctum (Miq.) Schltdl.) 363) blàg-guiùu [`leaf´ + `water/river´], Piper auritum, hierba santa, black pepper ^[[PipPipAur1]]: tall herb of wet ground, large heart-shaped leaves, tiny white flowers in narrow spikes; even growing in the water; wild or cultivated from rootstocks; shoots, stems, and leaves cooked in broth to make special tamales, added to sauces, or eaten raw; medicinal: the flowers (guièe-blàg-guiùu) are used for intestinal worms (which they somewhat resemble), for sores, hives (urticaria), or diaper rash (mchèel). PLANTAGINACEAEPlantago Plantago galeottiana Decne. Plantago major L. 364) blàg-llàntên [`leaf´ + `plantain<sp>´] (= blàg-sàntên [`leaf´ + `plantain<sp>´], guìzh-gòdz [`herb´ + `swamp´], guìzh-guiùu [`herb´ + `water/river´], xín-guìzh-dòoz [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `early stage corn field´]), Plantago galeottiana ^[[PtgPlaGal1]], Plantago major ^[[PtgPlaMaj1]], santena, llantena, plantain: native and exotic weedy herbs of damp soils, in and near town (Plantago major) and in meadows in pine forests at 2400+ m (Plantago galeottiana); medicine for bloody diarrhea and/or dysentery; drink a decoction of the leaves with chocolate. PLUMBAGINACEAEPlumbago Plumbago pulchella Boiss. Plumbago scandens L. 365) guìzh-nàad3 [`herb´ + `grasping/sticky´] (= guìzh-mòràdítò [`herb´ + `moradito<sp>´]: Plumbago pulchella, Plumbago scandens ^[[PlbPluSca1]]: vining weed of riparian zone and garden walls in town, tiny purple flowers, sticky stems; medicine for an intestinal problem, vesículos biliares; cook and drink as tea; children play with the sticky stalks; the name is well known to children but adults often reject it as not a valid name; same name applied to other sticky plants: guìzh-nàad1 Baccharis ramulosa, Asteraceae; guìzh-nàad2 Mentzelia hispida, Loasaceae; and to guìzh-nàad4 Galium mexicanum, Rubiaceae. UN) Plumbago scandens: plant of overgrazed ridges. POACEAEAegopogon Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl. Agrostis Agrostis semiverticillata (Forsk) C. Chrict. Andropogon Andropogon perforatum Trin. Avena Avena fatua L. Bothriochloa Bothriochloa barbinoides (Lag.) Herter Bouteloua Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Bromus Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. Chloris Chloris submutica Kunth Cymbopogon Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf Cynodon Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Eragrostis Eragrostis cf. mexicana (Hornem.) Link Eragrostis intermedia Hitchcock Hilaria Hilaria cenchroides Kunth Lasiacis Lasiacis cf. nigra Davidse Melinus Melinus repens (Willd.) Zizka Muhlenbergia Muhlenbergia robusta (Fourn.) A. Hitchc. Oryza Oryza sativa L. Panicum Panicum bulbosum H.B.K. Panicum trichoides Sw. Paspalum Paspalum dilatatum Poir. Pennisetum Pennisetum clandestinum Hoechst. ex. Chiov. Pennisetum purpureum Schumann Phragmitis Phragmitis australis (Cav.) Trin. Poa Poa annua L. Rhynchelytrum Rhynchelitrum repens (Willd.) C. E. Hubb (= Melinus repens (Willd.) Zizka) Saccharum Saccharum officinarum L. Setaria Setaria geniculata (Lam.) Beauv. Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Triticum Triticum aestivum L. Zea Zea mays L. Aegopogon Aegopogon cenchroides Humb. & Bonpl. G) guìzh-cònêf [`herb´ + `rabbit´], Aegopogon cenchroides: food for rabbits. 366) guìzh-dǐp [`grass´]: this is a large and complex generic rather than a life-form, as few well-defined subtypes are consistently recognized; it includes the great majority of Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae, unless particular species of those groups are singled out for special nomenclatural recognition; the following grasses are clearly included, either within the generic without distinction, or within some specific subdivision: Agrostis semiverticillata, Andropogon perforatum, Bothriochloa barbinoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, Chloris submutica, Cynodon dactylon, Eragrostis intermedia, Hilaria cenchroides, Melinus repens, Panicum bulbosum, Paspalum dilatatum, Pennisetum clandestinum, Setaria geniculata ^[[PoaSetSpc1]], ^[[PoaSetSpc2]], ^[[PoaSetSpc1]]; 366a) guìzh-dǐp-càdên [`grass´ + `chain<sp>´], Pennisetum clandestinum: characterized by chain-like stolons, hence the name; 366b) guìzh-dǐp-nchôg [`grass´ + `rough´], Carex polystachya, Cyperaceae: to 40 cm; for fodder; as compost; 366c) guìzh-dǐp-guièe [`grass´ + `flower´] (= guìzh-dǐp-zhǐil [`grass´ + `cotton´], guìzh-dǐp-nìzhniê [`grass´ + `red´]), Melinus repens, Natal redtop ^[[PoaMelRep1]]: abundant roadside weedy grass originally from southern Africa; mature panicle quite showy; may be extended to include Juncus sp. (Juncaceae); Kyllinga pumila (Cyperaceae); 366d) guìzh-dǐp-làs [`grass´ + `small/slender´], Poaceae sp.: of overgrazed fields; simple spike; 366e) guìzh-dǐp-mîdz [`grass´ + `seed´], Panicum bulbosum: to 50 cm; food for deer; 366f) guìzh-dǐp-ngǒn [`grass´ + `ox´], Paspalum sp.; 366g) guìzh-dǐp-ncuàan [`grass´ + `poison/medicine´] (= zèbàdí-ncuàan [`zebadi<sp>´ + `poison/medicine´]), Bromus carinatus; 366h) guìzh-dǐp-còyûl [`herb´ + `oil palm<sp>´] , Cyperus cf. esculentus (Cyperaceae), perhaps including other Cyperus spp. ^[[CypCypSpc1]], ^[[CypCypSpc2]]: tall upland sedges with oily tubers reminiscent of the fruits of the oil palm (coyul) attached to the roots, these eaten by children, hence the name; cf. xín-guìzh-còyûl [`relative of´ + herb´ + `coyul palm<sp>´], Kyllinga pumila (Cyperaceae), Juncus sp. (Juncaceae); 366i) guìzh-dǐp-crùz [`grass´ + `cross<sp>´], Rhynchospora sp., Cyperus flavus, Cyperus sp. ^[[CypCypFla1]], ^[[CypCypSpc1]], ^[[CypCypSpc2]]; 366j) guìzh-dǐp-gòdz [`grass´ + `marsh´] (= guìzh-dǐp-ló-gòdz [`grass´ + `in marsh´], prototypically Eleocharis cf. acicularis, Eleocharis geniculatus ^[[CypEleSpc1]], ^[[CypEleSpc2]]; may also include Cyperus sp., Scirpus sp. (Cyperaceae); Juncus sp. (Juncaceae): these are species of saturated soils; the term guìzh-dǐp-sàntîsm is used in San Andrés; several of these species are ornamental and good animal fodder; 366k) guìzh-dǐp-guì [`grass´ + `mountain´] (= guìzh-crùz-guièe [`herb´ + `cross<sp>´ + `flower´], guìzh-guì [`herb´ + `mountain´]), Cyperus sp. (Cyperaceae): a mountain species; 366l) guìzh-dǐp-làs [`grass´ + `slender/small´], Cyperus hermaphroditus (Cyperaceae): forage for livestock and ornamental; 366m) guìzh-dǐp-pàrêf [`grass´ + `level<sp>´], Bothriochloa barbinoides; also Carex spissa var. seatonica (Cyperaceae): a grass and a sedge with dangerously sharp-edged leaves; Bothriochloa barbinoides used to make brooms; 366n) guìzh-dǐp-dùr [`grass´ + `pine needle´], Juncus sp. (Juncaceae): weedy rush of overgrazed pasture with leaves like pine-needles, thus the name. Arundo Arundo donax L. 367) gòob-guì [X + `mountain/fire´], Arundo donax, carrizo ^[[PoaAruDon1]], ^[[PoaAruDon2]]: tall African grass to 4 m, commonly planted; used for fencing and to form decorative arches; for livestock fodder. 368) guìzh-gòob-guì [`herb´ + Y + `mountain´] (= guìzh-gòob [`herb´ + Y]), Lasiacis cf. nigra: similar to but smaller than Arundo donax; grows wild along rivers; used to fatten livestock; a `great fright´ experienced by children who narrowly escape drowning requires an elaborate ritual cure involving 7 pieces of ocote (Pinaceae), 7 cotton seeds (Malvaceae), 7 pieces of guìzh-gòob (Lasiacis cf. nigra), 7 leaves of the “sacred palm” (Brahea dulcis, Arecaceae), plus copal (Bursera spp., Burseraceae), the ritual to be performed at midnight on Cerro San Isidro (Guìc-dzùb). Avena Avena cf. fatua L. 369) zhǒb-pèl [`maize´ + Y] (= guìzh-zhǒb-pèl [`herb´ + `oats´]), Avena cf. fatua, wild oats ^[[PoaAveFat1]]: favorite fodder grass; harvested, dried, then fed to animals. Bromus Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. G) guìzh-zhǒb-pèl [`herb´ + `oats´] (= guìzh-ncuàan [`herb´ + `poison/medicine´], zèbàdí-ncuàan [`zebadi<sp>´ + `poison/medicine´]), Bromus carinatus ^[[PoaBroCar1]], ^[[PoaBroCar2]]: for livestock fodder, though when dry the sharp awns may pose a danger to livestock, hence the reference to `poison´. Bothriochloa Bothriochloa barbinoides (Lag.) Herter 370) guìzh-guì [`herb´ + `mountain´ or `fire´] (= guìzh-pàrêf [`herb´ + `level<sp>´], guìzh-dǐp-pàrêf [`grass´ + `level<sp>], guìzh-rliòob [`herb´ + `to sweep´]), Bothriochloa barbinoides ^[[PoaBotBar1]], Muhlenbergia robusta: tall bunch grasses, to 2 m; dense, compact purplish-gray panicle; used to sweep tables; Muhlengergia macroura and Festuca tolucensis cited as two key fire-tolerant high-elevation bunch grasses associated with Pinus hartwegii in the state of Mexico (Rodríguez-Trejo 2003); cf. guìzh-dǐp-guì above. Cymbopogon Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf 371) guìzh-tê [`herb´ + `tea<sp>´], Cymbopogon citratus, té limón, lemon grass: aromatic Asian cultivated grass occasionally planted in San Juan gardens; boiled for tea. UN) Eragrostis mexicana ssp. mexicana. UN) Oryza sativa, arroz, rice: not cultivated in San Juan, but purchased in local markets for food; no Zapotec name recorded. Pennisetum Pennisetum purpureum Schumann 372) sàcàtôn [`cane<sp>´] Andropogon sp., Pennisetum purpureum: rather tall grasses used as livestock fodder and for composting; three varieties sometimes distinguished, as follows: 372a) sàcàtôn-nìt [`cane<sp>´ + `sugar cane´], Lasiacis sp.; cf. Panicum trichoides, Lasiacis sp. (guìzh-dǐp-nìt [`grass´ + `sugar cane´]) above; 372b) sàcàtôn-zhǐil [`cane<sp>´ + `cotton´], Andropogon perforatum; 372c) sàcàtôn-làs [`cane<sp>´ + `small/slender´]. 373) mìrquèrôn [X<sp>]) (= zèbàdî [zebadi<sp>]), Pennisetum purpureum: fodder, good for fattening livestock. UN) Phragmites australis. UN) Poa annua: occasional weed in town. Saccharum Saccharum officinarum L. 374) nìt [`sugar cane/corn stalk´], Saccharum officinarum, caña de azucar, sugar cane: a tall grass native to New Guinea, a mainstay of Spanish colonial plantation agriculture; occasionally planted from cuttings in gardens and at seeps near town; eaten raw; it is `hot´; the term apparently has been borrowed from the local Zapotec term for `corn stalk´, likely due to the fact that corn stalks have long been chewed for their sugar content. 375) guìzh-nìt1 [`herb´ + `sugar cane/corn stalk´] (= guìzh-dǐp-nìt [`grass´ + `sugar cane/corn stalk´]), Panicum trichoides, lasiacis sp.: resembles sugar cane, but smaller; fodder and for composting; cf. sàcàtôn-nìt [`cane<sp>´ + `sugar cane/corn stalk´], Lasiacis sp.; Polygonum acre, of the Polygonaceae, may fall within the extended range of this category; see also guièe-nìt [`flower´ + `sugar cane/corn stalk´] (= guìzh-nìt2 [`herb´ + `sugar cane/corn stalk´], e.g., Commelina erecta, Tinantia erecta, Tradescantia crassifolia, of the Commelinaceae) likewise named for resemblance to sugar cane. Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 376) guìzh-sôrg [`herb´ + `sorghum<sp>´], Sorghum bicolor, sorgo, sorghum: occasionally planted from seed in gardens for use as animal fodder; it is `cold´. Triticum Triticum aestivum L. 377) zhób-xtîl [`maize´ + `Castilian<sp>´], Triticum aestivum, trigo, wheat: occasionally cultivated, though more commonly in the past; wheat is seen as a specialty of neighboring San Agustín; wheat flour used to bake bread; several San Juan families maintain ovens for that purpose, though now wheat bread is mostly purchased in Miahuatlán; it is `cold´. Zea Zea mays L. 378) zhǒb [`maize kernel´] (= dò{o}z [`maize plants in an early stage of the milpa´], wgà{a} [`maize plants in a late stage of the milpa´]), Zea mays ^[[PoaZeaMay3]]: primary staple of the local diet; planted as the primary milpa cultivar; an elaborate terminology for growth stages, parts, and products of maize; e.g., the male inflorescence is called dò, stripped from the stalks to feed the chickens and is eaten in a special tamale called guièt-dò; also used for decoration; husks (totomostle, pcuêl) are medicinal: if the placenta does not fall; ear of dried corn (mazorca) is nîz; corncob (olote) after kernels are removed is yàan; green corn, fresh corn on the cob (elote) is ziè; the maize and the milpa is dòoz until half grown, thereafter wgàa, or generally guiêl; at least seven varieties are recognized ^[[PoaZeaMay1]]: 378a) zhób-bziòw [`maize´ + `black & white´] (= zhób-pînt [`maize´ + `pinto<sp>´]), Zea mays var.: high elevation variety, black and white, with occasional red kernels; 378b) zhób-cònêf [`maize´ + `rabbit<sp>´], Zea mays var.: fast maturing variety, requires just four months to produce elotes, another month to full maturity; mature when only ca. 1.5 m tall; planted when the rains are late to assure a crop before the first frosts; 378c) zhób-nguǎts [`maize´ + `black´], Zea mays var.: preferred for planting at higher elevations, 2200-2900 m.; medicinal: for coughs, mix with blàg-chôg (prototypically Tournefortia spp., Boraginaceae), gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp, Asteraceae), borage (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae), manita de león (Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon, Sterculiaceae), and green apples, drink as tea; the mixture is templada; 378d) zhób-ngôo [`maize´ + `yellow´] (= zhób-nguěts [`maize´ + `yellow´]), Zea mays var.: creole variety with yellow kernels; 378e) zhób-nquǐts [`maize´ + `white´] (= dòoz-nquǐts [`maize plants in an early stage of the milpa´ + `white´], Zea mays var.: this variety is often planted in home gardens for the elotes or immature “corn-on-the-cob” that is a favorite treat in September and October; matures in five months; it is considered to be medio caliente; 378f) zhób-pòblân [`maize´ + `Pueblo<sp>´], Zea mays var.: general term for creole landraces, or invented term for a variety recently brought to San Juan from Puebla; 378g) zhób-îbrìdò [`maize´ + `hybrid<sp>´] (= zhób-cònàsûp [`maize´ + `conasupo<sp>´]), Zea mays var.: commercial variety sold by government marketing cooperative, CONASUPO, but not favored because “dilata mucho,” requiring six months to produce elotes, compared to four to five months for the creole varieties; less sweet, also; *369) zhǒb-pèl [`maize´ + Y] (= guìzh-zhǒb-pèl [`herb´ + `oats´]), Avena cf. fatua, wild oats ^[[PoaAveFat1]]: favorite fodder grass; harvested, dried, then fed to animals. *377) zhób-xtîl [`maize´ + `Castilian<sp>´], Triticum aestivum, trigo, wheat: occasionally cultivated, though more commonly in the past; wheat is seen as a specialty of neighboring San Agustín; wheat flour used to bake bread; several San Juan families maintain ovens for that purpose, though now wheat bread is mostly purchased in Miahuatlán. POLEMONIACEAELoeselia Loeselia ciliata L. Loeselia glandulosa (Cav.) G. Don Loeselia mexicana L. Loeselia pumila (Mart. & Gal.) Walp. 379) spìnòsî [`espinosilla<sp>´] (= guìzh-èspìnòsî [`herb´ + `espinosilla<sp>´], Loeselia mexicana is the prototype ^[[PlmLoeMex1]]; also includes Loeselia glandulosa, espinosilla: grows wild or cultivated from seed in gardens; flowers red (Loeselia mexicana) or purple (Loeselia glandulosa); medicine: for coughs; use whole plant including root; mix with a bit of the root of Crataegus pubescens (Rosaceae) and Borago officinalis (Boraginaceae); also for diarrhea and/or headaches; for “fright,” mix with “hierba de casa”; for fever, mix with Rosa x centifolia (rosa de castilla); chew, boil, drink infusion at room temperature; also for manchas blancas `white blotches´ with fever; also for when one cannot urinate; it is bitter and “cold” (frío); flowers also for decoration; two varieties may be recognized: 379a) spìnòsî[-0] [`espinosilla<sp>´] (= spìnòsî-nàal̲ [`espinosilla<sp>´ + `thick´]), Loeselia mexicana: the prototype: medicinal values as above; 379b) spìnòsî-làs [`espinosilla<sp>´ + `small/slender´], Loeselia glandulosa ^[[PlmLoeGla1]]: scandent herb, purple flowers, at creek in oak woodland; medicine for fever; boil, cool, then drink; it is also “cold” (“frío“). G) guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´] (= lbæ̀-mòrâd [`vine´ + `purple<sp>´], Loeselia ciliata, Loeselia glandulosa (if not otherwise recognized). G) guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `thorn´], Loeselia pumila. POLYGALACEAEMonnina Monnina xalapensis Kunth (= Monnina schiedeana H.B.K.) 380) guìzh-mæ̀z [`herb´ + `fox´] (= x-guìzh-pèdrǔuch [`its herb´ + `gray silky flycatcher´]), Monnina xalapensis ^[[PglMonXal1]], ^[[PglMonXal2]]: shrub to 4 m of damp canyons in pine forests at 2400-2500 m; miniature blue-purple pea-like flowers; fruit is a dark purple drupe; these are favorites of brown-backed solitaires (Myadestes occidentalis), nightingale-thrushes (Catharus spp.), and gray silky-flycatchers (Ptilogonys cinereus) as well as foxes and, apparently, bats; all effectively disburse the seeds; no uses noted; if not recognized it may be called just yàg-lén̲-guiùu [`tree/shrub´ + `belly´ + `water/stream´] or guìzh-dán [`herb´ + `forest/wild´]. Polygala Polygala cf. americana Mill. Polygala compacta Rose Polygala velata Blake G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´] (= guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´]), guièe-làs-àzûl [`flower´ + `small/slender´ + `blue<sp>´], Polygala cf. americana, Polygala compacta, Polygala velata. POLYGONACEAEGenus unspecified: G) guìzh-làs [`herb´ + `slender/small´], Polygonaceae sp. G) guìzh-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Polygonaceae sp. ?: to 40 cm; for decoration. Polygonum Polygonum acre Kunth Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. 381) guìzh-zhǒb2 [`herb´ + `maize´] (= guìzh-mèel̲-dòo [`herb´ + `giant water snake´]), Polygonum hydropiperoides ^[[PlgPolHyd1]]: weedy herb of marshy ground; for decoration, perfume; if not specifically named may be called guièe-ròsâd [`flower´ + `rose-colored<sp>´]. *375) guìzh-nìt [`herb´ + `sugar cane/corn stalk´], Polygonum acre: weedy herb of damp ground with tiny creamy-white flowers in spikes; cf. sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae); see also Commelina erecta, Tinantia erecta, Tradescantia crassifolia of the Commelinaceae; also named for resemblance to sugar cane. Rumex Rumex crispus L. Rumex cf. mexicana (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) J. Smith 382) blàg-dòoz [`leaf´ + `early stage corn field´] (= guìzh-dòoz [`herb´ + `early stage corn field´]), Rumex crispus ^[[PlgRumCri1]], Rumex cf. mexicana, verdolaga, dock: a common weed in town and nearby fields; medicine: grind the leaf, put in cold water, drink; it is very “cold” (niág), thus useful for hot pain (dolor caliente), wherever, e.g., foot, hand, head ache with fever; tie the leaf at the site of the pain, e.g., with a rag; also for sores (ronchas); fodder for rabbits. PORTULACACEAEPortulaca Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaca pilosa (Jacq.) Gaertn. 383) guìzh-wlàdz [`herb´ + Y], Portulaca oleracea ^[[PorPorOle1]]: scandent, succulent herb; eaten as a potherb (quelite). G) guìzh-mòrâd [`herb´ + `purple<sp>´], Portulaca pilosa. Talinum Talinum paniculata (Jacq.) Gaertn. 384) ncuàan-dzéb-ròo [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `big´], Talinum paniculatum: use to treat a particularly virulent variety of “fright”; other `fright medicines´ include species of the Adiantaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Primulaceae, Scropulariaceae, and Verbenaceae. PRIMULACEAEAnagallis Anagallis arvensis L. Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. caerulea Hartman 385) ncuàan-dzéb-còrâl [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `coral<sp>´], Anagallis arvensis: prostrate weedy herb of milpas; sometimes planted in gardens; Eurasian introduction: two varieties distinguished by flower color, as “male” and “female”; both effective as medicine for “night fright” (dzéb-guièel), i.e., bad dreams, though one for women, the other for men (see below); grind, cook, then drink infusion; it is “cool” (fresca); once used in Europe “to dispel sadness” (Hyam & Pankhurst p. 22); one internet site elaborates as follows: “Action, Medical Uses, and Doses. This plant appears to possess energetic properties,.... Its virtues are not fully known. It was considered an antidote to poison many years ago, and has more recently been employed to prevent the evil results arising from the bite of a rabid animal. Its internal use has been advised in mania, epileptic attacks, dropsical affections, and other derangements of the nervous system, but it should be employed with caution....” (http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/anagallis.html, December 31, 2003);
see also Bacopa procumbens (Scrophulariaceae); other `fright medicines´ include species of the Adiantaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Portulacaceae, Scropulariaceae, and Verbenaceae: 385a) ncuàan-dzéb-còrâl-zhùs [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `coral<sp>´ + `female´], Anagallis arvensis ssp. arvensis ^[[PrmAnaArv1]]; variety with salmon-colored flowers; it is used to treat women; 385b) ncuàan-dzéb-còrâl-zhěy [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `coral<sp>´ + `male´], Anagallis arvensis ssp. caerulea ^[[PrmAnaArv2]]; variety with blue flowers; same habits as ssp. arvensis; it is used to treat men. Centunculus (Anagallis) Centunculus (Anagallis) minimus L. Samolus Samolus floribundus H.B.K. 386) ncuàan-dzéb-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `white´], Anagallis minimus and/or Samolus floribundus: low weedy herbs with white flowers found below town at 1670-1750 m; medicine for “fright”; drink infusion at room temperature; it is “cool” (fresca); other `fright medicines´ include species of the Adiantaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Portulacaceae, Scropulariaceae, and Verbenaceae. PROTEACEAEGrevillea Grevillea robusta A. Cunningham ex R. Br. UN) Grevillea robusta: an Australian tree occasionally planted for shade and/or ornament in San Juan gardens; no name or use recorded. PUNICACEAEPunica Punica granatum L. 387) yàg-ngùd-guièe-ziè [`tree/shrub´ + `round fruit´ + `flower´ + `elote´] (= yàg-grànâd [`tree/shrub´ + `pomegranate<sp>´]), Punica granatum, granada, pomegranate ^[[PunPunGra1]]: Asian tree to 3 m, planted from seed or cuttings in town, but sometimes escaping nearby; edible fruits are ripe in July and August; showy red flowers for decoration; so named for how the fruit splits apart, resembling green corn; bark is medicinal, for dysentery; bark heated in the fire, decoction drunk as tea. PYROLACEAE (ERICACEAE)Chimaphila Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh. UN) Chimaphila maculata: uncommon understory wild flower of pine forests, e.g., at 2300 m; no name or use cited. RANUNCULACEAEClematis Clematis grossa Benth. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], Clematis grossa ^[[RanCleGro1]]: vine with white flowers; no use cited. Delphinium Delphinium pedatisectum Hemsl. 388) guièe-cònêf2 [`flower´ + `rabbit<sp>´], Delphinium pedatisectum ^[[RanDelPed1]], larkspur: wild flower to 1 m, purple flowers; no use cited; descriptive force of name unclear, as not even rabbits eat it. Ranunculus Ranunculus cf. macranthus Scheele Ranunculus petiolaris H.B.K. ex DC. var. sierrae-orientalis Benson *92) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´] (= guièe-tǐl-gùts [`Bidens sp.´ + `yellowish´], guìzh-nguěts-làs [`herb´ + `yellow´ + `slender/small´], xín-guìzh-frês [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `strawberry<sp>´], guìzh-guièe-dâl-dán [`herb´ + `flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Ranunculus cf. macranthus, Ranunculus petiolaris var. sierrae-orientalis, Ranunculus cf. petiolaris, buttercups: wild flower to 10 cm, found at 2000-3600 m; flowers butter yellow; apparently not consistently distinguished nomenclaturally; descriptive terms refer to flower color (guièe-gùts, guìzh-nguěts-làs), resemblance of the leaf to that of wild strawberry (Fragaria spp., Rosaceae), xín-guìzh-frês; stick-tight (Bidens sp., Asteraceae), guièe-tǐ-gùts; and Dahlia spp. (Asteraceae), guìzh-guièe-dâl-dán; fodder for livestock; for composting. Thalictrum Thalictrum pubigerum Benth. Thalictrum cf. strigillosum Hemsl. 389) guìzh-mèt [`herb´ + `skunk´] (= guìzh-crùz-nguǎts [`fern´ + `black´], guìzh-tûb [`herb´ + `tube<sp>´], guièer-ngüèts [`hole/pit/hollow´ + Y], ncuàan-dzéb-ròo [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `large´]), Thalictrum pubigerum, Thalictrum strigillosum, meadow-rue: tall dioecious wildflower , to 1.2 m, of damp places in pine and oak woodland at 2050-2700 m; the various names are descriptive of its rank odor (guìzh-mèt), hollow stems (guìzh-tûb), and resemblance of the leaves to those of maidenhair fern (Adiantum spp., Adiantaceae), which is used to treat “fright” (ncuàan-dzéb-dòo), though this species is not used medicinally. RHAMNACEAEAdolphia Adolphia infesta (H.B.K.) Meisn. UN) Adolphia infesta (H.B.K.) Meisn. Ceanothus Ceanothus coeruleus Lag. 390) yàg-zhín-guièez [`tree/shrub´ + `rotten´ + Y] (= zhín-guièez [`rotten´ + Y], yàg-guièez [`tree/shrub´ + `pot´]), Ceanothus coeruleus ^[[RhmCeaCoe1]]; extended to include Holodiscus argenteus (Rosaceae): shrub of rocky areas to 3 m, from 2200 m to the highest summits at 3600 m; flowers in January, blue in Ceanothus; white in Holodiscus; especially good for firewood; wood is resistant; charcoal will burn all night; particularly good for making tortillas; build-up of dried fuel contributes to spread of forest fires; fodder for goats; some say there are two varieties, this one and one with larger flowers, but these not named consistently. Colubrina Colubrina humboldtiana Roem. & Schult. G) xín-yàg-zhǒb-mæ̀z [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `corn kernel´ + `fox´] or guìzh-dán [`herb´ + `forest/wild´], Colubrina humboldtiana: the first descriptive term compares this to yàg-zhǒb-mæ̀z, Lantana spp., Verbenaceae. Karwinskia Karwinskia humboldtiana (Roem. & Schult.) Zucc. 391) yàg-quiè-ncòw [`tree/shrub´ + `rock/cliff´ + `dark´], Karwinskia humboldtiana: shrub to 2 m of disturbed tropical deciduous woodland at 1750-1975 m; tiny white or greenish-white axillary flowers, sweet odor, for decoration; fruit a dry capsule; use plant as a broom; cf. yàg-guièe-ncòw Fraxinus purpusii (Oleaceae). Rhamnus Rhamnus mucronata Schl. G) yàg-yǎ-guì [`tree/shrub´ + `up high´ + `mountain´], Rhamnus mucronata: shrub to 2 m of disturbed tropical deciduous woodland at 1800 m. ROSACEAEAlchemilla Alchemilla procumbens (Rose) Rydb. G) guìzh-nguiǎ [`herb´ + `green´], Alchemilla procumbens: a low ground cover in meadows in pine-oak forest; flowers greenish, hence the name. Amelanchier Amelanchier denticulata (H.B.K.) Koch. 392) yàg-lân [`tree/shrub´ + `dust´] (= yàg-gbày [`tree/shrub´ + `broom´], gbày-yâg [`broom´ + `tree/shrub´], gbày [`broom´]), Amelanchier denticulata, serviceberry ^[[RosAmeDen1]], ^[[RosAmeDen2]]: shrub to 3 m, white flowers, red or blue-black fruits, of limestone soil; wood very strong but flexible; for making hammers, bows, after treating in fire; wooden bookmarks sold by Indian women in Oaxaca made of “yagalan,” which may be this species; for brooms, hence the general term gbày; for kindling; the modifier lân apparently is descriptive of a dusty bloom on the leaves; see also Forestiera angustifolia (Oleaceae), likewise named gbày-yâg. Cercocarpus Cercocarpus macrophyllus C. Schneider Cercocarpus pringlei (Schneid.) Rydb. 393) yàg-lǎy [`tree/shrub´ + `tooth´], Cercocarpus macrophyllus, Cercocarpus pringlei, mountain mahogany ^[[RosCerMac1]], ^[[RosCerMac2]]: forest tree to 5 m of rocky places at 2000-2850 m; white flowers; fruits not eaten; wood preferred for tops as a nail won´t split it; the modifier lǎy `tooth´ apparently describes the serrated leaf margin; three varieties may be distinguished, as follows: 393a) yàg-lǎy[-0], Cercocarpus macrophyllus, the unmarked prototype; 393b) yàg-lǎy-zhǐil [`tree/shrub´ + `tooth´ + `cotton´], Cercocarpus pringlei: tree to 3 or 4 m, perhaps 5 to 7 m; wood for tops; may not be distinct from the prototype, though occurs at a lower elevation, 1800 m. *270) yàg-lǎy-blàd-nàal̲ [`tree/srub´ + `tooth´ + `bark´ + `thick´], Garrya laurifolia; synonym for yàg-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `black´]. Crataegus Crataegus mexicana Moc. et Sesse Crataegus pubescens (Kunth) Steudel 394) yàg-mànzànít [`tree/shrub´ + `little apple<sp>´] (= mànzànít [`little apple´]), Crataegus pubescens is the prototype, tejocote, hawthorn ^[[RosCraPub1]]: fruits eaten; medicinal: for urinary problems (mal de orina); also for back ache (yòob zhìts); steep stems in water with yàg-blæ̀æ (pingüica, Arctostaphylos pungens, Ericaceae) and raíz de manzanita `hawthorn root´, then drink the decoction; it is “cool” (niág), as are all the ingredients; Crataegus mexicana is distinguished, as below: 394a) yàg-mànzànít[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `haw<sp>´ + 0], Crataegus pubescens: a tree, cultivated in gardens and orchards, to 5 m; white flowers in January; leaves duller and spines shorter than Crataegus mexicana; fruit eaten and exported for sale to Miahuatlán; 394b) yàg-mànzànít-ncuàan [`tree/shrub´ + `haw<sp>´ + `medicine/poison´], Crataegus mexicana ^[[RosCraMex1]]: forest tree to 4 m of riparian habitat near town; leaves shinier and thorns much longer than Crataegus pubescens; fruits not eaten as they will cause stomach ache, hence the modifier ncuàan `poison´. Cydonia Cydonia oblonga Mill. 395) yàg-mèmbrî [`tree/shrub´ + `quince<sp>´], Cydonia oblonga, membrillo, quince ^[[RosCydObl1]]: occasionally planted from seed in gardens and riparian orchards, fruits edible, harvested October and November; eaten or exported for sale; fruit is medicinal, for dysentery. Eriobotrya Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lind. 396) yàg-nîspèrò [`tree/shrub´ + `loquat<sp>´], Eriobotrya japonica, níspero, loquat ^[[RosEriJap1]]: commonly planted in gardens for its edible fruits; medicine for inflammation of the gums (yòob-bàa), use the leaf. Fragaria Fragaria sp. 397) frês [`strawberry<sp>´] (= yàg-frês [`tree/shrub´ + `strawberry<sp>´]), Fragaria sp., fresa, strawberry: occasionally planted in gardens for its edible fruits. Holodiscus Holodiscus argenteus (L. f.) Maxim. *390) yàg-zhín-guièez [`tree/shrub´ + `rotten´ + Y] (= zhín-guièez [`rotten´ + Y]), Holodiscus argenteus: included within the range of this category, the prototype of which is Ceanothus coeruleus (Rhamnaceae); both are shrubs with spray-like panicles of small flowers; e.g., at 3150 m. Malus Malus domestica Borkh. 398) yàg-mànzân [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´] (= yàg-mànzân-crìôyò [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´ + `indigenous<sp>´], Malus domestica, manzana, apple ^[[RosMalDom1]]: commonly cultivated in gardens and orchards; gives fruit the second year after planting; fruits eaten locally or exported for sale; medicinal: to prepare a tea for coughs, including whooping cough (tos ferino, rò-dǒx, rò rônc) and smokers cough (tos fumador), boil green apples (manzana tierna) with one or more of the following: blàg-chòg (prototypically Tournefortia spp, Boraginaceae), gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp., Asteraceae), borage (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae), manita de león (Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon, Sterculiaceae), black corn (maíz negra); the mixture is templada; four varieties of apples may be recognized: 398a) yàg-mànzân-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´ + `small/slender´], Malus domestica var.: with small fruits; planted from seed; gives fruit twice each year, in March and in August and September; 398b) yàg-mànzân-gùts [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´ + `yellowish´], Malus domestica var.: yellow fruits; gives fruit twice each year; 398c) yàg-mànzân-fuîn [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´ + `fine<sp>´] (= yàg-mànzân-xtîl [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´ + `Castillian<sp>´]), Malus domestica var.: planted from seed; gives fruit twice each year; 398d) yàg-mànzân-zhiàl [`tree/shrub´ + `apple<sp>´ + Z], Malus domestica var. Potentilla Potentilla candicans Humb. & Bonpl. G) guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´], Potentilla candicans ^[[RosPotCan1]]: wild flower of humid mountain meadows (at 2860 m); basal rosette; yellow flowers on tall, leafless stalks; thus it is unclear why this species was named `white´. G) guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´], Potentilla sp.: low mat, tap rooted; on overgrazed or disturbed ground, at 3200 m; yellow flowers. Prunus Prunus armeniaca L. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. calpuli Cav. 399) yàg-drâz [`tree/shrub´ + `peach<sp>´], Prunus persica, durazno, peach ^[[RosPruPer1]], ^[[RosPruPer2]], ^[[RosPruPer3]]; includes also Prunus armeniaca, the apricot: fruits eaten and grown for sale; medicinal for “bile” (bilis); three varieties grown locally, as follows: 399a) yàg-drâz[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `peach<sp>´ + unmarked prototype], Prunus persica var. 1: a small tree, commonly planted from seed or cuttings in gardens and riparian orchards; fruits ripe June-August; fruits eaten locally or exported for sale; 399b) yàg-drâz-prîscw [`tree/shrub´ + `peach<sp>´ + `freestone<sp>´], melocotón, free-stone peach, Prunus persica var. 2: a “freestone” variety planted in town; fruits ripe June-August; 399c) yàg-drâz-cǒc [`tree/shrub´ + `peach<sp>´ + `coconut<sp>´] (= yàg-drâz-gùts [`tree/shrub´ + `peach<sp>´ + `yellowish´]), Prunus armeniaca; albaricoque, apricot: shrub to 3 m, wild or cultivated; leaves aspen-like; smaller than the typical peach, yellow; flavor of coconut, hence the name; fruit eaten locally or exported for sale; flowers for decoration. 400) yàg-bziǎ [`tree/shrub´ + `cherry´], Prunus serotina ssp. calpuli, cerezo, cherry ^[[RosPruSer1]]: tree to 6 m, cultivated from seed or grows wild; long spikes of white flowers in December; purplish-black fruits ripe in May; wood for firewood; people eat the fruits and seeds raw; medicinal: for “bile” (bilis); four varieties distinguished by fruit size and shape, as follows: 400a) yàg-bziǎ[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `cherry´ + unmarked], Prunus serotina ssp. calpuli var.: the unmarked variety; has average sized fruits; 400b) yàg-bziǎ-guìt [`tree/shrub´ + `cherry´ + `squash´]: Prunus serotina ssp. calpuli var.: variety with large, “squash”-shaped fruits; 400c) yàg-bziǎ-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `cherry´ + `slender/small´]: Prunus serotina ssp. calpuli var.: wild variety with small fruits; 400d) yàg-bziǎ-ncuàan [`tree/shrub´ + `cherry´ + `poison´]: Prunus serotina ssp. calpuli var.: wild variety with inedible fruits. Pyrus Pyrus communis L. 401) yàg-pêr [`tree/shrub´ + `pear<sp>´], Pyrus communis, pera, pear: cultivated tree occasionally planted for its edible fruits. Rosa Rosa x centifolia L. Rosa chinensis Jacq. Rosa multiflora Thum. & Morr. Rosa cf. odorata Sw. 402) guièe-rôs [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´] (= yàg-guièe-rôs [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `rose<sp>´]), Rosa x centifolia, Rosa chinensis, Rosa multiflora, Rosa cf. odorata: common cultivated shrub of gardens; planted at milpa edges and in the riparian zone, where may go wild; flowers simple to double, white to rose-colored; stems variably armed; most used medicinally for fevers, an infusion drunk as tea; wash wounds with the infusion; it is “cool” (fresca); one type, however, guièe-rósà-côl, is very “hot” nzæ̌æ and dox `dangerous´; flowers for decoration; the three primary named varieties do not at this point correspond in any obvious way with the species names applied by MEXU; more study is needed to understand the folk taxonomy; varieties are distinguished by flower color, size, aroma, and imputed temperate quality; three varieties are universally recognized (b, c, d), others less consistently so: 402a) guièe-rôs[-0], an unmarked prototype, including Rosa multiflora: variable in scope depending on individual preference; 402b) guièe-rósà-côl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + ` cabbage<sp>´], I believe the proper referent here is Rosa cf. odorata ^[[RosRosOdo1]]: common garden variety; flowers pink, densely doubled, cabbage-shaped, hence the name; primarily for ornamental value; less aromatic than guièe-rôs-càstî; this variety is considered extremely “hot,” so hot as to be dangerous, particularly to pregnant women, as it may induce abortions; thus, like guièe-dzùu (pericón, Tagetes lucida, Asteraceae), it is “prohibited”; 402c) guièe-rôs-nquǐts [`flower´ + rose<sp>´ + `white´], I believe the proper referent here is the “cabbage rose,” Rosa chinensis ^[[RosRosChi1]], though some specimens so named were identified as Rosa cf. odorata: less commonly cultivated nowadays; the English vernacular term “cabbage rose” is applied quite differently than is the cognate Spanish loan in Zapotec (see above); used to treat chickenpox (varicela) and measles (sarampión), bathe with infusion with Malva parviflora; it is “cool”; 402d) guièe-rôs-càstî [`flower´ + rose<sp>´ + `Castillian<sp>´] (= guièe-rôs-xtîl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + `Castilian<sp>´]), I believe the proper referent here is Rosa x centifolia ^[[RosRosCen1]]: common garden variety with simple, rose-colored blossoms, highly aromatic; it is “cold” (niág); used to treat chickenpox (varicela) and two kinds of fevers, internal (por dentro), the stronger, and external (por fuera); bathe with a decoction for the external fever; drink also for the internal or “cuando tiene calenture fuerte”; boiled, used to wash wounds, also with Malva parviflora; mix with tamarind (rosa de castilla con tamarindo) for an effective purgative; also for canker sores (granos en la boca); flowers may be dried and sold in local markets ^[[RosRosCen2]]; 402e) guièe-rôs-pèrègrîn [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + `wandering<sp>´] (= guièe-rôs-pêl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + Z], Rosa sp., rosa perla; 402f) guièe-rôs-pèrìcôn [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + Z<sp>], Rosa sp.: very large, with a yellow flower; 402g) guièe-rôs-xtîl [`flower´ + `rose<sp>´ + `Castilian<sp>´], Rosa sp.: not = guièe-rôs-càstî. Rubus Rubus multiflorum Rydberg Rubus pringlei Rydberg 403) yàg-zârz [`tree/shrub´ + `blackberry<sp>´] (= lbæ̀-zârz [`vine´ + `blackberry<sp>´], zârz [`blackberry<sp>´], guìzh-zârz [`herb´ + `blackberry<sp>´]), Rubus multiflorum, Rubus pringlei: sprawling shrubs or vines of pine forests at 2270-2670 m; fruits eaten; two varieties may be distinguished, perhaps correlating with two species, one armed, one not: 403a) zârz-pàrî [blackberry<sp>´ + `excellent<sp>´], Rubus pringlei, trailing vine, glaucous canes, armed; fruits edible; 403b) zârz-nquǐts [`blackberry<sp>´ + `white´] (= yàg-zârz [`tree/shrub´ + `blackberry<sp>´], lbæ̀-zârz [`vine´ + `blackberry<sp>´]), Rubus multiflorum: unarmed shrub, large white flower, to 2 cm; fruits edible. RUBIACEAEBouvardia Bouvardia chrysantha Martius Bouvardia cordifolia DC. Bouvardia longiflora (Cav.) Kunth Bouvardia multiflora (Cav.) Schult. Bouvardia cf. obovados ^[[RubBouObo1]] Bouvardia cf. ternifolia (Cav.) Schl. UN) Bouvardia sp. greenish flowers ^[[RubBouSpc1]]. UN) Bouvardia longiflora, very aromatic flowers. G) guièe-nìzhniê [`flower´ + `red´], Bouvardia chrysantha, Bouvardia cf. ternifolia. *34) guièe-xtsèe1 [`flower´ + `supper/evening´], Bouvardia cf. longiflora: very long, white flowers; see Milla biflora (Alliaceae) for the prototype; cf. Oenothera laciniata (Onagraceae), likewise so called. *292) guièe-dzǐn̲g-gùts [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `yellow´], Bouvardia multiflora: see Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae) for the prototype. 404) guièe-rziòob [`flower´ + `falls out´] (= guièe-cèrí [`flower´ + `match<sp>´]), Bouvardia cordifolia, Bouvardia cf. ternifolia ^[[RubBouTer1]], ^[[RubBouTer2]], ^[[RubBouTer3]]: common shrub to 1.5 m, vermilion to orange flowers, with or without yellow tips; tubular, four-lobed corollas, which fall readily, hence the first name. Chiococca Chiococca alba (L.) A. Hitchc. *EX51) xín-bèch-mbǎr [`relative of´ + `sumac´], Chiococca alba, plus Rhus spp., Anacardiaceae: shrub of riparian zone in subtropical deciduous shrub with white fruits; medicine for diaper rash. Coffea Coffea arabica L. 405) yàg-càfê [`tree/shrub´ + `coffee<sp>´], Coffea arabica ^[[RubCofAra1]]: rarely planted in San Juan; a few small trees bearing fruit noted along the Río Grande at the abandoned mill at 1700 m. Coutaportla (Portlandia) Coutaportla ghiesbreghtiana (Baill.) Urban UN) Coutaportla ghiesbreghtiana. Crusea Crusea diversifolia (H.B.K.) Anderson *306) blàg-wí [`leaf´ + Y], Crusea diversifolia ^[[RubCruDiv1]]: the prototype is Buddleia spp. (Loganiaceae); Crusea diversifolia may also be called simply guìzh-làs [`herb´ + `small/slender´]. Diodia Diodia sarmentosa Sw. UN) Diodia sarmentosa. Galium Galium mexicanum H.B.K. 406) guìzh-ngùdzìi2 [`herb´ + `spider´] (= guìzh-nàad4 [`herb´ + `sticky´]), e.g., Galium mexicanum ^[[RubGalMex1]]; may include also Valeriana palmeri (Valerianaceae): slender, scandent vines with “sticky” stems, due to minute hooked spines, hence the first name; guìzh-nàad is also applied to guìzh-nàad1 Baccharis ramulosa, Asteraceae; guìzh-nàad2 Mentzelia hispida, Loasaceae; and guìzh-nàad3 Plumbago pulchella, Plumbaginaceae; Galium mexicanum is medicinal, used for ear aches; cf. guìzh-ngùdzìi1 [`herb´ + `spider´], Acalypha adenophora and Croton ciliato-glanduliferum of the Euphorbiaceae. Hintonia Hintonia standleyana Bullock UN) Hintonia standleyana. Pseuderanthemum Pseuderanthemum praecox (Benth.) Leonard G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Pseuderanthemum praecox. RUTACEAECasimiroa Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. 407) yàg-ngùd-guèy [`tree/shrub´ + `ball/lump´ + `limestone´] (= ngùd-guèy [`ball/lump´ + `limestone´]), Casimiroa edulis, zapote blanco, white zapote ^[[RutCasEdu1]], ^[[RutCasEdu2]]: tree to 10 m, leaves palmately compound, fruits yellow, not eaten; medicinal: for the heart, eat the fruit or drink the juice; compare yàg-ngùd-guèy-pcàal̲, Byrsonima crassifolia, Malpighiaceae. Citrus Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus aurantium L. Citrus limetta Risso Citrus x limonia Osbeck (= Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus medica L. Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Citrus reticulata Blanco Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 408) yàg-lîm [`tree/shrub´ + `lime<sp>´], Citrus aurantiifolia and Citrus limetta, limón, lime: medicinal: raíz de limón `lime root´, compounded with rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae) and guaco (Aristolochia sp.; not found locally), drink for fever (zhlæ̌æ); “hot pains”; stomach ache (dolor de estómago); or for when one has no appetite, food is “tasteless”; two varieties are distinguished, both cultivated in town, apparently equivalent as medicines: 408a) yàg-lìmà-lìmôn [`tree/shrub´ + `lima<sp>´ + `lime<sp>´] (= yàg-lìmôn [`tree/shrub´ + `lime<sp>´]), Citrus aurantiifolia, lima-limón, lemon-lime: pulp and skin used medicinally to treat loss of appetite, bad stomach, bad odors. 408b) yàg-lîm-chîch [`tree/shrub´ + `lima<sp>´ + `nipple´], Citrus limetta ^[[RutCitLim1]], lima, limetta, sweet lime: cultivated tree of gardens; yellow fruits with distinctive “nipple”; the fruit is not particularly flavorful. 409) yàg-màndàrîn [`tree/shrub´ + `tangerine<sp>´], Citrus reticulata, mandarina, tangerine, Mandarin orange. 410) yàg-nàrânj [`tree/shrub´ + `orange<sp>´], Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium, naranja, orange: medicinal: to prepare mezcal de ruda, a concoction is made by steeping rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae) and guaco (Aristolochia sp.; not found locally) with cascara de naranja criollo `rind of local oranges´ in mezcal for several weeks; very good for “rheumatic stomach”; one may also drink this; another complex treatment involves orange leaves (hoja de naranja) ground with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, Lamiaceae), feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium, Asteraceae), laurel and avocado leaves (Litsea glaucescens, Persea americana, both Lauraceae), and the juice of the mezon zapote fruit (Licania platypus, Chrysobalanaceae), then drinking a glass or bathing in the decoction, after giving birth or to treat bruises (golpes); two varieties of oranges are distinguished: 410a) yàg-nàrânj[-0] [`tree/shrub´ + `orange<sp>´ + unmarked], Citrus sinensis, naranja dulce, sweet orange: trees cultivated in town gardens for their edible fruit; rind is used as a medicine, as detailed above; 410b) nàrânj-wlâdz [`orange<sp> + Y], Citrus aurantium, naranja agria, sour orange: trees cultivated in town gardens for their edible fruit. 411) yàg-sîdr [`tree/shrub´ + `citron<sp>´], Citrus medica, citrón, citron ^[[RutCitMed1]]: occasionally planted in gardens in San Juan; pulp and skin used medicinally. 412) yàg-tòrônj [`tree/shrub´ + `grapefruit<sp>´], Citrus x paradisi, toronja, grapefruit; not grown locally, but available in local markets. Ruta Ruta chalepensis L Ruta graveolens L. 413) rrûd [`rue<sp>´], Ruta chalepensis ^[[RutRutCha1]], ^[[RutRutCha2]], Ruta graveolens, ruda, rue: Mediterranean species widely cultivated for its medicinal value; for “fright,” drink as tea; for “white spots” (manchas blancas), drink with “oil of San Sebastian”; this also for “hot pains,” stomach ache (dolor de estómago), fever (zhlæ̌æ); also rue combined with raíz de limón (Citrus aurantiifolia) and guaco (Aristolochia sp., a vine not found locally but common at Pluma de Hidalgo and at the coast) is very good for “rheumatic stomach” (reuma en el estómago); one may also drink mezcal de ruda: i.e., rue left to steep in mezcal for several weeks, mixed with guaco and orange rind (cascara de naranja criollo); the compuesto is “hot” (nzæ̌æ), as is rue itself; a treatment for aire caliente or espanto involves a mixture of such exotic ingredients as anís estrella (Illicium verum, Illiciaceae), cancerina (unidentified), and guaco (Aristolochia sp., Aristolochiaceae), with locally-grown plants, including rue and horehound (Marrubium vulgare, Lamiaceae); drink the decoction; rue with albahaca (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae) may be used as a purifying “limpia” or salve against “bad air” (aire malo); also to treat berrinche, nervios, and latido del corazón, a complex of nervous disorders associated with pent-up anger; also for intestinal worms; in these cases chop the leaves and drink the juice or drink a decoction of the leaves and flowers as tea. *2) rrûd-nìs-dòo [`rue<sp>´ + `ocean´], marine algae of some sort. *G) xín-rrûd-dán [`relative of´ + rue<sp> + `forest/wild´], Sibara cf. angelorum, Apiaceae ^[[BraSibAng1]], and Cardamine sp., Brassicaceae: wild flowers of high elevation (3600 m), are compared here to Ruta spp., Rutaceae. Zanthoxylum Zanthoxylum affine H.B.K. *162) yàg-yàal̲-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `copal´ + `slender/small´] (= xín-yàg-yàal̲ [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `copal´], yàg-guièts-dán [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `slender/small´]), Zanthoxylum affine ^[[RutZanAff1]]: low shrub to 1 m; thin, straight spines at leaf bases; leaflets in six pairs, small, smooth, elliptic, finely toothed; rachis unwinged; bark not exfoliating; fruit on short pedicel; leaves smell strongly of lemon; in tropical deciduous woodland, associate of 6 or 7 species of Bursera (Burseraceae), which it superficially resembles, hence the names. SALICACEAEPopulus Populus fremontii S. Wats. Populus mexicana Wesmae. 414) yàg-blàg-ruêd [`tree/shrub´ + `leaf´ + `wheel<sp>´], Populus fremontii, Populus mexicana, álamo, poplar: rare tree to 10 m of riversides below town; not clearly recognized; wood for firewood; posts for corrals. Salix Salix bonplandiana Kunth Salix humboldtiana Willd. (= Salix chilensis Molina) Salix nigra March. Salix cf. oxylepis C. Schneider 415) yàg-zhguiès [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Salix bonplandiana, sauce, willow ^[[SalSalBon1]]: tree to 10 m; probably includes also Salix humboldtiana (= Salix chilensis) of somewhat lower elevation, but that species does not occur in San Juan; willow wood is light weight, thus preferred for plow yokes, though not much used for firewood; medicine for “fright” (dzéb), grind the leaves with rue (Ruta chalepensis spp., Rutaceae), drink the infusion; also given to “los mochitos” `little stub-horned bulls´, that is, those in a rage, suffering from berrinche; also for a type of espanto in which the person will not eat; drink a glass and the next day they will eat well; also for skin sores (ronchas); drink a decoction to facilitate a delayed birth; it is `cold´; also for decoration and shade; the prototype and one marked variety may be distinguished, as follows: 415a) yàg-zhguiès[-0], Salix bonplandiana: the unmarked prototype; uses as noted above; 415b) yàg-zhguiès-yǎ-guì [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `up high´ + `mountains´] (= yàg-zhguiès-dán [`tree/shrub´ + Y + `forest/wild´], yàg-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `black´]), Salix nigra, Salix oxylepis: trees to 6 m, of pine forests, away from streams; branches for decoration; wood for firewood; medicine for body sores; grind leaves, use as plaster. *271) yàg-nguǎts [`tree/shrub´ + `black´], Salix oxylepis: small trees to 4 m of higher elevations (e.g., 2555 m); a small tree of roadsides on the high ridges south and west of San Juan; the category prototype is Garrya longifolia (Garryaceae); Salix oxylepis is perhaps confused with Garrya; perhaps more appropriately named yàg-zhguiès-yǎ-guì. SAPINDACEAEDodonaea Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. 416) yàg-blàg-bîdz [`tree/shrub´ + `leaf´ + `dry´] (= blàg-bîdz [`leaf´ + `dry´]), Dodonaea viscosa, jarilla ^[[SapDodVis1]]: a tall shrub, to 4 m, very common element of the matorral of the lower oak woodland; occasionally planted; an important medicine for a range of ailments; in most cases one should moisten the leaves (blàg-bîdz) with mezcal or alcohol, then tie them tightly to the affected part of the body; for stomach ache or gas (aire) tie leaves on the abdomen; for “sore bones” (rheumatism) and back pain, treat the site of pain; for sore feet, tie leaves on the feet; also effective for “air in the ear” (aire en su oído), to open a stopped-up ear; for wdzìdz (clavillo), an intense, stabbing abdominal pain; and for an “air that hits” (aire que se pega), particularly on the back and arms; some say it is “cool” (fresca), but most consider it “hot” (caliente). Paullinia Paullinia cf. tomentosa Jacq. G) guièe-mòrâd-nquǐts [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´ + `white´], Paullinia cf. tomentosa. Serjania Serjania schiedeana Schlecht. & Cham. Serjania triquetra Radlk. *52) bèch-mbǎr-lbæ̀ [`knot´ + `sour´ + `vine´], Serjania schiedeana: treated as a variety of bèch-mbǎr, Rhus spp. of the Anacardiaceae. G) guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´], Serjania triquetra. SAPOTACEAEManilkara Manilkara zapota (Miller) Fosberg 417) yàg-guiál̲-dzìn [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + `honey´], Manilkara zapota, chicozapote, sapodilla plum: does not grow in San Juan; fruits obtained in trade from lower elevations; see also Annona cherimolia (Annonaceae), Licania platypus (Chrysobalanaceae), and Pouteria sapota (see below), all named as if they were “kinds of” yàg-guiál̲. Pouteria Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn 418) yàg-guiál̲-zhòn [`tree/shrub´ + `cherimoya-fruit´ + Z], Pouteria sapota, mamey: does not grow in San Juan; fruits obtained in trade from lower elevations. See also #55, Annona cherimolia (Annonaceae), Licania platypus (Chrysobalanaceae), and Manilkara zapota (see above), all named as if they were “kinds of” yàg-guiál̲. SCROPHULARIACEAEAntirrhinum Antirrhinum majus L. 419) guièe-pèrrît [`flower´ + `puppy<sp>´], Antirrhinum majus, boca del dragón, snapdragon: ornamental occasionally planted from seed in San Juan gardens; flowers in July; two varieties named, though anaranjada `orange´ and rosada `rose-colored´ varieties may also be noted: 419a) guièe-pèrrît-mòrâd [`flower´ + `puppy<sp>´ + `purple<sp>´], Antirrhinum majus var.; 419b) guièe-pèrrît-nquǐts [`flower´ + `puppy<sp>´ + `white´], Antirrhinum majus var. Bacopa, see Mecardonia Calceolaria Calceolaria mexicana Benth. UN) Calceolaria mexicana: low weedy herb of pine forests (at 2350 m), with odd clam-shell-shaped yellow flowers; no name or use cited. Lamourouxia Lamourouxia microphylla Mart.& Gal. Lamourouxia multifida Kunth Lamourouxia rhinanthifolia Kunth Lamourouxia viscosa Kunth *292) guièe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´] (= guìzh-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `hummingbird´), Lamourouxia microphylla, Lamourouxia multifida, Lamourouxia rhinanthifolia ^[[ScrLamRhi1]], Lamourouxia viscosa: tall herbs with showy, red, tubular flowers very attractive to hummingbirds; medicinal: for a child´s rash (granos); to “clean” the body, as a limpia; these are grouped with a variety of similar flowers under this heading; the prototypes are several red Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae); guièe-dzǐn̲g also includes Lobelia laxiflora (Campanulaceae), Cuphea spp. (Lythraceae), Castilleja spp. (Orobanchaceae), and Penstemon spp. (Scrophulariaceae). Maurandya Maurandya scandens (Cav.) Pers. *189) guìzh-guièe-rrè [`herb´ + `flower´ + `pitcher´] (= guìzh-lbæ̀-rrè [`herb´ + `vine´ + `pitcher´]): Maurandya scandens ^[[ScrMauSca1]]: slender, clambering vine of near and below town, with hastate leaves and showy red-purple flowers; the prototype of this category includes several Ipomoea spp. (Convolvulaceae); may be treated descriptively as lbæ̀-mòrâd [`vine´ + `purple<sp>´] or guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´]. Mecardonia Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Standl. (= Bacopa procumbens (Mill.) Greenm.) 420) ncuàan-dzéb-maêstr [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `teacher<sp>´] (= ncuàan-dzéb-ròo [`mecidine´ + `fright´ + `big´], ncuàan-dzéb-guièel [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `night´]), Mecardonia procumbens ^[[ScrMecPro1]]: scandent weedy herb of damp ground near town; medicine for “night fright” or “fear of teachers”! (though this may be an idiosyncratic notion); more often, however, this species is passed off as guièe-gùts-lbæ̀ [`flower´ + `yellowish´ + `vine´] or with a descriptive term employing some combination of those attributes; other ncuàan-dzéb `fright medicines´ include species of the Adiantaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, and Verbenaceae. Mimulus Mimulus sp. G) guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellowish´], Mimulus sp., monkey flower ^[[ScrMimSpc1]]: common wild flower growing in and along the edge of high mountain streams; yellow “monkey-face” flowers; not clearly distinguished. Penstemon Penstemon campanulatus (Cav.) Willd. Penstemon gentianoides Don. 421) guièe-měets [`flower´ + `louse´], guièe-mìtsiě [`flower´ + `louse<sp>´]), ]), Penstemon campanulatus ^[[ScrPenCam1]]; Penstemon gentianoides ^[[ScrPenGen1]]: this term is preferred by a minority of consultants and is specific to Penstemon spp., as opposed to the more general application of guièe-dzǐn̲g. *292) guièe-dzǐn̲g [`flower´ + `hummingbird´] (= guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `flower´ + `hummingbird´], guìzh-dzǐn̲g [`herb´ + `hummingbird´], guièe-měets [`flower´ + `louse´], guièe-mìtsiě [`flower´ + `louse<San Pedro Gbëë>´]), Penstemon campanulatus ^[[ScrPenCam1]]; Penstemon gentianoides ^[[ScrPenGen1]]: tall herbs with showy, red to purple, tubular flowers very attractive to hummingbirds; medicinal: for a child´s rash (granos); to “clean” the body, as a limpia; the penstemons may be grouped with a variety of similar flowers as guièe-dzǐn̲g `hummingbird flower´, the prototypes of which are several red Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae); guièe-dzǐn̲g also includes Lobelia laxiflora (Campanulaceae), Cuphea spp. (Lythraceae), Castilleja spp. (Orobanchaceae), and Lamourouxia spp. (Scrophulariaceae); two varieties may be recognized: *292a) guièe-dzǐn̲g[-0], the prototype, with scarlet flowers, to include Penstemon campanulatus; *292b) guìzh-guièe-dzǐn̲g-mòrâd [`flower´ + `hummingbird´ + `purple<sp>´], Penstemon gentianoides ^[[ScrPenGen1]]: purple flowers, of high mountain meadows. Russelia Russelia coccinea Wett. UN) Russelia coccinea. Scoparia Scoparia dulcis L. 422) guìzh-côc [`herb´ + `Inca dove´], Scoparia dulcis: weedy wild flower near town; seeds eaten by Inca doves (Columbina inca), hence the name. Seymeria Seymeria laciniata (Mart. & Gal.) Standl. G) guièe-dán [`flower´ + `forest/wild´], Seymeria laciniata. Veronica Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis H.B.K. *EX305) xín-guìzh-nàad [`relative of´ + `herb´ + `sticky´], Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis: low trailing plant, uncommon near town; this is not the “real” or meru guìzh-nàad, which may be either Baccharis ramulosa, Asteraceae; Mentzelia hispida, Loasaceae; Plumbago pulchella, Plumbaginaceae; or Galium mexicanum, Rubiaceae, all characterized by their “sticky” stems. SMILACACEAESmilax Smilax sp. G) lbæ̀-guièts [`vine´ + `spine´] (cf. Rubus spp. (Rosaceae), zârz [`´blackberry<sp>´]), Smilax sp.: uncommon, clambering vine of humid arroyos, armed; no distinctive name or use cited. SOLANACEAEBrugmansia Brugmansia x candida Pers. Brugmansia cf. versicolor Lagerh. 423) guièe-pûnt [`flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´] (= yàg-guièe-pûnt [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´]), Brugmansia x candida, Brugmansia cf. versicolor, floripondio, trumpet flower: South American ornamental shrub, hallucinogenic, planted commonly in San Juan; medicine for nzææb, the symptoms of which are swelling of the feet and the face; massage the area with a leaf; also for chaneque: rub the knee with the flower to determine if the person suffers from chaneque or not; also for “hitting airs” (aire que pega); one may burn the plant as a fumigant also; it is “hot” (nzæ̌æ); one should “pay” the plant seven pebbles (piedrecitas) in exchange [cf. Datura stramonium] to prevent the plant from drying up (para que no se seca); flowers used for decoration; there are two species, differing by color, with `white´ and `rose-colored´ flowers (see below); only the white-flowered variety is used medicinally; there are also a few yellow-flowered individuals and double flowered variants, which may all represent Brugmansia x candida cultivars; 423a) guièe-pûnt[-0], the unmarked prototype (= guièe-pûnt-nquǐts [`flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´ + `white´]), Brugmansia x candida ^[[SolBruCan1]]: only this variety used medicinally; 423b) guièe-pûnt-dèrôs [`flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´ + `of the rose<sp>´] (= guièe-pûnt-ròsâd [`flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´ + `rose-colored<sp>´],), Brugmansia cf. versicolor ^[[SolBruSan1]]: South American ornamental shrub, planted occasionally in San Juan; pale rosy flowers used for decoration; 423c) guièe-pûnt-nguěts [`flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´ + `yellow´], Brugmansia x candida: yellow flowered; 423d) guièe-pûnt-mzhǐig [`flower´ + `floripondio<sp>´ + `pine cone´], Brugmansia x candida: double flowered. Capsicum Capsicum annuum L.var. annuum Capsicum annuum L.var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser et Pickersgill Capsicum pubescens L. 424) yàg-guìin1 [`tree/shrub´ + `chili´], Capsicum pubescens and/or Capsicum annuum; in certain cases the variety is reported to live just a single year, these are certainly Capsicum annuum; only guìin-cànâr is certainly Capsicum pubescens (fide A. de Ávila): a common garden plant; the fruits are used in cooking; numerous varieties are cultivated, which are distinguished by growth form (herb or shrub); fruit size, shape, intensity of spiciness, and color; flower color (all are white but one, which is purple); one variety, guìin-zhì-gôl, Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum, grows wild on the Pacific coast, but is harvested for sale in local markets; one may treat a donkey, mule, or ox that has eaten toxic mountain forest iris, guìzh-ncuàan2, Rigidelia orthantha, by feeding the animal salt, garlic, and chili; seven widely recognized chili varieties are as follows: 424a) guìin-ló-ngubîdz [`chili´ + `at the sun´] (= guìin-gìràsôl [`chili´ + `points at the sun<sp>´]): Capsicum annuum var. annuum ^[[SolCapAnn6]], ^[[SolCapAnn3]]: this variety “follows the sun”; shrub to 1.5 m; fruits small, red, upright; hottest of all; “lasts just one year”, thus annual, planted each year from seed; 424b) guìin-xêei [`chili´ + Y]) (= guìin-sànjsê [`chili´ + `San José<sp>´): Capsicum annuum var. annuum ^[[SolCapAnn5]]: San Juan gardeners buy then plant seeds; the plant fruits in October; fruits are small, red, very hot; “lasts just one year”, thus annual; 424c) guìin-tûxtè, guìin-tûxtl [`chili´ + Y]: Capsicum annuum var. annuum, chile solterita: shrub to 1.5 m; red fruits; small leaves; less hot than most; 424d) guìin-guìzdòo [`chili´ + `Miahuatlán´], chile serrano: Capsicum annuum var. annuum: not planted in San Juan, purchased in Miahuatlán; not as pungent as the other varieties 424e) guìin-ló-yâg [`chili´ + `on tree/shrub´], Capsicum annuum var. annuum: a climbing variety; 424f) guìin-nàal̲-zhàb [`chili´ + `bark´ + `husk´], Capsicum annuum var. annuum: low growing, to 25 cm; not as hot as chili de árbol (guìin-ló-yâg); 424g) guìin-jàlàpêñ [`chili´ + `jalapeño<sp>´], Capsicum annuum var. annuum, jalapeño: not cultivated in San Juan but well known from purchases in the Miahuatlán market; for making mole; 424h) guìin-chìlânch [`chili´ + `wide<sp>´], Capsicum annuum var. annuum, chile ancho: not cultivated in San Juan but well known from purchases in the Miahuatlán market; for making mole; 424i) guìin-chìlît [`chili´ + `little chili<sp>´], Capsicum annuum var. annuum, chile guajiro: not cultivated in San Juan but well known from purchases in the Miahuatlán market; for making mole; 424j) guìin-zhì-gôl [`chili´ + poss. + Y], Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum: wild chili harvested on the coast, fruits <1 cm diameter, many seeds; purchased in Miahuatlán. 424k) guìin-cànâr, guìin-cànâryò [`chili´ + `canary<sp>´]) (= guìin-mànzân [`chili´ + `apple<sp>´]): Capsicum pubescens ^[[SolCapCan1]], ^[[SolCapCan2]]: shrub to 1.5 m, large leaves; purple flowers, squat, rectangular yellow fruits to 3 cm diameter; moderately spicy. Cestrum Cestrum dumetorum Schl. Cestrum flavescens Fernald Cestrum tomentosum L. f. (= Cestrum lanatum Mart. & Gal.) 425) yàg-guièe-zhǐn [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `rotten´] (= bòtòn-xìwît [`bud<sp>´ + Y]), Cestrum dumetorum, boton zhiwite ^[[SolCesDum1]]: shrub or small tree to 4 m; leaves alternate, long lanceolate, arched; flowers smell “rotten,” hence the name; grows wild or cultivated; may be planted in living fences near town or in gardens; medicinal, for fevers and headaches; tie on foot or head to get rid of high fever (zhlæ̌æ-dǒx); place leaf with alcohol, mezcal, or just water on the bottoms of ones feet to “draw down the heat”; also a medicine for “fright”; a purifying limpia; it is “cold” (niág); two varieties distinguished, `white´ and `purple´, the white variety is especially for fever; a similar wild species may also be distinguished, as follows: 425a) yàg-guièe-zhǐn[-0] (= yàg-guièe-zhǐn-nquǐts [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `rotten´ + `white´]), Cestrum dumetorum var.: the prototype; 425b) yàg-guièe-zhǐn-mòrâd [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `rotten´ + `purple<sp>´], Cestrum dumetorum var.: this variety not used medicinally; 425c) guìzh-guièe-zhǐn-dán [`herb´ + `flower´ + `rotten´ + `forest/wild´], Cestrum dumetorum var.: said to be a wild relative of cultivated Cestrum dumetorum; not used as is yàg-guièe-zhǐn[-0]; but see Cestrum lanatum below. 426) yàg-blàg-diè [`tree/shrub´ + `leaf´ + `dust/powder´] (= blàg-diè [`leaf´ + `dust/powder´]), Cestrum lanatum: shrub to 3 m at river below town (at 1770 m); named for powdery leaf surfaces; white flowers in February; no distinctive name or use cited; also called xín-yàg-cànêl [`relative of´ + `tree/shrub´ + `cinnamon´] (= yàg-cànêl-dán [`tree/shrub´ + `cinnamon´ + `forest´]; guìzh-cànêl [`herb´ + `cinnamon<sp>´]), which is Pluchea odorata (Compositae); could also be referred to as yàg-cànêl. UN) Cestrum flavescens. Datura Datura stramonium L. 427) blàg-rzûdz [`leaf´ + `drunkenness´] (= guìzh-rzûdz [`herb´+ `drunkenness´]), Datura stramonium, toloache, jimsonweed ^[[SolDatStr1]], ^[[SolDatStr2]]: weedy herb or shrub; purplish-white pendant, tubular flowers; spiny fruits; hallucinogenic; of fallow fields and waste ground, also planted in gardens; medicine for sore feet, chaneque; also for aire, swelling, sore back; tie the leaf on the affected part; when you take the leaf for curing you should leave seven pebbles beneath the plant to pay “the Lady” (asking, “Señorita, vendemela!”), because “the plant is like a saint” [cf. Brugmansia x candida]; the name refers to the fact that if eaten one becomes “drunk,” thus the plant is “dangerous”; if children sit under it they should be washed in cold water. Jaltomata Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry (= Saracha jaltomata Schl.) UN) Jaltomata procumbens: a low spreading herb to 10 cm with greenish flowers and fruits; of mountain clearings; not recognized. Lycopersicon Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (= Solanum lycopersicum L.) Physalis Physalis angutata L. Physalis chenopodifolia Lam. Physalis nicandroides Schlecht. Physalis philadelphica Lam. Solanum Solanum aligerum Schl. Solanum americanum Miller Solanum cf. appendiculatum H.B.K. Solanum chrysotrichum Schldtl. Solanum erianthum D. Don Solanum cf. hartwegii Benth. Solanum hispidum Pers. Solanum ionidium Bitter Solanum jasminoides Desf. ex Paxton Solanum lanceolatum Cav. (= Solanum maculatum Cav.) Solanum lycopersicum L. (= Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) Solanum mitlense Dunal Solanum nigrum L. Solanum schenkii Bitter Solanum tuberosum L. 428) yàg-pchǔux [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´]: this category includes a variety of solanaceous species, including several important cultivated species used in cooking, such as the familiar red tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and the husk tomato (Physalis philadelphica) more often used in Mexican cooking: 428a) yàg-pchǔux-tsǒ [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `large´] (= pchǔux[-0] [`tomato´)], Lycopersicon esculentum, jitomate, tomato ^[[SolLypEsc1]]: the prototype; tomatoes are occasionally grown in San Juan, planted from seed each year; fruit ripe in August; 428b) yàg-pchǔux-guìx [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `wild´] (= pchǔux-guìx [`tomato´ + `wild´]): Physalis philadelphica, miltomate, tomatillo, husk tomato ^[[SolPhyPhi1]], ^[[SolPhyPhi2]]: herb or shrub to 0.5 m; grows wild or cultivated; yellow flowers; small green tomato-like fruits enclosed in a thin husk; popular for use in cooking, to make sauces; two varieties may be distinguished, as follows: 428b1) pchǔux-guìx[-0], Physalis philadelphica: the prototype; 428b2) pchǔux-guìx-dán [`tomato´ + `wild´ + `forest/wild´] (= pchǔux-làs-dán [`tomato´ + `small/slender´ + `forest/wild´]), Physalis angutata: low shrub to 0.5 m with yellow flowers and green fruits; a wild relative or variety of Physalis philadelphica; said to have a sweeter flavor than the cultivated variety; fruits used to make sauces or eaten raw. 428c) yàg-pchǔux-yâas [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `black´] (= pchǔux-yâas [`tomato´ + `black´]), Solanum americanum ^[[SolSolAme1]], ^[[SolSolAme3]]; may also include Solanum nigrum, which is more typically distinguished as pxât [X] (which is said to have larger leaves) and/or Physalis chenopodifolia: wild herb to 0.5 m; white flowers in May; black fruits not eaten, but leaves may be cooked in soups; not “yàg-”; medicine: it is `cold´; for stomach ache (dolor de estómago), grind up the leaves and drink the decoction; medicine for nervios or pent-up anger, drink a bitter decoction of the leaves with Citrus aurantiifolia; for excessive anger (`cuando uno se enoja mucho´) drink a tea of Solanum americanum mixed with Rumex mexicanus and Salix bonplandiana; medicine for a skin rash, of black or white blotches (manchas negras, mânch-nguǎts, and/or manchas blancas, běy), rub with leaves; may be mixed with guìzh-dòo-lǎ (Piqueria trinervia, Asteraceae); a rather different plant, Lycianthes sp., was also so named; however, its flower is rotate, pale lilac with yellow anthers, typically closed and pendant; 428d) yàg-pchǔux-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `slender/small´] (= pchǔux-làs [`tomato´ + `slender/small´]), Physalis nicandroides; Physalis angutata may be distinguished as pchǔux-làs-dán [`tomato´ + `slender/small´ + `forest/wild´] or as pchǔux-guìx-dán (see above): very similar to Solanum americanum; may also include other Solanum spp., however, species of Solanum by contrast are herbs to 1 m, with simple fruits and greenish-white to creamy-white flowers with nearly separate petal lobes, while Physalis spp. have husked fruits; fruits eaten in sauces; medicine for pinta (pînt); bathe with a decoction of ground leaves; for livestock fodder; 428e) yàg-pchǔux-mběe [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `very large´], Solanum sp.: large, succulent plant of riparian habitat; 428f) yàg-pchǔux-mèel̲ [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `snake´] (= guìzh-mèel̲ [`herb´ + `snake´], yàg-pchǔux-yâas [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `black´]), Lycianthes sp. ?, tomate de culebra: so called because poisonous snakes are said to come out from under the plant; fruits not eaten; some did not distinguish this from yàg-pchǔux-yâas, Solanum americanum (above); 428g) yàg-pchǔux-guièg [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + Z], Solanaceae sp. *318) pchǔux-lǎb [`tomato´ + `water gourd´], Herissantia crispa, Malvaceae: uncommon wild shrub of disturbed ground in tropical deciduous woodland; fruit is superficially similar to that of Physalis but is not edible. Lycianthes Lycianthes acapulcensis (Baill.) D'Arcy Lacianthes dejecta Bitter Lycianthes cf. rzedowskii E. Dean Lycianthes cf. tricolor Bitter 429) guìzh-ngùd-dǎm̲ [`herb´ + `ball/fruit´ + `owl´] (= guìzh-dǎm̲ [`herb´ + `owl´], guìin-dǎm̲ [`chili´ + `owl´], x-cùd-dǎm̲ [`its ball/fruit´ + `owl´]), Lycianthes acapulcensis, Lycianthes cf. tricolor, Lycianthes sp. ^[[SolLycSpc1]], ^[[SolLycSpc2]], ^[[SolLycSpc3]]: unarmed, entire-leaved herbs to 0.5 m, of pine-oak forests and near town; lilac-purple, fused petals to 3 cm; so called because fruits “sit” on the branches like little owls; the owl indicated is prototypically the Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus); chili-like fruits edible; particularly sought after by children. Nicotiana Nicotiana glauca Graham Nicotiana tabacum L. 430) yàg-brètâyn [`tree/shrub´ + `Great Britain<sp>´] (= blàg-bretâyn [`leaf´ + `Great Britain<sp>´], guìzh-brètâyn [`herb´ + `Great Britain<sp>´]), Nicotiana glauca ^[[SolNicGla1]], ^[[SolNicGla2]], tree tobacco: tall weedy roadside shrub to 3 m; also planted in town; native of South America; medicinal: for headaches; leaves peeled, then plastered on the forehead; for ear aches (dolor de oído) and head aches (dolor de cabeza); paste on the “heart” of the leaf, that is, after peeling off the outer layer; for purifying limpias; it is “cold” (niág), thus for a hot pain; use just the leaves; don´t drink it; a “wild” variety may be distinguished from the unmarked prototype, as follows: 430a) yàg-brètâyn[-0], Nicotiana glauca in part: the prototype; 430b) brètâyn-dán [`Great Britain<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Nicotiana glauca in part: a wild variety, said to be more effective medicinally than the “town” variety. 431) blàg-guièz [`leaf´ + X]) (= blàg-tàbâcw [`leaf´ + `tobacco<sp>´]), Nicotiana tabacum, tabaco, tobacco ^[[SolNicTab3]]: cultivated in gardens; the leaf is smoked; medicine for back pain; also for pasmo; apply the leaf topically; it is “hot” (nzæ̌æ). More Solanum 432) guìzh-pxât, pxât [`vishate<sp>´] (= yàg-pchǔux-yâas [`tree/shrub´ + `tomato´ + `black´]), Solanum nigrum, vishate ^[[SolSolNig1]]: low shrub to 0.5 m; purple flowers (or white?); fruits first green, then red in the “male,” blackish in the “female”; fruits not eaten, but leaves cooked and eaten as a quelite; easily confused with pchǔux, particularly pchǔux-yâas [`tomato´ + `black´], Solanum americanum, which is said to have smaller leaves. 433) guièe-mæ̀cw [`flower´ + `dog´], Solanum appendiculatum: a climbing vine with typical Solanum flowers, purple with yellow anthers, in axillary cymes; leaves rather leathery; found at the edge of a milpa at 2200 m. 434) guièe-àsâr [`flower´ + `wedding´], Solanum jasminoides, potato vine ^[[SolSolJaz1]]: shrubby vine planted occasionally from cuttings as an ornamental; a recent introduction; Brazilian; for wedding decorations; may be referred to simply as guièe-lbæ̀ [`flower´ + `vine´] or guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´]. G) guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´], Solanum ionidium: ornamental flower of gardens; a kind of `vine´ (lbæ̀). 435) lbæ̀-gù [`tuber´] (= pápà [`potato<sp>´]), Solanum tuberosum, papa, potato ^[[SolSolTub1]], ^[[SolSolTub2]], ^[[SolSolTub3]], ^[[SolSolTub4]]: occasionally planted in gardens in town; plant tubers in spring, harvest in the fall; typically cultivated in higher elevation milpas at 2300-3400 m; three varieties are distinguished, based on edibility and color of the skin of the tuber, as follows: 435a) gù-mòrâd [`tuber´ + `purple<sp>´], Solanum tuberosum var.; 435b) gù-nquǐts [`tuber´ + `white´], Solanum tuberosum var.; 435c) gù-ncuàan [`tuber´ + `poison´], Solanum tuberosum var.: a poisonous variety. 436) gù-nděz [`tuber´ + Y], Solanum schenkii [[SolSolSch1]]: an uncommon herb of pastures and forests at high elevations (e.g., at 3180 m); has a tuber but it is not eaten; terminology and information from Rancho Conejo people, who are from San Pedro Gbëë. 437) yàg-guièdz-zân [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `child birth´], prototypically Solanum lanceolatum, sosa and/or berenjena ^[[SolSolLan1]], ^[[SolSolLan2]], ^[[SolSolLan3]], ^[[SolSolLan5]]: several tall weedy shrubs to small trees are included here; fruits are yellow to orange when mature; the name refers to the use of the plant as medicine to treat post-partum weakness and pain; for example, a woman in labor is referred to as mén̲w-zân (`person´ + `childbirth´), disease is guièdz; the woman is bathed in an infusion of the leaves, beginning 15 days after the birth; an abortifacient: drink as tea, three tablespoons three times (se friega `it scours´); used to treat wounds and cáncer, i.e., a badly infected wound; boil, use the whole plant; mix with gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp., Asteraceae) and hierba de cáncer (blàg-chòg, prototypically Tournefortia spp., Boraginaceae) or with canfor; also for swelling (guì); wash with the infusion; it is “hot” (nzæ̌æ); two widely recognized varieties are “smooth” yàg-guièdz-zân-zhǐil and “spiny” yàg-guièdz-zân-guièts ^[[SolSolLan4]]; the smooth variety is the best medicine; a very large and very spiny variety grows in a neighboring community, but is not named and is not used as medicine; 437a) yàg-guièdz-zân-zhǐil [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `child birth´ + `cotton´] (= yàg-guièdz-zân-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `a disease´ + `slender/small´]), Solanum lanceolatum var.: large weedy shrubs; few if any spines; leaves lanceolate, nearly entire; flowers purplish; mature fruits orange; distinguished from yàg-guièdz-zân-guièts (below) by lack of spines, more silky white hairs under the leaf, more nearly entire leaves, and paler purple flowers; this variety is preferred for medicine, as detailed above; 437b) yàg-guièdz-zân-guièts [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `child birth´ + `spine´], Solanum lanceolatum var.: large weedy shrubs; somewhat spiny; leaves lanceolate, deeply incised; flowers purplish; mature fruits orange; distinguished from yàg-guièdz-zân-zhǐil (above) by more abundant spines, underside of leaf less contrastingly white from silky hairs, and more deeply dentate leaves; this variety is less preferred for medicine; 437c) yàg-guièdz-zân-mběe [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `child birth´ + `very large´] (= blàg-wé-làs [`leaf´ + Y + `slender/small´]), Solanum erianthum, Solanum hispidum, Solanum mitlense ^[[SolSolHis1]]: large weedy shrubs or small trees; leaves very large, deeply cut; spiny on veins beneath; the whole plant covered by brownish, irritating hairs; flowers white; fruits orange; Solanum erianthum said to be burned to make smoke to keep mosquitos (mlènts) away; 437d) yàg-guièdz-zân-làs [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `childbirth´ + `slender/small´], Hyptis albida, of the Lamiaceae, was labeled yàg-guièdz-zân-làs, perhaps for the superficially similar texture of the leaves to yàg-guièdz-zân, prototypically Solanum lanceolatum (Solanaceae); unlike the prototype, this species is not used medicinally. 438) ncuàan-zân-dòo [`medicine´ + `child birth´ + `big´] (= ncuàan-zân-nquǐts [`medicine´ + `child birth´ + `white´]), Solanum cf. chrysotrichum: large shrub with spines, white flowers; may be the same as yàg-guièdz-zân-mběe [`tree/shrub´ + `disease´ + `child birth´ + `very large´]; cf. ncuàan-zân, Calea sp. (Asteraceae). STERCULIACEAECheiranthodendron Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon Larréat 439) yàg-làz [`tree/shrub´ + `lasso<sp>´] (= yàg-guièe-làz [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + `lasso<sp>´]), Cheiranthodendron pentadactylon, manita de león ^[[StrChePen1]], ^[[StrChePen2]]: tree to 15 m, to 0.5 m diameter at breast height (dbh), uncommon in humid canyons in pine forest at 2500-2800 m; medicinal, to calm a cough, boil the flowers mixed with “black corn” (maíz negra) and green apples (manzana tierna), then drink as a tea; or drink a complex mixture of blàg-chòg (prototypically Tournefortia spp. Boraginaceae), gordolobo (Gnaphalium spp., Asteraceae), borage (Borago officinalis, Boraginaceae), manita de león, black corn, and green apples boiled together; yàg-guièe-làz is “cold,” but the mixture is templada; the name apparently is descriptive of the use of the bark of the young stems to tie bundles; flowers are very attractive to hummingbirds (dzǐn̲g, Trochilidae) and other nectar feeding animals. Melochia Melochia tomentosa L. 440) guìzh-mtǒ [`herb´ + `quail´] (= sâlvià-reâl [`mint<sp>´ + `royal<sp>´]), Melochia tomentosa: sprawling lanate herb; tiny yellow flowers in axillary clusters; so called because Montezuma quails, Cyrtonyx montezumae (mtǒ) are said to favor the seeds; the alternate name links this to a plant, sâlvià-reâl (Salvia sp., Lamiaceae) that is used to cure dysentery (yòob-chên); this last identification may be in error. Pterospermum Pterospermum rotundifolius Ramírez 441) guìzh-mèl2 [`herb´ + `star´] (= yàzmîn [`jasmin<sp>´]), Pterospermum rotundifolius: a common shrub to 4 m of steep, hot slopes in tropical deciduous woodland; the large, round leaves are shiny (and somewhat sticky) from exudate on the surface, plus the white flowers are star-shaped, thus the name; foliage may be used for decoration; see also guìzh-mèl1 [`herb´ + `star´], Anoda sp. (Malvaceae). Theobroma Theobroma cacao L. 442) yàg-bzèy [`tree/shrub´ + `cacao´], Theobroma cacao: does not grow in San Juan; known from lower elevations or as a market commodity in processed form; medicinal: for “frightened” pregnant women, grind seed, cook, drink juice. TILIACEAETilia Tilia mexicana Schl. Tilia occidentalis Rose 443) guièe-tîl [`flower´ + `Tilia sp.´], Tilia occidentalis and/or Tilia mexicana, flor de tila: the dried flowers of some such species are purchased in local markets (e.g., Juchitán) by San Juan herbalists to treat nausea and stomach ache; according to Martínez (1967:317), Tilia occidentalis is an antispasmodic; an infusion of 4-8 gms per liter may be used to treat coughs. TROPAEOLACEAETropaeolum Tropaeolum majus L. 444) màltuêrs [`nasturtium<sp>´], Tropaeolum majus, nasturium ^[[TrpTroMaj1]]: Peruvian species domesticated in Europe in 17th century; common garden ornamental, planted from seed; flowers in summer; medicinal, for tonsillitis (“angina,” yòob-yàn̲); tie the plant on the neck under the chin on the affected side; also for head ache, fever; it is “cool”; flowers for decoration. TYPHACEAETypha Typha dominguensis Pers. 445) guìzh-mèel̲-dòo [`herb´ + `snake´ + `rope´], Typha dominguensis, narrow-leaf cattail ^[[TypTypDom9]]: tall herb to 2 m, of spring seeps; rare in San Juan; named for its association with locations said to be home to giant snake spirits (mèel̲-dòo) that control the rain. ULMACEAECeltis Celtis caudata Planch. Celtis pallida Torr. 446) yàg-quègád [`tree/shrub´ + Y], Celtis pallida, Celtis caudata, hackberry: trees to 8 m; occasional at milpa edges (Celtis pallida) and in riparian groves (Celtis caudata); leaves covered with small wasp galls, described as “seeds” (semitas), which birds like to eat; very hard but light wood used to make yokes for ox teams and fence posts; also for firewood. Trema Trema micrantha (L.) Blume G) guìzh-nchôg [`herb´ + `rough´], Trema micrantha: herb; round seeds clustered in axils of rough textured leaves; blue-purple flowers. URTICACEAEParietaria Parietaria debilis Forster NON) guìzh-pàlétà [`herb´ + `paleta<sp>´], Parietaria debilis: medicine for some unspecified illness. Urtica Urtica sp. G) guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´], Urtica sp. VALERIANACEAEValeriana Valeriana cf. densiflora Benth. Valeriana palmeri A. Gray Valeriana urticifolia Kunth 447) guìzh-ngùd-lèn̲ [`herb´ + `ball/lump´ + `belly´, i.e., `herb´ + `hernia´] (= ngùd-lèn̲ [`ball/lump´ + `belly´, i.e., `hernia´], gù-vàlèriân [`tuber´ + `valerian<sp>´]), Valeriana cf. densiflora ^[[ValValSpc1]]: tall herb to 1+ m of pine-oak forest; leaves dissected, thick and leathery; tiny white flowers; tuberous root, elongate in “males,” round in “females”; medicine for hernias (ngùd-lèn̲) and to regulate the menstrual cycle if irregular or late; heat tuberous root in fire, boil, then drink the infusion; medicine for back and stomach pain, drink an infusion; also medicine for diabetes. *406) guìzh-ngùdzìi2 [`herb´ + `spider´], Valeriana palmeri and Galium mexicanum of the Rubiaceae: this term is applied to several unrelated plants, by virtue of some resemblance or association with spiders, cf. guìzh-ngùdzìi1, Acalypha adenophora and Croton ciliato-glanduliferum of the Euphorbiaceae; note also guìzh-ngùdzìi-nàad [`herb´ + `spider´ + `sticky´], Eupatorium espinosarum of the Asteraceae. UN) NOT xín-guìzh-wit [`relative of´ + `herb´ + Z], Valeriana urticifolia: I still don´t know the identity of xín-guìzh-wit. NON) guìzh-mdzìn [`herb´ + `white-tailed deer´] Valeriana palmeri. NON) xín-guièe-dâl-mrùux [`relative of´ + `flower´ + `dahlia<sp>´ + `june bug´], Valeriana sp.: herb to 0.4 m, cluster of white flowers, of pine forests at 2600 m. VERBENACEAEBouchea Bouchea sp. NON) guièe-zhǐil [`flower´ + `cotton´], Bouchea sp. ?: erect herb to 0.5 m (at 1970 m); small purplish flowers in spikes; seed heads with cottony fibers, hence the name; no standard name nor use cited. Glandularia Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. (= Verbena ciliata) Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig (= Verbena gooddingii) Glandularia teucriifolia (M. Martens & Galeottii) R.E. Umber 448) ncuàan-dzéb-cônch [`medicine´ + `fright´ + `conch<sp>´] (= guìzh-cônch [`herb´ + `conch<sp>´], guìzh-ncuàan-x-cônch [`herb´ + `medicine´ + `its conch<sp>´]), Glandularia bipinnatifida (= Verbena ciliata) ^[[VrbGlaBip1]], Glandularia gooddingii (= Verbena gooddingii), Glandularia teucriifolia; may be extended to include Verbena carolina ^[[VrbVerCar1]]: a low, tough weed that grows in the middle of trails; magenta flowers, coarse hairs on the sepals; the name means literally “fright medicine of the conch shell,” which refers to the color of the flower as like that produced by the púrpura sea snail from which the “royal purple” dye is extracted; medicine for “fright”; grind foliage with rue (Ruta spp., Rutaceae) or heat in coals with rue and “conchariz,” an unidentified medicinal product sold in local markets; drink infusion as tea or with beer, after fasting; other `fright medicines´ include species of the Adiantaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Portulacaceae, Primulaceae, and Scropulariaceae. Lantana Lantana camara L.; Lantana frutilla Mold. Lantana frutilla Mold. var. obtusifolia Mold. Lantana involucrata L. Lantana velutina Mart. & Gal. 449) guièe-biòb-lây [`flower´ + `fell´ + `tooth/molar´] (= guièe-rziòob-lây [`flower´ + `falling´ + `tooth/molar´], guìzh-guièe-lây [`herb´ + `flower´ + `tooth/molar´]. guìzh-né-rliǎal̲-lây-nè [`herb´ + `that´ + `is dispersed/strewn about´ + `tooth/molar´ + `our´]), Lantana camara ^[[VrbLanCam1]]: certain knowledgable consultants aver that this is the proper term for this species, clearly separating it from the remaining species of Lantana, which are properly treated below; the various alternative names (or descriptions) refer to the belief that if a child touches the flower, his or her teeth will fall out; this caution also applies to Bouvardia ternifolia (Rubiaceae), the corollas of which fall at the slightest touch and resemble Lantana camara in color. 450) guièe-xòob-mæ̀z [`flower´ + `maize´ + `fox´], Lantana camara (flowers red-orange and yellow), Lantana frutilla var. obtusifolia (flowers lilac with dark centers), Lantana frutilla ^[[VrbLanFru1]], ^[[VrbLanFru2]], Lantana involucrata (with white flowers) ^[[VrbLanInv1]], Lantana velutina (white flowers also): shrubs to 1 m with raspy leaves with a strong odor; five species are locally common, distinguished by flower color and size, as noted above; the name guièe-xòob-mæ̀z refers to the fact that foxes eat the fruits, which are here likened to kernels of corn; cf. Caballero, “Xobaroba prieta“ (1998:63-64), with “xobaroba“ of Cordova glossed as “maíz tostado“; a “sobaroba de perro“ is also mentioned; three varieties may be recognized: 450a) guièe-xòob-mæ̀z[-0], Lantana camara: the prototype; 450b) guièe-xòob-mæ̀z-nquǐts [`flower´ + `maize´ + `fox´ + `white´], Lantana hispida: a white flowered species, possibly including also Lantana frutilla var. obtusifolia, with white and lilac flowers; apparently sometimes confused with Lippia gravelolens, as it is reported that the leaves are used in cooking as a substitute for oregano (Origanum vulgare); 450c) guièe-xòob-mæ̀z-mòrâd [`flower´ + `maize´ + `fox´ + `purple´], Lantana frutilla var. obtusifolia (flowers lilac with dark centers), Lantana frutilla ^[[VrbLanFru1]], ^[[VrbLanFru2]]. *NON) xín-xòob-mæ̀z [`relative of´ + `corn kernel´ + `fox´], Stachys pilosissima (Lamiaceae): plant of mountain summits at 3600-3700 m; red tubular flowers; opposite leaves; leaves cooked in sauces. Lippia Lippia cf. alba (Miller) N. E. Britton Lippia graveolens Kunth Lippia pringlei Briq. 451) yàg-dzî [`tree/shrub´ + Y] (= yàg-guièe-dzî [`tree/shrub´ + `flower´ + Z], sálviâ-dè-càstîl [`mint<sp>´ + `Castillian<sp>´], òrêgànò-dán [`oregano<sp>´ + `forest/wild´]), Lippia alba ^[[VrbLipAlb1]], Lippia graveolens, Mexican oregano: low shrub to 1 m of matorral in disturbed lower oak and tropical deciduous woodland (at 1675-2100 m); clustered white flowers in papery bracts; a “false oregano” sold in Oaxaca as oregano by some villagers, but it isn't the true oregano (apparently the leaf looks and smells a lot like oregano). 452) yàg-méguǐd [`tree/shrub´ + `butterfly/moth´], Lippia pringlei: a spreading tree to 7 m of riparian zones; abundant tiny yellow flowers in clusters, flowering in November, attractive to bees and butterflies, hence the name; the wood is weak, lacking “heart” (guiěnd zdòo), thus useful only for firewood; this name is also sometimes applied to Buddleia cordata, of the Loganiaceae), which see. Verbena Verbena carolina L. Verbena ciliata Benth. (= Verbena bipinnatifida Nutt. and Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt.) Verbena cf. elegans Verbena gooddingii Briq. (= Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig) Verbena menthaefolia Benth. Verbena officinalis L. *286) bìt-wàd [X + Y] (= yêrb-wên [`hierba buena<sp>´]), Verbena carolina; hierba buena: prototype is Micromeria chamissonis, of the Lamiaceae; may be extended to include this species: weed of waste ground; eaten as a potherb. 453) ptiôn [`vervain<sp>´], Verbena officinalis, pitiona, vervain ^[[VrbVerOff1]], ^[[VrbVerOff2]]: European herb planted from seed or cuttings in gardens; as a potherb used to season sauces, such as mole with rabbit, or eaten in tamales; medicine for stomach ache and diarrhea; mix with Matricaria recutita, Asteraceae; Mentha sp., Lamiaceae; rub on with chepíl (Crotalaria spp., Fabaceae); or drink infusion as tea; it is `hot´. 454) ptiôn-dán [`ptiona<sp>´ + `forest/wild´] (= guìzh-ptiôn [`herb´ + `vervain<sp>´], guièe-ptiôn [`flower´ + `vervain <sp>´]; bít-wǐ [`little´ + ?], an archaic term), Verbena carolina ^[[VrbVerCar1]], Verbena cf. elegans: a milpa weed, to 1 m; may be planted from cuttings; resembles the “true” pitiona but is not used in the same manner; according to some it is a medicine for berrinche; it is `hot´; the category may be extended to include Malvastrum coromandelianum (Malvaceae). G) guìzh-mòrâd [`´herb´ + `purple<sp>´] and/or guièe-tí-lén̲-guiuù [`Bidens´ + `stomach/inside´ + `water/stream´], Verbena menthaefolia: plant to 0.5 m of humid ground, with purple flowers, opposite leaves, covered with rough white hairs; food for animals. VIOLACEAEViola Viola graminea Benth. Viola hookeriana H.B.K. 455) guìzh-càrtûch-làs [`herb´ + `calla lily<sp>´ + `slender/small´] (= guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]), Viola graminea, Viola hookeriana: low herbs to 5 cm of meadows in pine forest, at 2280-2860 m; no use cited. UN) Viola sp., purple. VITACEAECissus Cissus sicyoides L. 456) blàg-pâsm [`leaf´ + `pasmo<sp>´] (= lbæ̀-pâsm [`vine´ + `pasmo<sp>´], guìzh-pâsm [`herb´ + `pasmo<sp>´]), Cissus sicyoides ^[[VitCisSic1]]: vine; planted or spontaneous on fences in and near San Juan; thick, rectangular leaves; medicine for pasmo; bathe with it; used to treat two varieties of pasmo, pâsm-nìs `of water´ and pâsm-ngùbìdz `of the sun´ [one is cold/wet, the other hot/dry]; one symptom is swelling; tie on the leaf where the swelling is; pasmo has been described as “a condition characterized by swelling [and skin eruptions], believed to be caused by rapid temperature change from hot to cold” (Artschwager Kay 1996:53, 113); pâsm is described locally as a wound that will not heal; the plant is neither hot nor cold, but templada, medio. Vitis Vitis vinifera L. 457) lbæ̀-ûv [`vine´ + `grape<sp>´] (= ûv [`grape<sp>´]), Vitis vinifera, uva, grape: woody vine, European, occasionally planted in San Juan gardens for its edible fruits. ZYGOPHYLLACEAETribulus Tribulus cistoides L. G) guìzh-lbæ̀-nguěts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellow´], Tribulus cistoides: common roadside weed in the Oaxaca valleys, occasional in San Juan; herb to 20 cm, yellow flowers, spiny fruits; may be used as fodder for livestock. The following 49 terms are regularly provided in response to questions of the following sort: zhà læ̀ guìzh rí? `What is the name of this herb?´ However, in most such cases it is clear that the term is not a true name, that is, it is polylexemic, or in Conklin´s terms, “semantically endocentric,” that is, the meaning of the whole can be inferred from a knowledge of the meanings of the component morphemes given the regular patterns of phrase construction. In some cases, the identical term may be used as a true name. Such cases may be demonstrated by how people describe the taxon — do they specify characteristic features in addition to that indicated by the “name”? — and how specifically do they describe its uses. For example, some referents of the term guièe-mòrâd `purple flower´ (e.g., Pinaropappus roseus, Asteraceae) are said to have quite specific medicinal values, while other plants for which that expression is used descriptively have no specific uses. I include a list of scientific taxa associated with each residual descriptive term below, which indicates the generality of their application. guièe[-0] [`flower´ + 0]: Phacelia platycarpa; Polemoniaceae sp.guièe-àzûl [`flower´ + `blue´]: Eupatorium sp.; forget-me-not, Cynoglossum amabile; Salvia sp. guièe-cônch [`flower´ + `conch<sp>´]: Geranium sp.; Stevia sp. or Eupatorium sp. guièe-guièts [`flower´ + spine´]: Argemone cf. platyceras; Berberis moranensis. guièe-guìzh-mòrâd [`flower´ + `herb´ + `purple<sp>´]: Geranium sp. guièe-gùts [`flower´ + `yellow´]: Brassicaceae sp.; Melampodium divaricatum; Echeandia cf. reflexa; Echeandia sp. small; Sisyrhinchium cf. bracteatum; Ranunculus sp.; Mimulus sp.; Calendula officinalis; Melampodium divaricatum; Galinsoga sp., Heterosperma sp.; Senecio sp. guièe-làs-àzûl [`tree/shrub´ + `spine´ + `sticky´]: Fabaceae, Papilionoidea sp. guièe-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple´]: Aster novi-belgii, prototype 1; Pinaropappus roseus, prototype 2; Podranea ricasoliana; Cosmos sp., Aster sp., Stevia sp.; Eupatorium sp.; Lamiaceae sp.; Brickellia (Kuhnia) rosmarinifolia var. gracillima; Solanum sp.; Tradescantia cf. crassifolia; Verbesina cf. mollis, Verbesina sp.; Vernonia paniculata; Stevia sp.; Tripogandra sp.; Geranium sp.; Lamiaceae sp.; Cuphea sp.; Penstemon sp.; Commelina sp.; Oenothera sp. guièe-mòrâd-chôg [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´ + `rough´]: Vernonia alamanii var. dyctophlebia. guièe-nàrânj [`flower´ + `orange<sp>´]. guièe-nguěts [`flower´ + `yellow´]: Calendula officinalis, the prototype; Tithonia sp.; Potentilla sp.; guièe-nìzhniê [`flower´ + red´]: Malvaviscus arboreus. guièe-nquǐts [`flower´ + `white´]: Aster moranensis, the prototype; Asteraceae spp.; Kuhnia rosmarinifolia; Malvaceae sp.; Rumfordia floribunda; Aster sp.; Galinsoga sp.; Erigeron sp.; Conyza sp., Gnaphalium sp., Parthenium hysterophorus, Sonchus oleraceus, Stellaria sp., Dichondra argentea, Brongniartia mollis; Orchidaceae sp., Potentilla candicans, Viola hookeriana; Erigeron cf. longipes, Chrysanthemum sp., Galinsoga sp., Trifolium amabile; Geranium schiedianum. guièe-ròsâd [`flower´ + `rose-colored<sp>´]: Polygonum sp. guìzh-càfê [`herb´ + `coffee<sp>´]: Passiflora sp. guìzh-chôg [`herb´ + `rough´]: Asteraceae sp. guìzh-chôg-nguěts [`herb´ + `rough´ + `yellow´]: Asteraceae spp. guìzh-chôg-nquǐts [`herb´ + `rough´ + `white´]: Asteraceae spp. guìzh-dán [`herb´ + `forest/wild´]: Commelinaceae sp.; e.g., Trifolium sp.; Castilleja sp. guìzh-guièe [`herb´ + `flower´]: Bidens sp., Phaseolus sp. guìzh-guièe-mòrâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `purple<sp>´]: Acanthaceae sp.; Geranium sp.; Asteraceae spp.; Lamiaceae sp. guìzh-guièe-nguěts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´]: Apiaceae spp.; Asteraceae spp. guìzh-guièe-nguěts-làs [`herb´ + `flower´ + `yellow´ + `small/slender´]: Asteraceae spp. guìzh-guièe-nquǐts [`herb´ + `flower´ + `white´]: Cornus sp.; Asteraceae spp. guìzh-guièe-ròsâd [`herb´ + `flower´ + `rose-colored<sp>´]: Trifolium sp. guìzh-guièts [`herb´ + `spine´]: Argemone cf. platyceras; Berberis moranensis; Eryngium spp.; Leonotis nepetafolia; Arenaria sp.; Urtica sp.; Caryophyllaceae sp. guìzh-gùts [`herb´ + `yellowish´]: Apiaceae spp. guìzh-làs [`herb´ + `slender/small´]: Drymaria cordata; Delilia (Elvira) biflora; Piqueria pilosa. guìzh-làs-àzûl [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `blue<sp>´]: Hackelia sp.; Papilionoidea sp.; Myosotis spp. guìzh-làs-vêrd [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `green<sp>´]. guìzh-làs-dán [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `forest/wild´]. guìzh-làs-mòrâd [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `purple´]. guìzh-làs-nguěts [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `yellow´]: Sisyrhinchium sp. guìzh-làs-nquǐts [`herb´ + `slender/small´ + `white´]. guìzh-lbæ̀ [`herb´ + `vine´]: Canavalia villosa; Clematis sp.; Dioscorea oaxacensis; Canavalia villosa; Macroptilium gibbosifolium; Macroptilium atropurpureum; Clematis sp.; Galium sp.; Zornia reticulata; Passiflora sp.; Desmodium scorpiurus. guìzh-lbæ̀-gùts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellowish´]: Cuscuta tinctoria, the prototype; Gaudichaudia cf. mucronota. guìzh-lbæ̀-nguěts [`herb´ + `vine´ + `yellow´]: Physodium sp.; Sida acuta; Tribulus cistoides. guìzh-lbæ̀-nquǐts [`flower´ + `vine´ + `white´]: Maianthemum sp.; Vicia sp.; Stellaria sp., Vicia sp.; Dichondra sp., Cuscuta sp., Dioscorea oaxacensis. guìzh-mòrâd [`flower´ + `purple<sp>´]: Polygonaceae sp.; Florestina latifolia; Lamiaceae sp.; Eriogonum sp. ?; Cordia sp.; Asteraceae spp.; Lamiaceae sp. guìzh-nguěts [`herb´ + `yellow´]: Hieracium sp.; Asteraceae spp. guìzh-nguěts-làs [`herb´ + `yellow´ + `slender/small´]: Alchemilla procumbens guìzh-nguiǎ [`herb´ + `green´]: Alchemilla procumbens guìzh-nìzhniê [`herb´ + `red´]: Lamiaceae sp. guìzh-nquǐts [`herb´ + `white´]: Brongniartia mollis; Buddleia sp.; Parthenium hysterophorus; Actinomeris tetraptera; Conyza sp.; Gnaphalium sp., Sonchus oleraceus, Stellaria sp., Dichondra argentea; Brongniartia mollis; Buddleia sp.; Orchidaceae sp., Viola hookeriana; Asteraceae spp. guìzh-nquǐts-blàg-nzhên [`herb´ + `white´ + `leaf´ + `broad´]: Asteraceae sp. guìzh-nquǐts-ló-liù [`herb´ + `white´ + `on the ground´]: Stellaria sp. lbæ̀-guièts [`vine´ + `spine´]: Smilax sp. lbæ̀-mòrâd [`vine´ + `purple<sp>´]. |