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Anthony G. Greenwald, PhDSELECTED ARTICLES & CHAPTERS, BY DATEMost of the publications on this page are available as downloads — click on "PDF" 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Click here for a separate page with some unpublished papers [return to home page] 2020s Back to Top Greenwald, A. G., & Newkirk, T. (2024). Roles for implicit bias science in antidiscrimination law. Daedalus, 153, Winter 2024. [PDF - 282KB]. Greenwald, A. G. (2023). From ideomotor theory to the IAT in just 35 years. In Kassin, S. (Ed.), Pillars of Social Psychology, (pp. 60–68). Cambridge University Press. [PDF - 565KB] Greenwald, A. G., Dasgupta, N. Dovidio, J. F., Kang, J., Moss-Racusin, C. A., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) Implicit bias remedies: Treating discriminatory bias as a public health problem. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 23, 7–40. [PDF-392KB] Greenwald, A. G., Brendl, M., Cai, H., Cvencek, D., Dovidio, J. F., Friese, M., Hahn, A., Hehman, E., Hofmann, W., Hughes, S., Hussey, I., Jordan, C., Kirby, T. A., Lai, C. K., Lang, J., Lindgren, K. P., Maison, D., Ostafin, B. D., Rae, J. R., Ratliff, K. A., … Wiers, R. W. (2022). Best research practices for using the Implicit Association Test. Behavior research methods, 54, 1161–1180. Published online 13 September 2021. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01624-3 . [PDF - 511KB] Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., Maddox, C. D., Nosek, B. A., Rudman, L. A., Devos, T. Dunham, Y., Baron, A. S., Steffens, M. C., Lane, K., Horcajo, J., Ashburn-Nardo, L., Quinby, A., Srivastava, S. B., Schmidt, K., Aidman, E., Tang, E., Farnham, S., Mellott, D. S., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2021). Meta-analytic use of balanced identity theory to validate the Implicit Association Test. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47, 185–200. [PDF - 673KB] Cvencek, D., & Greenwald, A. G. (2021). Self-esteem, expressions of. In B. J. Carducci (Editor-in-Chief) & A. Di Fabio, D. H. Saklofske, & C. Stough (Vol. Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: Vol. III. Personality processes and individual differences. (pp. 399–405). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. [PDF - 365KB] Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., McLaughlin, K. A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2020). Early implicit–explicit discrepancies in self-esteem as correlates of childhood depressive symptoms. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 200, 104962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104962 [PDF - 423KB] Greenwald, A. G., Brendl, M., Cai, H., Cvencek, D., Dovidio, J. F., Friese, M., … Wiers, R. (2020, April 7). The Implicit Association Test at age 20: What is known and what is not known about implicit bias. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/bf97c [PDF - 1.2MB] Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K. (2020). Implicit social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 419-445. [PDF - 1.2MB] 2010s Back to Top Benjamin, D. J., Berger, J. O., Johannesson, M., Nosek, B. A., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Berk, ... Johnson, V. E. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 6–10. [PDF - 2.5MB] Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions: Anthony G. Greenwald. (2017). American Psychologist, 72, 858–860. [PDF - 89KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72, 861–871. [PDF - 149KB] Greenwald, A. G., & De Houwer, J. (2017). Unconscious conditioning: Demonstration of existence and difference from conscious conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1705–1721. [PDF - 558KB] Rae, J. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Persons or situations? Individual differences explain variance in aggregated implicit race attitudes. Psychological Inquiry, 28, 297–300. [PDF - 539KB] Kirby, T. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Mental ownership: Does mental rehearsal transform novel stimuli into mental possessions? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 73, 125–135. [PDF - 465KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2017). An AI stereotype catcher. Science, 356 (6334), 133–134. [PDF - 435KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Earl Busby Hunt (1933–2016). American Psychologist, 72, 183. [PDF - 23KB] Capers, Q., Clinchot, D., McDougle, L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2017). Implicit racial bias in medical school admissions, Academic Medicine, 92, 365–369. [PDF - 267KB] Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2016). Implicit measures for preschool children confirm self-esteem's role in maintaining a balanced identity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 50–57.[PDF - 673KB] Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 553–561. [PDF - 453KB] Nosek, B. A., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., Axt, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (2014). Understanding and using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended scoring procedures. PLoS ONE 9(12): e110938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110938. [PDF
- 481KB] Kang, J., Bennett, M. W., Carbado, D. W., Casey, P., Dasgupta, N., Faigman, D. L., Godsil, R. D., Greenwald, A. G. , Levinson, J. D., & Mnookin, J. L. (2012). Implicit bias in the courtroom. UCLA Law Review, 59, 1124–1186. [PDF - 618KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2012). There is nothing so theoretical as a good method. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7, 99–108. [PDF - 216KB] [Nobel Prize analysis supplement] [unsolved controversies supplement] Kawakami, K., Phills, C. E., Greenwald, A. G., Simard, D., Pontiero, J., Brnjas, A., Khan, B., Mills, J., & Dovidio, J. F. (2012). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 562–575. [PDF
- 100KB] Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A, N. (2011). Measuring Implicit attitudes of 4-year-old children: The Preschool Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 109, 187–200. [PDF - 203KB] Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Math–gender stereotypes in elementary-school children. Child Development, 82, 766–789. [PDF - 342KB] Leavitt, K., Fong, C. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). Asking about well-being gets you half an answer: Intra-individual processes of implicit and explicit job attitudes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 672–687. [PDF - 123KB] Zayas, V., Greenwald, A. G., & Osterhout, L. (2011). Unintentional covert motor activations predict behavioral effects: Multilevel modeling of trial-level electrophysiological motor activations. Psychophysiology, 48, 208–217. [PDF - 371KB] Sheets, P., Domke, D., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). God and Country: The partisan psychology of the presidency, religion, and nation. Political Psychology, 32, 459–484. [PDF - 172KB] Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2011). A comparison of minimal group induction procedures. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 14, 81–98. [PDF - 575KB] Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., Brown, A., Snowden, R., Gray, N. (2010). Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 32, 302–314. [PDF - 373KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Sriram, N. (2010). No measure is perfect, but some measures can be quite useful: Response to two comments on the Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 57, 238–242. [PDF - 81KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2010). Under what conditions does intergroup contact improve intergroup harmony? In M. H. Gonzales, C. Tavris, & J. Aronson (Eds.), The scientist and the humanist: A festschrift in honor of Elliot Aronson (Pp. 267–281). New York: Psychology Press. [PDF - 700KB] Greenwald, A. G., (2010). Timothy C. Brock (1935–2009). American Psychologist, 65, 678–678. [PDF - 27KB] Andrews, J. A., Hampson, S. E., Greenwald, A. G., Gordon, J,, & Widdop, C. (2010). Using the Implicit Association Test to assess children’s implicit attitudes toward smoking. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40, 2387–2406 [PDF - 120KB] 2000s Back to Top Greenwald, A. G., Smith, C. T., Sriram, N., Bar-Anan, Y., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Race attitude measures predicted vote in the 2008 U. S. Presidential Election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 9, 241–253. [PDF - 435KB] Sriram, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2009).
The Brief Implicit Association Test. Experimental Psychology, 56, 283–294. [PDF
- 220KB]. Perkins, A., Forehand, M., Greenwald, A. G., & Maison, D. (2008). The influence of implicit social cognition on consumer behavior: Measuring the non-conscious. In C. Haugtvedt, P. Herr, & F. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology (Pp. 461–475). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [PDF - 1.0MB] Klauer, K. C., Eder, A. B., Greenwald, A. G., & Abrams, R. L. (2007). Priming of semantic classifications by novel subliminal prime words. Consciousness and Cognition, 16, 63–83. [PDF - 326KB] Yamaguchi, S., Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Murakami, F., Chen, D., Shiomura, K., Kobayashi, C., Cai, H., & Krendl, A. (2007). Apparent universality of positive implicit self-esteem. Psychological Science, 18, 498–500. [PDF - 75KB] Nosek, B. A., Smyth, F. L., Hansen, J. J., Devos, T., Lindner, N. M., Ranganath, K. A., Smith, C. T., Olson, K. R., Chugh, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. (2007). Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes. European Review of Social Psychology, 18, 36–88. [PDF - 562KB] Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The Implicit Association Test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review (pp. 265–292). In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior. Psychology Press. [PDF - 222KB] Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV. What we know (so far) (Pp. 59–102). In B. Wittenbrink & N. S. Schwarz (Eds.). Implicit measures of attitudes: Procedures and controversies. New York: Guilford Press. [PDF - 652KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Krieger, L. H. (2006). Implicit bias: Scientific foundations. California Law Review, 94, 945–967. [PDF[searchable - 1.4MB] [PDF[LexisNexis version - 280KB] Greenwald, A. G., Rudman, L. A., Nosek, B. A., & Zayas, V. (2006). Why so little faith? A reply to Blanton and Jaccard's (2006) skeptical view of testing pure multiplicative theories. Psychological Review, 113, 170–180. [PDF - 610KB] Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Sriram, N. (2006). Consequential validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on the article by Blanton and Jaccard. American Psychologist, 61, 56–61. [PDF - 403KB] Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Klauer, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience asymmetry interpretation of the IAT: Comment on Rothermund and Wentura (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 420–425. [PDF - 58KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2005). A reminder about procedures needed to reliably produce perfect timesharing: Comment on Lien, McCann, Ruthruff, and Proctor (2005). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 221–225. [PDF - 60KB] Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166–180. [PDF - 160KB] Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2005). Clarifying the role of the "other" category in the self-esteem IAT. Experimental Psychology, 52, 74–79. [PDF - 75KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2004). The resting parrot, the dessert stomach, and other perfectly defensible theories. In J. Jost, M. R. Banaji, & D. A. Prentice (Eds.), The yin and yang of social cognition: Perspectives on the social psychology of thought systems (Pp. 275–285). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. [abstract] [PDF - 206KB] Pinter, B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Understanding implicit partisanship: Enigmatic (but genuine) group identification and attraction. Group Processes and Interpersonal Relations, 7, 283–296. [PDF - 114KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2004). On doing two things at once: IV. Necessary and sufficient conditions: A rejoinder to Lien, Proctor, and Ruthruff (2003). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 632–636. [PDF - 33KB] Brunel, F. F., Tietje, B. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (2004). Is the Implicit Association Test a valid and valuable measure of implicit consumer social cognition. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 385–404. [PDF - 893KB] Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. H. (2004). Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands, consumer attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14, 405–415. [PDF - 91KB] Cai, H., Sriram, N., Greenwald, A. G., & McFarland, S. G. (2004). The Implicit Association Test's D measure can minimize a cognitive skill confound: Comment on McFarland and Crouch (2002). Social Cognition, 22, 673–684. [PDF - 231KB] Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216. [abstract] [PDF - 287KB] Greenwald, A. G. (2003). On Doing Two Things at Once: III. Confirmation of Perfect Timesharing When Simultaneous Tasks Are Ideomotor Compatible. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 859-868. [abstract] [PDF - 110KB] Greenwald, A. G., Oakes, M. A., & Hoffman, H. (2003). Targets of Discrimination: Effects of Race on Responses to Weapons Holders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 399-405. [abstract] [PDF - 247KB] [samples of stimuli used in this research] Greenwald, A. G., Abrams, R. L., Naccache, L., & Dehaene, S. (2003). Long-term semantic memory versus contextual memory in unconscious number processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 29, 235-247. [abstract] [PDF - 225KB] Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Mellott, D. S. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3-25. [abstract] [PDF - 649KB] Greenwald, A. G., Pickrell, J. E., & Farnham, S. D. (2002). Implicit partisanship: Taking sides for no reason. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 367-379. [Abstract] [PDF - 174KB] Uhlmann, E., Dasgupta, N., Elgueta, A., Greenwald, A. G., & Swanson, J. E. (2002). Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America. Social Cognition, 23, 198-226. [PDF - 197KB]. Abrams, R. L., Klinger, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Subliminal words activate semantic categories (not automated motor responses). Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 100-106. [abstract] [PDF - 169KB] Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S. (2002). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17, 482-495. [Abstract] [PDF - 198KB] Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., & McGhee, D. E. (2001). Implicit self-concept and evaluative implicit gender stereotypes: Self and ingroup share desirable traits. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1164-1178. [PDF - 121KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of the Implicit Association Test at age 3. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie, 48, 85-93. [abstract] [PDF - 215KB] Swanson, J. E., Rudman, L. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Using the Implicit Association Test to investigate attitude-behavior consistency for stigmatized behavior. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 207-230. [PDF - 344KB] Park, L. E., Cook, K. E., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). Implicit indicators of women's persistence in math, science, and engineering. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 6, 145-152. [PDF - 580KB] Maison, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Bruin, R. (2001). The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2, 61-79. [abstract] [PDF - 268KB] Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 800-814. [abstract] [PDF - 457KB] Abrams, R. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (2000). Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning. Psychological Science, 11, 118-124. [abstract] [PDF - 587KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038. [abstract] [PDF - 516KB] Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2000). Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 316-328. [abstract] [PDF - 72KB] 1990s Back to Top Rudman, L. A., Greenwald, A. G., Mellott, D. S., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1999). Measuring the automatic components of prejudice: Flexibility and generality of the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 17, 437-465. [PDF-1.5MB] Farnham, S. D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji (1999). Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams & M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 230-248). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. [abstract] [PDF-309KB] Spangenberg, E. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1999). Social influence by requesting self-prophecy. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 8, 61-89. [PDF-695KB] Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. [abstract] [PDF-501KB] Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 286-303. [abstract] [PDF - 544KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1998). Distinguishing unconscious from conscious cognition — Reasonable assumptions and replicable findings: Reply to Merikle and Reingold (1998) and Dosher (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 320-324. [abstract] [PDF - 159KB] Klauer, K. C., Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1998). Correcting for measurement error in detecting unconscious cognition: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 318-319. [abstract] [PDF - 104KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-deception: Further consideration. In M. S. Myslobodsky (Ed.), The mythomanias: An inquiry into the nature of deception and self-deception (pp. 51-71). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 312KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Validity concerns and usefulness of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1182-1186. [abstract] [PDF - 166KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, G. M. (1997). Grading leniency is a removable contaminant of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1209-1217. [abstract] [PDF - 265KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, J. M. (1997). No pain, no gain? The importance of measuring course workload in student ratings of instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 743-751. [abstract] [PDF - 313KB] Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273, 1699-1702. [abstract] [PDF-178KB] Greenwald, A. G., Gonzalez, R., Guthrie, D. G., & Harris, R. J. (1996). Effect sizes and p-values: What should be reported and what should be replicated? Psychophsysiology, 33, 175-183. [abstract] [PDF-292KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27. [abstract] [PDF-1.1MB] Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198. [abstract] [PDF-590KB] Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 22-42. [abstract] [PDF-713KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Getting (my) self into social psychology. In G. G. Brannigan & M. R. Merrens (Eds.), The social psychologists (pp. 3-16). New York: McGraw-Hill. Greenwald, A. G., & Schuh, E. S. (1994). An ethnic bias in scientific citations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 623-640. [PDF-345KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1992). New Look 3: Reclaiming unconscious cognition. American Psychologist, 47, 766-779. [abstract] [PDF-435KB] Greenwald, A. G., Spangenberg, E. R., Pratkanis, A. R., & Eskenazi, J. (1991). Double-blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science, 2, 119-122. [abstract] [PDF - 123KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1990). What cognitive representations underlie attitudes? Bulletin of the Psycholonomic Society, 28, 254-260. [abstract] [PDF - 305KB] 1980s Back to Top Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 1-10). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 4.5MB; includes pp. 1-10 and 429-440] Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why attitudes are important: Defining attitude and attitude theory 20 years later. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 429-440). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF - 4.5MB; includes pp. 1-10 and 429-440] Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1989). The self as a memory system: Powerful, but ordinary. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 41-54. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory and Cognition, 17, 35-47. [PDF - 949KB] Pratkanis, A. R., Greenwald, A. G., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1988). In search of reliable persuasion effects: III. The sleeper effect is dead: Long live the sleeper effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 203–218. [PDF - 840KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1988). On the use of "theory" and the usefulness of theory. Psychological Review, 95, 575-579. Greenwald, A. G., Bellezza, F. S., & Banaji, M. R. (1988). Is self-esteem a central ingredient of the self-concept? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 34–45. [PDF - 962KB] Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318. [PDF - 648KB] Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986), Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 18, 299-303. [abstract] [PDF-122KB] [Text file of norms for 399 words] Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229. [abstract] [PDF-479KB] Breckler, S. J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1986). Motivational facets of the self. In E. T. Higgins & R. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 145-164). New York: Guilford Press. [PDF-421KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Breckler, S. J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill. [PDF-411KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1984). The self. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 129-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [PDF-1.1MB] Greenwald, A. G., & Leavitt, C. (1984) Audience involvement in advertising: Four levels. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 581-592. [abstract] [PDF - 308KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Is anyone in charge? Personalysis vs. the principle of personal unity. In J. Suls (Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 1, pp. 151-181). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [PDF - 1.3MB] Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Ego task analysis: A synthesis of research on ego-involvement and self-awareness. In A. H. Hastorf and A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 109-147). New York: Elsevier/North-Holland. Greenwald, A. G. (1981). Self and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 201-236). New York: Academic Press. [PDF-2.4MB] Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1981). On the conceptual disconfirmation of theories. Pesonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 131-137. [abstract] [PDF-95KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618. [abstract] [PDF - 436KB] 1970s Back to Top Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85, 53-57. [abstract] [PDF-121KB] Ronis, D. L., Baumgardner, M. H., Leippe, M. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (1977). In search of reliable persuasion effects: I. A computer-controlled procedure for studying persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 548-569. Greenwald, A. G. (1976). An editorial. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 1-7. [PDF-158KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1976). Within-subjects designs: To use or not to use? Psychological Bulletin, 83, 314-320. [abstract] [PDF-158KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Significance, nonsignificance, and interpretation of an ESP experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 180-191. [abstract] [PDF-219KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1975). On the inconclusiveness of "crucial" cognitive tests of dissonance versus self-perception theories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 490-499. [abstract] [PDF-136KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 1-20. [abstract] [PDF-474KB] Gillig, P. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1974). Is it time to lay the "sleeper effect" to rest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 132-139. [PDF-438KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Shulman, H. G. (1973). On doing two things at once: II. Elimination of the psychological refractory period effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 70-76. [abstract] [PDF-173KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1972). Evidence of both perceptual filtering and response suppression for rejected messages in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 58-67. [abstract] [PDF-757KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1972). On doing two things at once: Timesharing as a function of ideomotor compatibility. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 52-57. [abstract] [PDF-155KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Difficulty of associative performance following training with negative instances: A note on punishment effects. Journal of Educational Pyschology, 61, 255-259. Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideomotor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73-99. [abstract] [PDF-613KB] 1960s Back to Top Greenwald, A. G. (1969). The open-mindedness of the counterattitudinal role player. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 375-388. [abstract] [PDF-1.4MB] Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 147-170). New York: Academic Press. [PDF - 302KB] Nuttin, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Reward and punishment in human learning. New York: Academic Press. Greenwald, A. G., & Albert, S. M. (1968). Observational learning: A technique for elucidating S-R mediation processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 76, 267-272. [PDF-471KB] Greenwald, A. G., & Sakumura, J. S. (1967). Attitude and selective learning: Where are the phenomena of yesteryear? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 387-397. [PDF-458KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1966). Nuttin's neglected critique of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 199-205. Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Effects of prior commitment on belief change following a persuasive communication. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29, 596-601. [PDF-204KB] Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Behavior change following a persuasive communication. Journal of Personality, 33, 370-391. [PDF-978KB]
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