Bibliography of Literature Relevant to Our Future Sustainability

II. Other Existential Threats

Bounce me down to the bibliography citations

What’s Here

This bibliography is concerned with disturbing environmental and social trends, along with the potential to make things better and the risks if we don’t. Obviously, climate change looms large in that narrative. But not everything of relevance has to do with climate change.

This section of the bibliography is broken up into 10 subsections, each focused on some other significant type of threat to societal success and/or the well-being of other species that is not being driven primarily by climate change. For example, here you will find articles on the problems with our industrialized food system, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, pollutants beyond greenhouse gases, water scarcity, and even the nuclear war threat. Any assessment of our future prospects must also take these issues into account.

Aside from the time required to review even a handful of the articles in this section, it takes a concerted effort to synthesize the findings across articles in the different subsections, and in sections I, III, and IV, and then make some evaluation of what they collectively imply for our future. The scope is so big… and so too is the uncertainty! Well, do not despair because others have done the work for you. You can cut to the chase by bouncing to section V (Future Scenarios Analyses) and, especially, section VI (Synthesis of Existential Risks and the Potential for Societal Collapse).

As with section I, the bulk of the citations here are journal articles that have gone through the peer review process, which is indicated when the publication is italicized. Government-sponsored reports are also well represented. Scattered throughout you will find reports from NGOs, useful web sites, interactive maps, review articles from news magazines, and a few videos. Some citations appear in more than one subsection.

There is plenty of overlap to be found in the articles of any one subsection, but reviewing multiple sources gives you a sense of where there is consensus or disagreement among many different researchers, along with regional variability in the negative (and positive) trends and the advancement of understanding over time.

If learning about the threats examined in this section - in a way that gets past a compartmentalized, intellectual appreciation - is getting you down, you may want to scan the articles in section VII (Activism, Eco-anxiety and the Psychology of Confronting the “Traumacene”) to get a sense of how others are coping. If you want to learn about why we have gotten into this self-made mess and why we are having such difficulty in extricating ourselves from it, then you should do a deep dive into section III -The Cultural How and Why? Ideologies, Ethics, Economics, and Politics of (Un)Sustainability.

Many of the articles in section III also provide assessments of what is required to foster a better future. In fact, many articles within all sections of this bibliography do this. The good news is that we have a decent handle on our threats, challenges, barriers, and limitations. We also have many actionable (though often contradictory) ideas on what we need to do to avoid the worst outcomes and co-create a more just, happy, and verdant world. Sections VIII – XII of this bibliography focus on these actionable ideas.

Subsections

A.	Agriculture, Soil Degradation, and Food
B.	Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Degradation
C.	Conflict, Displacement, and Migrations
D.	Human Health Threats
E.	Natural Hazards (Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Tsunamis, Landslides etc.)
F.	Other
G.	Overviews (more in section V)
H.	Pacific Northwest Specific
I.	Pollution, Plastic, and Other Waste Problems
J.	Technological Threats
K.	Water Crisis (Scarcity, Conflict, and Mismanagement)

Citations

A. Agriculture, Soil Degradation, and Food

Acosta, I (2011). 'Green Desert' Monoculture Forests Spreading in Africa and South America. The Guardian, Sept. 26. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/sep/26/monoculture-forests-africa-south-america

Ahmed, N (2020). West’s ‘Dust Bowl’ Future now ‘Locked In’, as World Risks Imminent Food Crisis. Resilience, Jan. 6. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-01-06/wests-dust-bowl-future-now-locked-in-as-world-risks-imminent-food-crisis/

Arsenault, C (2014). Only 60 Years of Farming Left If Soil Degradation Continues. Scientific American, Dec. 5. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/only-60-years-of-farming-left-if-soil-degradation-continues/#:~:text=Only%2060%20Years%20of%20Farming%20Left%20If%20Soil,a%20senior%20UN%20official%20said%20December%205,%202014

Beyranevand, L and Leib, E (2021). Our Food System is Broken — There's a Blueprint to Fix It. The Hill, Jan. 21. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/535070-our-food-system-is-broken-theres-a-blueprint-to-fix-it

Bodirsky, B et al., (2014). Reactive Nitrogen Requirements to Feed the World in 2050 and Potential to Mitigate Nitrogen Pollution. Nature Communications, 5(3858). https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4858

Boztas, S (2021). Netherlands Proposes Radical Plans to Cut Livestock Numbers by Almost a Third. The Guardian, Sept. 9. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/09/netherlands-proposes-radical-plans-to-cut-livestock-numbers-by-almost-a-third [Mostly to address nutrient pollution.]

Brown, M, and 21 co-authors, (2015). Climate Change, Global Food Security and the U.S. Food System. U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/FoodSecurity2015Assessment/FullAssessment.pdf

Carrington, D (2019). Phosphate Fertiliser 'Crisis' Threatens World Food Supply. The Guardian, Sept. 6. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/06/phosphate-fertiliser-crisis-threatens-world-food-supply

Carrington, D (2021). ‘Disastrous’ Plastic Use in Farming Threatens Food Safety – UN. The Guardian, Dec. 7. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/07/disastrous-plastic-use-in-farming-threatens-food-safety-un

Center for Sustainable Systems (2021). U.S. Food System Factsheet. University of Michigan. https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-food-system-factsheet [Lots of good statistics.]

Chemnitz, C and Becheva, S (eds.) (2021). The Meat Atlas 2021. Heinrich Boll Stiftung and Friends of the Earth Europe. https://friendsoftheearth.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/MeatAtlas2021_final_web.pdf [Comprehensive. Lots of graphs and statistics.]

Claeson, A (2020). The Real Reason Almonds are Destroying California. Mashed, July 10. https://www.mashed.com/225543/the-real-reason-almonds-are-destroying-california/

The Conscious Club (2019). Agriculture & Soil Degradation, in the Ecological Footprint Bible. https://www.theconsciouschallenge.org/ecologicalfootprintbibleoverview/agriculture-soil-degradation [An overview with multiple videos.]

Cook, K (2019). Glyphosate Pesticide in Beer and Wine. U.S. PIRG Education Fund. https://uspirg.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/WEB_USP_Glyphosate-pesticide-beer-and-wine_REPORT_022619.pdf

Davis, A, Chadburn, H, Moat, J, O’Sullivan, R, Hargreaves, S and Lughadha, E (2019). High Extinction Risk for Wild Coffee Species and Implications for Coffee Sector Sustainability. Science Advances, 5(1). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaav3473

De Preneuf, F (2021). Food Security and COVID-19. The World Bank. Feb. 5. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/agriculture/brief/food-security-and-covid-19

Diamond, J (1999). The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race. Discover Magazine, April 30. https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-worst-mistake-in-the-history-of-the-human-race

Eilperin, J (2006). World's Fish Supply Running Out, Researchers Warn. The Washington Post, Nov. 3. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/02/AR2006110200913.html

Flachsbarth, I, Willaarts, B, Xie, H, Pitois, G, Mueller, N, Ringler, C, Garrido, A (2015). The Role of Latin America’s Land and Water Resources for Global Food Security: Environmental Trade-Offs of Future Food Production Pathways. PLoS One, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116733

Foley, J, et al., (2012). Solutions for a Cultivated Planet. Nature, 478: 337–342. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10452

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015). Climate Change and Food Systems: Global Assessments and Implications for Food Security and Trade. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4332e.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017). The Future of Food and Agriculture – Trends and Challenges. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019). The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-agriculture/en/

Food and Agriculture Organization (2020a). Crop Prospects and Food Situation. United Nations. http://www.fao.org/giews/reports/crop-prospects/en/

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2020b). The State of Food and Agriculture 2020: Overcoming Water Challenges in Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1447en [Available as a digital report, an interactive story and In Brief.]

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ [Web page overview.]

Food and Agriculture Organization (2021). Technical Platform on the Measurement and Reduction of Food Loss and Waste. United Nations. https://www.fao.org/platform-food-loss-waste/en/ [Extensive web site.]

FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2018). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/

FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2021). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021: Transforming Food Systems for Food Security, Improved Nutrition and Affordable Healthy Diets for All. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4474en

Forouzani, M and Karami, E (2011). Agricultural Water Poverty Index and Sustainability. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31(2). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1051%2Fagro%2F2010026

Friedemann, A (2017). Peak Soil: Industrial Agriculture Destroys Ecosystems and Civilizations: Biofuels Make it Worse. EnergySkeptic.com, Aug. 31. https://energyskeptic.com/2017/peaksoil/

Garry, M (2021). U.S. NGO Measures HFC Leaks in Grocery Aisles. Hydrocarbons 21, Feb. 15. http://hydrocarbons21.com/articles/9951/u_s_ngo_measures_hfc_leaks_in_grocery_aisles

Ghaedi, M (2021). Pandemic, Climate Change and Conflict Fuel Sharp Rise in Global Hunger. DW, Oct. 14. https://www.dw.com/en/pandemic-climate-change-and-conflict-fuel-sharp-rise-in-global-hunger/a-59488549

Giovannucci, D, Scherr,S, Nierenberg, D, Hebebrand, C, Shapiro, J, Milder, J and Wheeler, K (2012). Food and Agriculture: The Future of Sustainability. A Strategic Input to the Sustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) Project. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/agriculture_and_food_the_future_of_sustainability_web.pdf

Gladek, E, Fraser, M, Roemers, G, Sabag Munoz, O, Kennedy, E and Hirsch, P (2017). The Global Food System: An Analysis. World Wildlife Fund Netherlands. https://www.metabolic.nl/publication/global-food-system-an-analysis/

Hill, J and 10 co-authors (2019). Air-Quality-related Health Damages of Maize. Nature Sustainability, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0261-y

Holden, N, White, E, Lange, M and Oldfield, T (2018). Review of the Sustainability of Food Systems and Transition using the Internet of Food. NPJ Science of Food, 2(18). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41538-018-0027-3

Ippolito, J and Al-Kaisi, M (2019). The Dirt on Soil Loss from the Midwest Floods. The Conversation, April 16. https://theconversation.com/the-dirt-on-soil-loss-from-the-midwest-floods-114423

Jones, B (2022). The Extinction Crisis that No One’s Talking About. Vox, Feb. 1. https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22906478/food-diversity-extinction-dan-saladino [“Coffee, wine, and wheat varieties are among the foods we could lose forever.”]

Jones, B et al., (2012). Zoonosis Emergence Linked to Agricultural Intensification and Environmental Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(21). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208059110

Kahiluoto, H, Kuisma, M, Kuokkanen, A, Mikkila, M ad Linnanen, L (2014). Taking Planetary Nutrient Boundaries Seriously: Can We Feed the People? Global Food Security, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.11.002

Koch, A and 30 co-authors (2013). Soil Security: Solving the Global Soil Crisis. Global Policy, 4(4): 434-441. http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/Global%20Policy%204,%20434-441,%202013%20Koch.pdf

Lakhani, N and Saldino, D (2022). ‘We’re Running Out of Time’: Dan Saladino on Why the Loss of Diversity in Our Foods Matters. The Guardian, April 17. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/17/dan-saladino-food-diversity

Le Mouel, C, Lattre-Gasquet, M and Mora, O (eds.) (2018). Land Use and Food Security in 2050: A Narrow Road. Agrimonde-Terra. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/588816/1/ID588816.pdf

Lohan, T (2021). The Extinction Crisis: Coming to a Dinner Table Near You? EcoWatch, Feb. 15. https://www.ecowatch.com/amp/food-security-endangered-species-conservation-2650542720

Lucas T and Horton, R (2019). The 21st-century Great Food Transformation. The Lancet, 393(10170). https://www.scribd.com/document/397688325/The-21st-Century-Great-Food-Transformation-Lucas-2019-The-Lancet

Marchant, N (2021). The World’s Food Waste Problem is Bigger than We Thought - Here’s What We Can Do About It. World Economic Forum, March 26. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/global-food-waste-solutions

Mateo-Sagasta, J, Zadeh, S and Turral, H (2017). Water Pollution from Agriculture: A Global Review. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.sesync.org/system/tdf/resources/water_pollution_from_agriculture_a_global_review_0.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=2825&force

McClements, D, Barrangou, R, Hill, C, Kokini, J, Lila, M, Meyer, A and Yu, L (2021). Building a Resilient, Sustainable, and Healthier Food Supply Through Innovation and Technology. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 12. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-092220-030824

Menker, S (2017). A Global Food Crisis May Be Less than a Decade Away. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/sara_menker_a_global_food_crisis_may_be_only_a_decade_away

Munn, M, Frey, J, Tesoriero, A, Black, R, Duff, J, Lee, K, Maret, T, Mebane, C, Waite, I and Zelt, R (2018). Understanding the Influence of Nutrients on Stream Ecosystems in Agricultural Landscapes. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1437. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1437

Packer, S (2020). Fixing Nitrogen: The Challenge for Climate, Nature and Health. Soil Association. https://www.soilassociation.org/causes-campaigns/fixing-nitrogen-the-challenge-for-climate-nature-and-health/

Piesse, M (2020). Global Food and Water Security in 2050: Demographic Change and Increased Demand. Future Directions International, Feb. 4. http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/global-food-and-water-security-in-2050-demographic-change-and-increased-demand/

Planetary Health Alliance (2019). Bibliography: Changing Food Systems. https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/bibliography

Powers, M. (2019). Soil Science and Society: We’re Running Out of Dirt. FEW Resources.Org. https://www.fewresources.org/soil-science-and-society-were-running-out-of-dirt.html

Reilly, J (2021). The Health and Climate Consequences of the American Food System Cost Three Times as Much as the Food Itself. The Washington Post, July 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/07/16/true-cost-of-american-food-system/

Ritchie, H (2021). Do We Only Have 60 Harvests Left? Our World in Data, Jan. 14. https://ourworldindata.org/soil-lifespans

Rosengrant, M, Ringler, C and Zhu, T (2009). Water for Agriculture: Maintaining Food Security under Growing Scarcity. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.environ.030308.090351

Rulli, M, Saviori, A and D’Odorico, P (2013). Global Land and Water Grabbing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(3). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1213163110

Samuel, S (2020). The Meat We Eat is a Pandemic Risk, Too. Vox, April 22. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/4/22/21228158/coronavirus-pandemic-risk-factory-farming-meat

Semple, K, Westbrook, A and Kessel, J (2022). Meet the People Getting Paid to Kill Our Planet. The New York Times, Feb. 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/01/opinion/climate-sustainability-agriculture-lobby.html [Devastating video series.]

Seyfferth, A (2021). Some Food Contamination Starts in the Soil. EurekAlert, Feb. 3. American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/asoa-sfc020221.php

Sharma, A (2019). How U.S. Agricultural Subsidies Degrade Land and Soil. Food Tank, July 7. https://foodtank.com/news/2019/07/opinion-how-us-agricultural-subsidies-degrade-land-and-soil/

Simon, M (2019). We’re Eating this Planet to Death. Wired, Aug. 8. https://www.wired.com/story/ipcc-land-report-food/

Soil Association (2020). The Impacts of Nitrogen Pollution. https://www.soilassociation.org/causes-campaigns/fixing-nitrogen-the-challenge-for-climate-nature-and-health/the-impacts-of-nitrogen-pollution/

Steinfeld, H, Gerber, P, Wassenaar, T, Castel, V, Rosales, M, and Haan, C (2006). Livestock's Role in Water Depletion and Pollution, in Livestock's Long Shadow - Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Pp. 125-179. http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/a0701e/A0701E04.pdf

Steward, DR, Bruss, PJ, Yang, X, Staggenborg, SA, Welch, SM, and Apley, MD (2013). Tapping Unsustainable Groundwater Stores for Agricultural Production in the High Plains Aquifer of Kansas, Projections to 2110. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(37): E3477-E3486. http://www.pnas.org/content/110/37/E3477.full.pdf

Suweis, S, Rinaldo, A, Maritan, A and D’Odorico, P (2013a). Water-controlled Wealth of Nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(11). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222452110 [“we question the long-term sustainability of the food trade system as a whole.”]

Thaler, E, Larsen, I and Yu, Q (2021). The Extent of Soil Loss Across the US Corn Belt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(8). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1922375118

Toussaint, K (2021). Global Agricultural Subsidies are Harming the Planet—and Our Diets. Fast Company, Sept. 15. https://www.fastcompany.com/90676663/global-agricultural-subsidies-are-harming-the-planet-and-our-diets

Tuninetti, M, Tamea, S, and Dalin C (2019). Water Debt Indicator Reveals Where Agricultural Water Use Exceeds Sustainable Levels. Water Resources Research, 55(3). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018WR023146

Tzachor, A (2020). Famine Dynamics: The Self-undermining Structures of the Global Food System. Global Relations Forum Young Academics Program, Analysis Paper Series No. 8. http://www.gif.org.tr/files/FamineDynamics.pdf

UNICEF (2018). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/state-food-security-and-nutrition-world

Usdain, S (2021). Officials Underestimating 'Forever Chemicals' Lurking in US Food: Scientists. The Hill, Dec. 12. https://thehill.com/policy/equilibrium-sustainability/585436-officials-underestimating-forever-chemicals-lurking-in-us

Walker, S, Hofste, R and Schleifer, L (2019). Water Could Limit Our Ability to Feed the World. These 9 Graphics Explain Why. World Resources Institute, Nov. 25. https://www.wri.org/insights/water-could-limit-our-ability-feed-world-these-9-graphics-explain-why

Weis, T (2010). The Accelerating Biophysical Contradictions of Industrial Capitalist Agriculture. Journal of Agrarian Change, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2010.00273.x

Weis, T (2013). The Meat of the Global Food Crisis. Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.752357

Win, T and O’Brien, C (2020). Hungry for Change: Faulty Food Systems Laid Bare by COVID-19 and Climate Crises. Thomson Reuters Foundation, Dec. 27. https://news.trust.org/item/20201227080204-3652n/

Winne, M (2016). Stand Together or Starve Alone. Tikkun, May 17. https://www.tikkun.org/stand-together-or-starve-alone

Wise, T (2019). Big Ag Is Sabotaging Progress on Climate Change. Wired, Aug. 28. https://www.wired.com/story/big-ag-is-sabotaging-progress-on-climate-change/

World Resources Institute (2022). AQUEDUCT Food. https://www.wri.org/applications/aqueduct/food/#/ [Interactive mapping tool relating crops, water risk and food security.]

Zahn, M and Serwer, A (2021). COVID-19 ‘Exposed How Fragile our Food Systems Are’: Gro Intelligence Founder. Yahoo! Finance, Feb. 10. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/covid-19-exposed-how-fragile-our-food-systems-are-gro-intelligence-founder-145418174.html

B. Biodiversity Loss and Ecosystem Degradation

Albert, J et al., (2020). Scientists’ Warning to Humanity on the Freshwater Biodiversity Crisis. Ambio, 50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-020-01318-8

Alley, P (2011). Corruption: A Root Cause of Deforestation and Forest Degradation, in Transparency International (ed.) Global Corruption Report: Climate Change. Earthscan, London. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/global-corruption-report-climate-change

Anderson, D (2012). HABs in a Changing World: A Perspective on Harmful Algal Blooms, their Impacts, and Research and Management in a Dynamic Era of Climactic and Environmental Change. Harmful Algae, 2012 (2012): 3–17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667985/pdf/nihms691284.pdf

Associated Press (2019). Nature Is In the Worst Shape in Human History, U.N. Report Says. L.A. Times, May 6. https://www.latimes.com/world/la-sci-sn-un-bio-diversity-report-20190506-story.html

Azhar, A (2022). Florida’s Red Tides Are Getting Worse and May Be Hard to Control Because of Climate Change. Inside Climate News, Jan. 19. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/19012022/florida-red-tide-climate-change-desantis/

Ball, J (2021). Lakes Are Losing Oxygen—and Their Inhabitants Are in Danger. Wired, June, 29. https://www.wired.com/story/lakes-are-losing-oxygen-and-their-inhabitants-are-in-danger/

Bangor University (2021). Catastrophic Consequences for Oceans When Climate Change and Plastic Pollution Crises Combine. Phys.Org, Sept. 28. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-catastrophic-consequences-oceans-climate-plastic.html

Bardgett, R et al., (2021). Combatting Global Grassland Degradation. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00207-2

Barnosky, A and 11 co-authors (2011). Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived? Nature, 471; 51-57. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09678

Bar-On, Y, Phillips, R and Milo, R (2018). The Biomass Distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711842115 [Includes estimates of human impact on biomass.]

Bendix, A (2022). Nearly Half of Bald and Golden Eagles in the US Have Chronic Lead Poisoning, Most Likely from Bullet Fragments. Business Insider, Feb. 17. https://www.businessinsider.com/eagles-lead-poisoning-bullets-hunting-2022-2

Bennett, L (2017). Deforestation and Climate Change. Climate Institute. http://climate.org/deforestation-and-climate-change/

Bergstrom, D, Ritchie, E, Hughes, L and Depledge, M (2021). 'Existential Threat to Our Survival': See the 19 Australian Ecosystems Already Collapsing. The Conversation, Feb. 26. https://theconversation.com/amp/existential-threat-to-our-survival-see-the-19-australian-ecosystems-already-collapsing-154077

Bloch, S (2020). Gulf Fishers Brace for a “Dead Zone” the Size of Connecticut and Delaware. The Counter, June 10. https://thecounter.org/gulf-of-mexico-fishers-dead-zone-climate-change-algal-blooms/

Bologna, M and Aquino, G (2020). Deforestation and World Population Sustainability: A Quantitative Analysis. Scientific Reports, 10(7631). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-63657-6

Brauman, K et al., (2020). Global Trends in Nature’s Contributions to People. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 117(51). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010473117 [Key update]

Breitburg, D, et al., (2018). Declining Oxygen in the Global Ocean and Coastal Waters. Science, 359(6371). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6371/eaam7240

Butchart, S, et al., (2010). Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines. Science, 328(5982): 1164-1168. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/328/5982/1164

Butler, R (2019). Amazon Destruction. Monga Bay, Aug. 23. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/amazon_destruction.html [Mostly graphs]

California Academy of Sciences (2014). Ecosystem Services. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCH1Gre3Mg0 [Animated video on the basics of ecosystem services with a focus on how we benefit from them.]

Campaign for Nature (2019a). Why 30%. https://www.campaignfornature.org/why-30-1 [About the initiative to protect 30 percent of the planet by 2030]

Campaign for Nature (2019a). The Science Behind 30%. https://www.campaignfornature.org/science-page#reports [Includes links to all the major, relevant reports.]

Canopy (2021). ForestMapper. https://canopyplanet.org/tools/forestmapper/ [This interactive tool visually represents ancient and endangered forests at a global scale.]

Cardinale, B, Duffy J, Gonzalez, A and Hooper, D (2012). Biodiversity Loss and its Impact on Humanity. Nature, 486(7401):59-67. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225283251_Biodiversity_loss_and_its_impact_on_humanity

Carrington, D (2018a). What is Biodiversity and Why Does it matter? The Guardian, March 12. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/mar/12/what-is-biodiversity-and-why-does-it-matter-to-us

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Staal, A, et al. (2020). Hysteresis of Tropical Forests in the 21st Century. Nature Communications, 11(4978). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18728-7

Stein, B, Edelson, N, Anderson, L, Kanter, J and Stemler, J (2018). Reversing America’s Wildlife Crisis: Securing the Future of Our Fish and Wildlife. National Wildlife Federation. https://www.nwf.org/-/media/Documents/PDFs/NWF-Reports/2018/Reversing-Americas-Wildlife-Crisis_2018.ashx

Strona, G and Bradshaw, C (2018). Co-extinctions Annihilate Planetary Life During Extreme Environmental Change. Scientific Reports, 8(16724). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35068-1

Teirstein, Z (2021). Toxic Algae Blooms are Multiplying. The Government has No Plan to Help. Grist, Oct. 14. https://grist.org/politics/toxic-algae-blooms-are-multiplying-the-government-has-no-plan-to-help/

Theobold, D, Leinwand, I, Anderson, J, Landau, V and Dickson, B (2019). Loss and Fragmentation of Natural Lands in the Conterminous U.S. from 2001 to 2017. The Center for American Progress. https://www.csp-inc.org/public/CSP%20Disappearing%20US%20Exec%20Summary%20011819.pdf

Tian, Z et al., (2020). A Ubiquitous Tire Rubber–derived Chemical Induces Acute Mortality in Coho Salmon. Science, 371(6525). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd6951

Simonin, M and Bernhardt, E (2021). Scientists at Work: We Use Environmental DNA to Monitor How Human Activities Affect Life in Rivers and Streams. The Conversation, Sept. 17. https://theconversation.com/scientists-at-work-we-use-environmental-dna-to-monitor-how-human-activities-affect-life-in-rivers-and-streams-164529

Timperley, J (2021). What Will it Take to End Deforestation by 2030? Ars Technica, Dec. 4. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/12/what-will-it-take-to-end-deforestation-by-2030/

Trainer, V, Baugh, K, and Paranjpye, R (2008). Sound Toxins Newsletter, Issue 1. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.soundtoxins.org/workspace/uploads/soundtox_newsletter_spring08.pdf

Trucost PLC (2013). Natural Capital at Risk: The Top 100 Externalities of Business. TEEB for Business Coalition. https://www.naturalcapitalcoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Trucost-Nat-Cap-at-Risk-Final-Report-web.pdf

United Nations (2019). UN Report: Nature’s Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’; Species Extinction Rates ‘Accelerating’. Sustainable Development Goals Blog, May 6. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/

United Nations (2021). World Ocean Assessment II. https://www.un.org/regularprocess/woa2launch

United Nations Environment Programme (2007). Global Environment Outlook 4. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/global-environment-outlook-4 [Assesses trends in the environment from 1987-2007.]

United Nations Environment Programme (2016). Zoonoses: Blurred Lines of Emergent Disease and Ecosystem Health, in UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/UNEP_Frontiers_2016_report_emerging_issues_of_environmental_concern.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A Scientific Blueprint to Tackle the Climate, Biodiversity and Pollution Emergencies. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature

University of Connecticut (2021). Animals Died in 'Toxic Soup' During Earth's Worst Mass Extinction: A Warning for Today. Phys.org, Sept. 17. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-animals-died-toxic-soup-earth.html

Vidal, J (2019). The Rapid Decline Of The Natural World Is A Crisis Even Bigger Than Climate Change. Huffington Post, March 15. https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/nature-destruction-climate-change-world-biodiversity_n_5c49e78ce4b06ba6d3bb2d44

Vidal, A, Lade, S, Hoff, H and Rockstrom, J (2020). COVID-19: A Dashboard to Rebuild with Nature. World Business Council for Sustainable Development. https://www.wbcsd.org/Programs/Food-and-Nature/Resources/COVID-19-a-dashboard-to-rebuild-with-nature

Vittert, L (2019). Statistic of the Decade: The Massive Deforestation of the Amazon. The Conversation, Dec. 23. https://theconversation.com/statistic-of-the-decade-the-massive-deforestation-of-the-amazon-128307

Vittor, A, Laporta, G and Sallum, M (2020). How Deforestation Helps Deadly Viruses Jump from Animals to Humans. The Conversation, June 25 https://theconversation.com/how-deforestation-helps-deadly-viruses-jump-from-animals-to-humans-139645

Walker, B and Wathen, E (2018). Across U.S., Toxic Blooms Pollute Lakes. Environmental Working Group. https://www.ewg.org/toxicalgalblooms/ [Very user friendly article with good graphics]

Walker, R (2020). Collision Course: Development Pushes Amazonia Toward Its Tipping Point. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.2021.1842711

Walsh, A (2022). What to Expect from the World's Sixth Mass Extinction. DW, Jan. 11. https://www.dw.com/en/what-to-expect-from-the-worlds-sixth-mass-extinction/a-60360245

Walsh, S, Jelks, H, and Burkhead, N (2009). The Decline of North American Freshwater Fishes. Action Bioscience. http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/walsh.html?print

Watson, J et al., (2016). Catastrophic Declines in Wilderness Areas Undermine Global Environment Targets. Current Biology, 26(21). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.049

Watson, J Venter, O, Lee J, Jones, K, Robin, J, Possingham, H and Allan, J (2018). Protect the Last of the Wild. Nature, 563: 27-30. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07183-6

Watson, P (2015). How Are the Animals Doing?, in Atmosphere of Hope: Searching for Solutions to the Climate Crisis. Grove Press, NY. https://ncse.com/files/pub/evolution/excerpt--atmosphere.pdf

Watts, J (2019). Deforestation of Brazilian Amazon Surges to Record High. The Guardian, June 4. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/04/deforestation-of-brazilian-amazon-surges-to-record-high-bolsonaro

Welch, C (2021). First Study of All Amazon Greenhouse Gases Suggests the Damaged Forest is Now Worsening Climate Change. National Geographic, March 11. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/amazon-rainforest-now-appears-to-be-contributing-to-climate-change

Whalen, A (2020). 'Feral Swine Bomb'? Find Out Why Wild Pigs Are Becoming a Problem Everyone Needs to Worry About. Newsweek, Sept. 21. https://www.newsweek.com/feral-pigs-wild-boar-hunting-population-squeal-montana-usda-1533353

Woody, T (2019). The Sea is Running Out of Fish, Despite Nations’ Pledges to Stop it. National Geographic, Oct. 8. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/sea-running-out-of-fish-despite-nations-pledges-to-stop/

Woodyatt, A (2021). Bees Aren't Getting Enough Sleep, Thanks to Some Common Pesticides. CNN, Jan. 21. https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/europe/bee-sleep-pesticide-intl-scli-gbr-scn/index.html

The World Counts (2022). Extinction of Species. https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/extinction [Shows continuous changes in values of several metrics.]

World Fish Migration Foundation (2020). Living Planet Index for Migratory Freshwater Fish. https://worldfishmigrationfoundation.com/living-planet-index-2020/

World Wildlife Fund (2020). Living Planet Report 2020. https://livingplanet.panda.org/en-us/

Yirka, B (2020). Brazilian Forests Found to be Transitioning from Carbon Sinks to Carbon Sources. Phys.org, Dec. 21. https://phys.org/news/2020-12-brazilian-forests-transitioning-carbon-sources.html

Zaitchik, A (2019). Rainforest on Fire. The Intercept, July 6. https://theintercept.com/2019/07/06/brazil-amazon-rainforest-indigenous-conservation-agribusiness-ranching/

Zeng, Y, Maxwell, S, Runting, R, Venter, O, Watson, J and Carrasco, R (2020). Environmental Destruction Not Avoided with the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Sustainability, 3. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0555-0

C. Conflict, Insecurity, Displacement, and Migrations

Ahmed, N (2015). New Age of Water Wars Portends ‘Bleak Future’ For The Middle East. Mint Press News. http://www.mintpressnews.com/new-age-of-water-wars-portends-bleak-future-for-the-middle-east/203712/

Aldhous, P (2020). This Scary Statistic Predicts Growing US Political Violence — Whatever Happens On Election Day. Buzz Feed News, Oct. 24. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/political-violence-inequality-us-election

Baum, S, de Neufville, R and Barrett, A (2018). A Model for the Probability of Nuclear War. Global Catastrophic Risk Institute Working Paper 18-1. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3137081

Black, R Adger, WB,.Arnell, N, Dercond, S, Geddese, A and Thomas, T (2017). The Effect of Environmental Change on Human Migration. Global Environmental Change, 21(suppl. 1): S3-S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001

Center for Foreign Relations (2022). Global Conflict Tracker. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/?category=us

Center for Systemic Peace (2019). State Fragility and Warfare in the Global System 2019. http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist/warlist.htm

Center for Systemic Peace (2022). Global Conflict Trends. https://www.systemicpeace.org/conflicttrends.html

Di Nunzio, J (2013). Conflict on the Nile: The Future of Transboundary Water Disputes Over the World’s Longest River. Future Directions International. http://futuredirections.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Nile_Conflict_Potential.pdf

Dow, K and Carr, E (2015). Linking Water Scarcity to Population Movements: From Global Models to Local Experiences. Poverty and Vulnerability Programme, Stockholm Environment Institute. https://mediamanager.sei.org/documents/Publications/Risk-livelihoods/SEI_Dow_Water_Migration_2005.pdf

Gleick, P (2009). Water Conflict Chronology. Pacific Institute. http://worldwater.org/chronology.html

Goldstone, J, Bates, R, Epstein, D, Gurr, T, Lustik, M, Marshall, M, Ulfelder, J and Woodward, M (2010). A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability. American Journal of Political Science, 54(1). https://sites.duke.edu/niou/files/2011/06/goldstone-bates-etal.pdf

Graff, G (2022). Putin’s Nuclear Threat Sets the West on Edge. Wired, Feb. 24. https://www.wired.com/story/putin-nuclear-threat-ukraine-sanctions-history/

Hackman, R (2021). Femicides in the US: The Silent Epidemic Few Dare to Name. The Guardian, Sept. 26. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/26/femicide-us-silent-epidemic

The Institute for Economics & Peace (2020). Global Terrorism Index 2020. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/GTI-2020-web-1.pdf

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (2020). Previous Global Reports on Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report [Updated every year]

Langenkamp, A (2019). The World is Becoming More Unstable. The Hill, Oct. 27. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/467611-the-world-is-becoming-more-unstable

Lee, B (2016). Causes and Cures VIII: Environmental Violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.07.004

McCartney, C (2020). Migration and the Shared Planet. Radical Ecological Ecology, Oct. 18. https://radicalecologicaldemocracy.org/migrations-and-the-shared-planet/

Migration Data Portal (2021). Environmental Migration. https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/environmental_migration [Leads to data and other resources.]

Mills, M, Toon, O, Lee-Taylor, J and Robock, A (2014). Multidecadal Global Cooling and Unprecedented Ozone Loss Following a Regional Nuclear Conflict. Earth’s Future, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000205

Planetary Health Alliance (2019). Bibliography: Civil Strife and Displacement. https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/bibliography?group=CIVIL%20STRIFE%20AND%20DISPLACEMENT

Raderstorf, B, Wilson, C, Zechmeister, E and Camilleri, M (2017). Beneath the Violence: How Insecurity Shapes Daily Life and Emigration in Central America. Rule of Law Working Paper. A Report of the Latin American Public Opinion Project and the Inter-American Dialogue. https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Crime-Avoidance-Report-FINAL-ONLINE.pdf

Robock, A, Oman, L and Stenchikov, G (2007). Nuclear Winter Revisited with a Modern Climate Model and Current Nuclear Arsenals: Still Catastrophic Consequences. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112. http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockNW2006JD008235.pdf

Rotella, S (2021). Domestic Terrorism: A More Urgent Threat, but Weaker Laws. ProPublica, Jan. 7. https://www.propublica.org/article/domestic-terrorism-a-more-urgent-threat-but-weaker-laws

Smith, K (2019). The Harassment of Environmental Defenders in the EU – A Case Study Report. European Environmental Bureau. https://eeb.org/library/the-harassment-of-environmental-defenders-in-the-european-union-a-case-study-report/

Strategic Foresight Group (2014). Water and Violence: Crisis of Survival in the Middle East. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/188318/63948150123-web.pdf

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019a). Figures at a Glance. https://www.unhcr.org/figures-at-a-glance.html

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2019b). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018. https://unhcrsharedmedia.s3.amazonaws.com/2019/Global-Trends-19-June-2019/2019-06-18_Global_Trends_2018_WEB_(4)_embargo-cover.pdf

UN Water (2019). Refugees and Forced Displacement Crises, in The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367306

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019. https://www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/

Vonberg, J (2018). Death Threats, Despair and Deportations: Three Years on the Front Lines of Europe's Migration Crisis. CNN, June 20. https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/20/europe/world-refugee-day-volunteers-europe-intl/index.html

Wrathall, D, Van Den Hoek, J, Walters, A and Devenish, A (2020). Water Stress and Human Migration: A Global, Georeferenced Review of Empirical Research. FAO Land and Water Discussion Paper, 11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I8867EN

D. Human Health Threats

Amir, S et al., (2021). Endocrine Disruptors Acting on Estrogen and Androgen Pathways Cause Reproductive Disorders through Multiple Mechanisms: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041464

Andrews, E (2019). Our Plastics, Our Selves. Grist, Feb. 6. https://grist.org/article/whats-plastic-doing-to-our-bodies-this-all-female-team-is-investigating/

Anttila-Hughes JK, SM Hsiang (2012). Destruction, Disinvestment, and Death: Economic and Human Losses Following Environmental Disaster. SSRN Working Paper. https://www.impactlab.org/research/destruction-disinvestment-and-death-economic-and-human-losses/ [Economic and human losses due to environmental disaster are delayed and may be an order of magnitude larger than previously thought.]

Arias, E, Tejada-Vera, B, Ahmad, F and Kochanek, K (2021). Provisional Life Expectancy Estimates for 2020. NVSS Vital Statistics Rapid Release Report No. 015, CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/vsrr/VSRR015-508.pdf

Averett, N (2020). Undone Science: When Research Fails Polluted Communities. Undark, Feb. 3. https://undark.org/2020/02/03/undone-science-pollution-avalon-shenango/

Bekkar, B, Pacheco, S, Basu, R and DeNicola, N (2020). Association of Air Pollution and Heat Exposure with Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Stillbirth in the US: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open, 3(6). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767260

Bergman, A, Heindel, J, Jobling, S, Kidd, K and Zoeller, R (2013). State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 2012. United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/ceh/risks/cehemerging2/en/

Bernardes, M, Pazin M, Pereira, L and Dorta, D (2015). Impact of Pesticides on Environmental and Human Health, in Andreazza, A and Scola, G (eds.) Toxicology Studies: Cells, Drugs and Environment. InTech Open. https://www.intechopen.com/books/toxicology-studies-cells-drugs-and-environment/impact-of-pesticides-on-environmental-and-human-health

Bowley, J, Baker-Austin, C, Porter, A, Hartnell, R and Lewis, C (2020). Oceanic Hitchhikers – Assessing Pathogen Risks from Marine Microplastic. Trends in Microbiology, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.011

Bozack, A et al., (2022). Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and COVID-19 Mortality: A Patient-Level Analysis from New York City. American Journal of Respiratory Care Medicine, 205(6). https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202104-0845oc

Brokovich, E (2021). Plummeting Sperm Counts, Shrinking Penises: Toxic Chemicals Threaten Humanity. The Guardian, March 18. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/18/toxic-chemicals-health-humanity-erin-brokovich?CMP=oth_b-aplnews_d-1

Burrows, L (2021). Deaths from Fossil Fuel Emissions Higher than Previously Thought. Harvard University, Feb. 9. https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2021/02/deaths-fossil-fuel-emissions-higher-previously-thought

Carrington, D (2021). Microplastics May be Linked to Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Study Finds. The Guardian, Dec. 22. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/dec/22/microplastics-may-be-linked-to-inflammatory-bowel-disease-study-finds

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009). The Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2009. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/index.html

Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health (2013). Fast Facts About Health Risks of Pesticides in Food. University of Washington. https://depts.washington.edu/ceeh/downloads/FF_Pesticides.pdf

Center for Environmental Health (2019). Glyphosate in School Cereals. https://www.ceh.org/glyphosate-school-cereals/

Chem Safety Pro (2019). UN List of Identified Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. https://www.chemsafetypro.com/Topics/Restriction/UN_list_identified_endocrine_disrupting_chemicals_EDCs.html

Cook, K (2019). Glyphosate Pesticide in Beer and Wine. U.S. PIRG Education Fund. https://uspirg.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/WEB_USP_Glyphosate-pesticide-beer-and-wine_REPORT_022619.pdf

Cordner, A (2021). The True Cost of PFAS and the Benefits of Acting Now. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(14). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03565

Costly, D (2021). Vehicle Emission Declines Decreased Deaths, Study Finds. Phys.org, Dec. 18. https://phys.org/news/2021-12-vehicle-emission-declines-decreased-deaths.html

Cox, K, Covernton, G, Davies, H, Dower, J, Juanes, F and Dudas, S (2019). Human Consumption of Microplastics. Environmental Science and Technology, 53. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b01517

Cutler, D and Dominici, F (2018). A Breath of Bad Air: Cost of the Trump Environmental Agenda May Lead to 80 000 Extra Deaths per Decade. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 319(22). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2684596

Danopoulos, E, Jenner, L, Twiddy, M and Rotchell, J (2020). Microplastic Contamination of Seafood Intended for Human Consumption: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 128(12). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7171

Danopoulos, E, Twiddy, M, West, R and Rotchell, J (2021). A Rapid Review and Meta-regression Analyses of the Toxicological Impacts of Microplastic Exposure in Human Cells. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127861

Dauvergne, P (2009). Dying of Consumption, in The Shadows of Consumption: Consequences for the Global Environment. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Pp: 19-32

DeChant, T (2021). Fossil Fuel Combustion Kills More than 1 Million People Every Year, Study Says. Ars Technica, Dec. 16. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/12/fossil-fuel-combustion-kills-more-than-1-million-people-every-year-study-says/

Dunk, J, Jones, D, Capon, A, and Anderson, W (2019). Human Health on an Ailing Planet — Historical Perspectives on Our Future. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1907455

EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (2020). Risk to Human Health Related to the Presence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Food. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223

Eisen, R and Eisen, L (2018). The Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis: An Increasing Public Health Concern. Trends Parasitol, 34(4): 295-309. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5879012/

EJ Net (1996). RACHEL's Environment & Health Weekly: Table of Contents. http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/contents.htm [Links to 492 issues of a blog post that summarizes specific environmental health and hazardous waste issues].

Ellison, J (2021). Fine Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Higher Risk of Dementia. UW News, Aug. 4. https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/08/04/fine-particulate-air-pollution-associated-with-higher-risk-of-dementia/

Environmental Health News (2019). https://www.ehn.org/

Environmental Research Foundation (2008a). Rachel's Democracy & Health News. http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/newsletters/rachels_news/956 [A series of blog posts from 1986-2008].

Environmental Research Foundation (2008b). Rachel's Precaution Reporter. http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/newsletters/archive/precaution_reporter [139 blog posts on issues related to the Precautionary Principle running from 2005-2008.]

Fairley, D and Fairley, P (2019). You Don’t Have to Live Close to Wildfires for Them to Kill You. LA Times, April 3. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-fairley-soot-health-20190403-story.html

Fiske, A and Fischer, J (2020). Toxic Inheritance. The Nib. https://thenib.com/toxic-inheritance/ [Tale of oil pollution in Ecuador in comic form.]

Funes, Y (2019). Black Carbon Pollution Has Been Found Inside Women's Placentas. Gizmodo, Sept. 17. https://earther.gizmodo.com/black-carbon-pollution-has-been-found-inside-womens-pla-1838193033

Gleeson, S and Mendoza, J (2021). Can Toxic Algae Kill Humans? California Health Officials are Warning of These Poisonous Blooms. USA Today, Aug. 25. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/08/25/can-toxic-algae-blooms-can-kill-humans-warnings-issued-california/5583980001/

Gleick, P (2002). Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000-2020. Pacific Institute Research Report. Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. http://www.pacinst.org

Gore, A, Chappell, V, Fenton, S, Flaws,J, Nadal, A, Prins, G, Toppari, J and Zoeller, R (2015). EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocrine Reviews, 36(6): 1-150. https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/36/6/E1/2354691

Gorman, A (2019). ‘Medieval’ Diseases Flare As Unsanitary Living Conditions Proliferate. Kaiser Health News, March 12. https://khn.org/news/medieval-diseases-flare-as-unsanitary-living-conditions-proliferate/

Grantham, J (2020). Chemical Toxicity and the Baby Bust. GMO, Feb. 6. https://www.gmo.com/americas/research-library/chemical-toxicity-and-the-baby-bust/

Hackman, R (2021). Femicides in the US: The Silent Epidemic Few Dare to Name. The Guardian, Sept. 26. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/26/femicide-us-silent-epidemic

Haidt, J and Twenge, J (2021). This Is Our Chance to Pull Teenagers Out of the Smartphone Trap. The New York Times, July 31. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/31/opinion/smartphone-iphone-social-media-isolation.html

Halden, R (2010). Plastics and Health Risks. Annual Review of Public Health, 31: 179-194. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714

Halpern D (2018). Sperm Count Zero. GQ Magazine, Sept. 4. https://www.gq.com/story/sperm-count-zero

Hamblin, J (2014). The Toxins that Threaten Our Brains. The Atlantic, Mar. 18. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/the-toxins-that-threaten-our-brains/284466/

Haswell, M and Shearman, D (2019). The Implications for Human Health and Wellbeing of Expanding Gas Mining in Australia. Onshore Oil and Gas Policy Background Paper. Doctors for the Environment Australia. https://reneweconomy.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DEA-Oil-and-Gas-final-28-11-18.pdf

Hayes, T and Hansen, M (2017). From Silent Spring to Silent Night: Agrochemicals and the Anthropocene. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.246

Henderson, D, Inglesby, Jr., T, O'Toole, T, Inglesby, T, Grossman, R and O'Toole, T (2001). A Plague on Your City: Observations from TOPOFF. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 32(3). https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/32/3/436/283538

Hochschild, A (2020). How the White Working Class Is Being Destroyed. The New York Times, March 17. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/17/books/review/deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism-anne-case-angus-deaton.html [Review of Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism]

Iniguez, M, Conesa, J and Fullana, A (2017). Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt. Scientific Reports, 7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09128-x

Islam, S, Cheng, H, Helgason, K, Hunt, N, Kawamura, H and LaFleur. M (2020). Sustainable Development Outlook 2020. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/SDO2020_Book.pdf

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Kraemer, M, et al., (2019). Past and Future Spread of the Arbovirus Vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Nature Microbiology, 4: 854-863. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0376-y

Kristof, N (2021). What Are Sperm Telling Us? The New York Times, Feb. 20. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/20/opinion/sunday/endocrine-disruptors-sperm.html

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Lakhani, N (2020). Children Who Drink Water from Private Wells at Higher Risk of Lead Exposure. The Guardian, July 8. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/08/us-children-lead-drinking-water-study?CMP=oth_b-aplnews_d-1

Lakhani, N (2022). One in Three Americans Have Detectable Levels of Toxic Weedkiller, Study Finds. The Guardian, Feb. 9. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/09/toxic-herbicide-exposure-study-2-4-d

Lei, M, Zhang, L, Lei, J, Zong, L, Li, J, Wu, Z and Wang, Z (2015). Overview of Emerging Contaminants and Associated Human Health Effects. BioMed Research International, 2015(404796). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/404796

Lelieveld, J, Klingmuller, K, Pozze, A, Burnett, R, Haines, A and Ramanathan, V (2019). Effects of Fossil Fuel and Total Anthropogenic Emission Removal on Public Health and Climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(15): 7192-7197. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819989116

Lelieveld, J and Pozzer, A (2015). More Deaths Due to Air Pollution. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Sept. 16. https://www.mpg.de/9405012/mortality-air-pollution

Leonhardt, D and Thompson, S (2020). How Working-Class Life Is Killing Americans, in Charts. The New York Times, March 6. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/06/opinion/working-class-death-rate.html

Levine, H, Jorgensen, N, Martino-Andrade, A, Mendiola, J, Weksler-Drri, D, Mindlis, I, Pinotti, R and Swan, S (2017). Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-regression Analysis. Human Reproduction Update, 23(6): 646-659. https://academic.oup.com/humupd/article/23/6/646/4035689

Living with Resistance Project (2018). Antibiotic and Pesticide Susceptibility and the Anthropocene Operating Space. Nature Sustainability, 1: 632-641. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0164-3

Madhav, N, Oppenheim, B, Gallivan, M, Mulembakani, P, Rubin, E and Wolfe, N (2017). Chapter 17: Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation, in Jamison D, et al., eds., Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525302/

McCarthy, M (2021). Phthalates Linked to Changes in Gene Activity in Placenta. UW Medicine Newsroom, Oct. 14. https://newsroom.uw.edu/postscript/phthalates-linked-changes-gene-activity-placenta

McMahon, J (2022). Climate Action Could Avert Nearly Half the World’s Premature Deaths. Forbes, March 9. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2022/03/09/climate-action-could-avert-nearly-half-the-worlds-premature-deaths/?sh=b48de2f28b47

Mead, M (2008). Contaminants in Human Milk: Weighing the Risks Against the Benefits of Breastfeeding. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569122/

Meeker, J (2012). Exposure to Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Child Development. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166(10). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3572204/#

Micha, R, Penalvo, J, Cudhea, F, Imamura, F, Rehm, C and Mozaffarian, D (2017). Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality from Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 317(9): 912-924. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2608221

Nault, B et al., (2021). Secondary Organic Aerosols from Anthropogenic Volatile Organic Compounds Contribute Substantially to Air Pollution Mortality. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(14). https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-11201-2021

Nicole, W (2021). Microplastics in Seafood: How Much Are People Eating? Environmental Health Perspectives, 129(3). https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8936

Nisio, A and Foresta, C (2019). Water and Soil Pollution as Determinant of Water and Food Quality/Contamination and its Impact on Male Fertility. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 17(1). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30611299/

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Olalde, M (2021). Harvard Study Links Fossil Fuels to Millions of 'Premature' Deaths. Desert Sun, Feb. 9. https://www.desertsun.com/story/news/environment/2021/02/09/harvard-links-fossil-fuels-deaths-california-approves-fracking/4436589001/

O’Neill, J (2017). The Global Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance. Trend Magazine, The Pew Charitable Trusts. https://trend.pewtrusts.org/en/archive/trend-summer-2016/the-global-threat-of-antimicrobial-resistance

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Perkins, T (2021a). Study Finds Alarming Levels of ‘Forever Chemicals’ in US Mothers’ Breast Milk. The Guardian, May 13. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/13/pfas-forever-chemicals-breast-milk-us-study

Perkins, T (2021b). Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals’ Contaminate Indoor Air at Worrying Levels, Study Finds. The Guardian, Aug. 31. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/aug/31/pfas-toxic-forever-chemicals-air-breathing

Planetary Health Alliance (2019). Bibliography: Infectious Disease. https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/bibliography

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Quaglia, S (2021). Fall in Fertility Rates May Be Linked to Fossil Fuel Pollution, Finds Study. The Guardian, Dec. 15. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/dec/15/fall-fertility-rates-may-be-linked-fossil-fuel-pollution-finds-study

Rattan, S, Zhou, C, Chiang, C, Mahalingam, S, Brehm, E and Flaws, J (2017). Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors During Adulthood: Consequences for Female Fertility. Journal of Endocrinology, 233. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-17-0023

Reuter, G (2022). Green Groups Target Poisonings from Rising Pesticides Sales. DW, Jan. 12. https://www.dw.com/en/pesticide-atlas-2022/a-60390427

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Rivad, R (2022). How a Toxic Chemical Ended Up in the Drinking Water Supply for 13 Million People. Politico, Jan. 23. https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/21/new-jersey-toxic-drinking-water-527621

Roberts, D (2020). Air Pollution is Much Worse than We Thought. Vox, Aug. 12. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2020/8/12/21361498/climate-change-air-pollution-us-india-china-deaths

Rumpler, J and Dietz, E (2019). Get the Lead Out: Ensuring Safe Drinking Water for Our Children At School. Environment America Research & Policy Center. https://environmentamerica.org/feature/ame/get-lead-out-0

Safer Chemicals Healthy Families (2019). Washington State Governor to Sign Nation’s Strongest Law Regulating Toxics in Products. May 8. https://saferchemicals.org/2019/05/08/washington-state-governor-to-sign-nations-strongest-law-regulating-toxics-in-products/

Sasabe, M (2020). Parental Diet Affects Sperm and Health of Future Offspring. Science Magazine, March 19. https://scienmag.com/parental-diet-affects-sperm-and-health-of-future-offspring/

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Shang, J, Cai, Z, Ma, C, Xiong, J and Li, H (2020). Impacts of Outdoor Air Pollution on Human Semen Quality: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. BioMed Research International, 2020. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2020/7528901/

Sifakis, S, Androutsopoulos, V, Tsatsakis, A and Spandidos, D (2017). Human Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on the Male and Female Reproductive Systems. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.024

Smith, Y (2018). American Life Expectancy Continues to Fall: Rise in Suicides, Overdose Deaths the Big Culprit. Naked Capitalism, Nov. 30. https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2018/11/american-life-expectancy-continues-fall-rise-suicides-overdose-deaths-big-culprit.html

Sneath, S (2020). 'Ticking Time Bombs': Residents Kept In The Dark About Risks To LA.'s Chemical Plants During Storms. New Orleans Public Radio, Dec. 7. https://www.wwno.org/post/ticking-time-bombs-residents-kept-dark-about-risks-las-chemical-plants-during-storms

Sripada, K et al., (2022). A Children’s Health Perspective on Nano- and Microplastics. Environmental Health Perspectives, 130(1). https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/EHP9086

Talbert, V (ed.) (2017). Environmentally Linked Health Issues. Unitarian Universalist Ministry for Earth. https://www.uumfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GP4-Text.pdf or https://www.uumfe.org/resources/green-papers/green-paper-4/

Tel-Aviv University (2022). Microplastics Increase the Toxicity of Organic Pollutants in the Environment by a Factor of 10. Phys.org, Feb. 16. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-microplastics-toxicity-pollutants-environment-factor.html

Unitarian Universalist Ministry for Earth (2017). Green Paper 4: Environmentally Linked Health Issues. https://www.uumfe.org/resources/green-papers/green-paper-4/ or as a pdf: https://www.uumfe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GP4-Text.pdf [Effective, concise overview with many good resource links at the bottom.]

UN Climate Change News (2018). Polluted Air Affects More than 90% of Children. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/news/polluted-air-affects-more-than-90-of-children

United Nations Environment Programme (2016e). Zoonoses: Blurred Lines of Emergent Disease and Ecosystem Health, in UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/UNEP_Frontiers_2016_report_emerging_issues_of_environmental_concern.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme and International Livestock Research Institute (2020). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic Diseases and How to Break the Chain of Transmission. https://unsdg.un.org/resources/preventing-next-pandemic-zoonotic-diseases-and-how-break-chain-transmission

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2019). Chapter 3: Risk, in The UN Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2019. https://gar.unisdr.org/sites/default/files/reports/2019-05/full_gar_report.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2015). Summary of Expert Discussion Forum on Possible Human Health Risks from Microplastics in the Marine Environment. Marine Pollution Control Branch, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/tfw-microplastics_expert_forum_meeting_summary_2015-02-06.pdf

University of Southern California (2019). Antibiotic Resistance is Spreading from Wastewater Treatment Plants. ScienceDaily, March 6. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190306125330.htm

Viedis, E and Hansen, J (2022). There’s Good Reason to Worry About the Health Risks of Plastics. The Washington Post, April 2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/04/02/plastic-pollution-health-poverty/

Vohra, K, Vodonos, A, Schwartz, J, Marais, E, Sulprizio, M and Mickley, L (2021). Global Mortality from Outdoor Fine Particle Pollution Generated by Fossil Fuel Combustion: Results from GEOS-Chem. Environmental Research, . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110754

Walden, S (2018). The “Indoor Generation” and the Health Risks of Spending More Time Inside. VELUX, May 15. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sponsor-story/velux/2018/05/15/indoor-generation-and-health-risks-spending-more-time-inside/610289002/

Watson, J, Gayer, M and Connolly, M (2007). Epidemics after Natural Disasters. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(1): 1-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725828/

Wattigney, W, Irvin-Barnwell, E, Pavuk, M and Ragin-Wilson, A (2015). Regional Variation in Human Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants in the United States, NHANES. Jour of Environmental Public Health, 2015: 571839. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4709617/

Winters, J (2020). Oregon’s Air Quality is So Far Beyond ‘Hazardous’ That No One Knows What it Means for Health. Grist, Sept. 11. https://grist.org/climate/oregons-air-quality-is-so-far-beyond-hazardous-that-no-one-knows-what-it-means-for-health/

Woodhandler, S et al., (2021). Public Policy and Health in the Trump Era. The Lancet, . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32545-9

Yarlagadda, T (2021). One Side-Effect of Capitalism Caused Millions of Premature Deaths, Study Reveals. Inverse, Nov. 2. https://www.inverse.com/science/premature-deaths-linked-to-air-pollution

Yong, E (2021). We’re Already Barreling Toward the Next Pandemic. The Atlantic, Sept. 29. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/09/america-prepared-next-pandemic/620238/

Younan, D, et al. (2019). Particulate Matter and Episodic Memory Decline Mediated by Early Neuroanatomic Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain, 143(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz348

Younes, L, Kofman, A, Shaw, A, Song, L and Miller, M (2021). Poison in the Air. ProPublica, Nov. 2. https://www.propublica.org/article/toxmap-poison-in-the-air [The EPA allows polluters to turn neighborhoods into “sacrifice zones” where residents breathe carcinogens.]

Ziv-Gal, A and Flaws, J (2016). Evidence for Bisphenol A-induced Female Infertility: A Review (2007–2016). Fertility and Sterility, 106(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.06.027

E. Natural Hazards (Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruptions, Tsunamis, Landslides, etc.)

Abramovitz, JN (2001). Unnatural Disasters. WorldWatch Institute. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/832

AghaKouchik, A et al., (2018). How Do Natural Hazards Cascade to Cause Disasters? Nature Briefing, Sept. 24. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06783-6

Anderson, J and Bausch, C (2009). Climate Change and Natural Disasters: Scientific Evidence of a Possible Relation Between Recent Natural Disasters and Climate Change. European Parliament's Environment, Public Health and Food Safety Committee. http://www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/project/2013/Brief_CC_and_natural_disasters_scientific_evidence_of_relation_Jan_2006_EP_version.pdf

AreaHub (2021a). Natural Hazards. https://areahub.com/knowledge-center/tag/natural-hazards [Leads to a series of short overviews of different natural hazards.]

AreaHub (2021b). Reveal Your World: Discover Climate and Environmental Hazards Near You. https://areahub.com/ [Enter a zip code and the site automatically generates a series of reports on the hazards of the area.]

AreaHub (2021c). Wildfires Near You. https://wildfires.areahub.com/ [Enter a zip code and get reports on the wildfires happening near the area.]

Bagenstone, K, Pulver, D and Crowe, K (2020). Millions of Americans Think They’re Safe from Flood Waters. They Aren’t. USA Today, June 29. https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2020/06/29/real-estate-millions-more-homes-risk-flood-might-need-insurance/3217450001/

Baker, A (2021). Wildfires. AreaHub, July 23. https://areahub.com/knowledge-center/wildfires [Overview of increasing risks and damages of wildfires.]

Baum, R, Harp, E, and Highland, L (2007). Landslide Hazards in the Seattle, Washington, Area. Fact Sheet 2007-3005. US Geological Survey. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3005/pdf/FS07-3005_508.pdf

Becker, N and Geschwind, L (2017). Earthquakes – 2011-2015. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Science on a Sphere. https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/earthquakes-2001-2015/ [cool animation]

Couasnon, A et al., (2020). Measuring Compound Flood Potential from River Discharge and Storm Surge Extremes at the Global scale. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-489-2020

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2020). EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database. https://www.emdat.be/publications

Cruz-Martinez, G, Arricoitia, M, Camacho, J and Roman-Velazquez, P (2018). Introduction to the Special Issue: ‘The Making of Caribbean Not-so-Natural Disasters’. Alternautas, 5(2). http://www.alternautas.net/blog/2018/9/7/introduction-to-the-special-issue-the-making-of-caribbean-not-so-natural-disasters

Dillon, G, Menakis, J and Fay, F (2015). Wildland Fire Potential: A Tool for Assessing Wildfire Risk and Fuels Management Needs. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-73. https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/49429

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (2005). Scenario for a Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake on the Seattle Fault. https://www.eeri.org/projects/earthquake-scenarios/seattle-fault-scenario/

Ellison, J (2014). 314 years Ago Sunday, A Megathrust Earthquake Devastated the Region … Ready for Another? Seattle PI. http://blog.seattlepi.com/bigscience/2014/01/28/314-years-ago-a-megathrust-earthquake-devastated-the-region-ready-for-another/#20077103=0&20079101=0

Emberson, R, Kirschbaum, D and Stanley, T (2020). New Global Characterization of Landslide Exposure. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2019-434

European Commision (2021). Overview of Natural and Man-made Disaster Risks the European Union May Face. https://ec.europa.eu/echo/sites/echo-site/files/overview_of_natural_and_man-made_disaster_risks_the_european_union_may_face.pdf

First Street Foundation (2020a). The First National Flood Risk Assessment: Defining America’s Growing Risk. https://assets.firststreet.org/uploads/2020/06/first_street_foundation__first_national_flood_risk_assessment.pdf

First Street Foundation (2020b). Find Your Home’s Flood Factor. FloodFactor.com. https://floodfactor.com/

First Street Foundation (2020c). Why Flood Risks are Increasing. FloodFactor.com. https://floodfactor.com/environmental-changes [Concise overview with good graphics.]

Fisher, B (2021). A Burning Need: Researchers Work to Understand, Mitigate Post-Wildfire Landslide Hazards. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. https://www.ce.washington.edu/news/article/2021-05-03/a-burning-need

Galey, P (2021). Flood-prone Populations Up Nearly 25% Since 2000: Study. Phys.org, Aug. 4. https://phys.org/news/2021-08-flood-prone-populations.html

Gamage, M (2021). What Will It Take to ‘Future Proof’ BC? The Tyee, Nov. 17. https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/11/17/What-To-Future-Proof-BC/

Geologic Hazards Group (2017). Geologic Hazards and the Environment. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/geology/geologic-hazards-and-environment

Goebel, T and Brodsky, E (2018). The Spatial Footprint of Injection Wells in a Global Compilation of Induced Earthquake Sequences. Science, 361(6405). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6405/899?casa_token=ikONfPQSiNIAAAAA:AVVEE4sXMOQr8crqCDfU867yxEtnyuG25yJi8npYZVrxa6ztoilTfwqBxfygFlkCnrHFmbKSdWckzg

Gonzalez, F, Sherrod, B, Atwater, B, Frankel, A, Palmer, S, Holmes, M, Karlin, R, Jaffe, B, Titov, V, Mojfeld, H and Venturato, A (2003). Puget Sound Tsunami Sources—2002 Workshop Report. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/PDF/gonz2526/gonz2526.pdf

Herrera-Garcia, G et al., (2021). Mapping the Global Threat of Land Subsidence. Science, 371(6524). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6524/34

Howell, J and Elliott, J (2019). Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States. Social Problems, 66(3). https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article/66/3/448/5074453

Humanitarian Policy Group (2015). 10 Things You Should Know About Disaster Risk Reduction. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/142153857

Iglesias, V et al., (2021). Risky Development: Increasing Exposure to Natural Hazards in the United States. Earth’s Future, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001795

The International Federation of Red Cross (2020). World Disasters Report 2020. https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/world-disaster-report-2020/

Kellman, R, Hersher, R and Sommer, L (2020). Undisclosed: Most Homebuyers and Renters Aren't Warned About Flood Or Wildfire Risk. NPR, Oct. 18. https://www.npr.org/2020/10/18/918725965/undisclosed-most-homebuyers-and-renters-arent-warned-about-flood-or-wildfire-ris

Kelly, A (2021). FEMA Announces the Riskiest Counties in the US. The Hill, Jan. 4. https://thehill.com/changing-america/resilience/natural-disasters/532512-fema-announces-the-riskiest-counties-in-the-us

Liden, K (2021). National Risk Assessments: A Political Vaccine Against the Next Disaster? Open Democracy, Feb. 15. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/national-risk-assessments-political-vaccine-against-next-disaster/

Maslin, M (2011). The Perfect Storm: Can Disaster Reduction Occur in the Face of Climate Change and Population Growth? University College London. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lhl/Autumn2011/01_13102011

McCoy, T (2022). Brazil Mudslides: Climate Change Turns Favelas into Disasters Waiting to Happen. The Washington Post, Feb. 24. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/brazil-landslide-petropolis-favela/

Mercado, A (2022). Climate Change Disasters Cost the World Over $100 Billion this Year. Popular Science, Jan. 4. https://www.popsci.com/environment/climate-disaster-cost-2021/

Nabert, M (2021). Communities in Disaster Zones are Increasingly On Their Own. Sustainable Song, Nov. 18. https://sustainablesong.medium.com/communities-in-disaster-zones-are-increasingly-on-their-own-5f57ff60d23c

Pearce, F (2022). It’s Not Just Climate: Are We Ignoring Other Causes of Disasters? Grist, Feb. 19. https://grist.org/climate/its-not-just-climate-are-we-ignoring-other-causes-of-disasters/

Phillips, C et al., (2020). Compound Climate Risks in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0804-2 [The pandemic makes it harder to deal with natural hazards.]

Pollock, W and Wartman, J (2020). Human Vulnerability to Landslides. GeoHealth, 4(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GH000287

Pontecorvo, E (2021). Study: People are Moving to Flood-prone Areas, Not Away from Them. Grist, Aug. 4. https://grist.org/science/study-people-are-moving-to-flood-prone-areas-not-away-from-them/

Rappaport, E (2014). Fatalities in the United States from Atlantic Tropical Cyclones: New Data and Interpretation. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(3). https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00074.1

Ritchie, H and Roser, M (2019). Natural Disasters. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/natural-disasters

Rubiano, M (2021). Ida Left Behind a Water Crisis in the Gulf. Grist, Sept. 8. https://grist.org/equity/ida-left-behind-a-water-crisis-in-the-gulf/

Sanders, T (2021). Storm Drains Keep Swallowing People During Floods. ProPublica, Dec. 9. https://www.propublica.org/article/storm-drains-keep-swallowing-people-during-floods

Schuemer-Cross, T and Taylor, B (2009). The Right to Survive: Oxfam International. The Humanitarian Challenge for the Twenty-first Century. https://s3.amazonaws.com/oxfam-us/www/static/oa3/files/the-right-to-survive.pdf

Schulz, K (2015). The Really Big One. The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one

Simon, M (2021). Mexico City Could Sink Up to 65 Feet. Wired, May 15. https://www.wired.com/story/mexico-city-could-sink-up-to-65-feet/

Smith, A (2022). 2021 U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters in Historical Context. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/beyond-data/2021-us-billion-dollar-weather-and-climate-disasters-historical

Smith, A and Katz, R (2013). US Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Data Sources, Trends, Accuracy and Biases. Natural Hazards, 67. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5

Stebbins, S (2022). Cities Where Hurricanes Would Cause the Most Damage. 24/7 Wall St. https://247wallst.com/special-report/2022/02/06/cities-where-hurricanes-would-cause-the-most-damage-5/

Taft, M (2021). 9 Surreal Photos of Volcanic Ash Blanketing One of the Canary Islands. Gizmodo, Nov. 6. https://gizmodo.com/9-surreal-photos-of-volcanic-ash-blanketing-one-of-the-1847988877

UN Environment Programme GRID (2020). Global Risk Data Platform: Map. http://preview.grid.unep.ch/index.php?preview=map&lang=eng

UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2008). Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. Briefing Note 01. http://www.unisdr.org/files/4146_ClimateChangeDRR.pdf

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2013a). From Shared Risk to Shared Value: The Business Case for Disaster Risk Reduction. Video of the 2013 Global Assessment Report for Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUb86lCANps

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2013b). Intensive Riskscapes, Chapter 3 in United Nations Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2013/en/gar-pdf/chap3.pdf

Urban Land (2022). 2021 Saw Second Highest Incidence of $1 Billion Weather Disasters. https://urbanland.uli.org/sustainability/2021-saw-second-highest-incidence-of-1-billion-weather-disasters/

Ward, P, Blauhut, V, Bloemendaal, N, Daniell, J, de Ruiter, M, Duncan, M, Emberson, R, Jenkins, S, Kirschbaum, D, Kunz, M, Mohr, S, Muis, S, Riddell, G, Schäfer, A, Stanley, T, Veldkamp, T and Winsemius, H (2020). Review Article: Natural Hazard Risk Assessments at the Global Scale. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20. https://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/20/1069/2020/nhess-20-1069-2020.pdf

Ward, S and Day, S (2005). Tsunami Thoughts. CSEG Recorder, Dec. https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/tsunami-thoughts

Washington State Department of Natural Resources (2020). Geologic Hazards: Tsunamis. https://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/geology/geologic-hazards/Tsunamis#tsunami-simulation-videos [Has new model simulation videos of tsunami inundation.]

F. Other

Arrobas, D, Hund, K, McCormick, M, Ningthoujam, J and Drexhage, J (2017). The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. The World Bank, Working Paper 117581. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/207371500386458722/The-Growing-Role-of-Minerals-and-Metals-for-a-Low-Carbon-Future

Cordell, D and White, S (2014). Life’s Bottleneck: Sustaining the World’s Phosphorus for a Food Secure Future. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39:161-188. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-010213-113300

Fajardi, C and de Boer, M (2016). How the Great Phosphorus Shortage Could Leave Us All Hungry. The Conversation, Feb. 11. https://theconversation.com/how-the-great-phosphorus-shortage-could-leave-us-all-hungry-54432

Fernandez-Llamazares, A et al., (2021). Scientists' Warning to Humanity on Threats to Indigenous and Local Knowledge Systems. BioOne, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-41.2.144

Fotedar, A (2017). Urban Sprawls to Sustainable Communities. Permaculture News, July 4. https://www.permaculturenews.org/2017/07/04/urban-sprawls-sustainable-communities/

Geman, B (2021). The Supply Crunch that Could Slow the Climate Fight. Axios, May 5. https://www.axios.com/clean-energy-minerals-supply-crunch-climate-change-47d4e6b6-869e-4243-bfc0-5d0202a277f3.html

Ghaffary, S (2021). Why Some Biologists and Ecologists Think Social Media is a Risk to Humanity. Vox, June 26. https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/6/26/22550981/carl-bergstrom-joe-bak-coleman-biologists-ecologists-social-media-risk-humanity-research-academics

Henckens, M, Driessen, P and Worrell, E (2014). Metal Scarcity and Sustainability, Analyzing the Necessity to Reduce the Extraction of Scarce Metals. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.09.012

Katwala, A (2018). The Spiralling Environmental Cost of Our Lithium Battery Addiction. Wired, Aug. 5. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact

King, N and Muller, N (2021). Is E-mobility Going to Crash Over Lithium Shortages? DW, July 22. https://www.dw.com/en/is-e-mobility-going-to-crash-over-lithium-shortages/a-58214328

Laffoley, D and Baxter, J (2019). Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone’s Problem. The International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2019-048-En-Summ.pdf

Laurinavicius, R and Kacerauskas, M (2021). People On This Group Are Sharing Examples Of ‘Urban Hell’ That Look Like A Dystopian Movie But Are Sadly Real (40 Pics). Bored Panda, August. https://www.boredpanda.com/urban-nightmare/

McGill University (2021). Global Sand and Gravel Extraction Conflicts with Half of UN Sustainable Development Goals. Phys.Org, Aug. 27. https://phys.org/news/2021-08-global-sand-gravel-conflicts-sustainable.html

Michigan State University (2021). Sand's Urban Role Demands Key Part on Sustainability Stage. Phys.org, May 21. https://phys.org/news/2021-05-sand-urban-role-demands-key.html

Phosphorus Futures (2019). The Phosphorus Challenge. http://phosphorusfutures.net/the-phosphorus-challenge/

Reitzel, K, et al., (2019). New Training to Meet the Global Phosphorus Challenge. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(15). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03519

Rejinders, L (2014). Phosphorus Resources, Their Depletion and Conservation, a Review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.09.006

Richardson, R (2019). Resource Depletion is a Serious Problem, But ‘Footprint’ Estimates Don’t Tell Us Much About It. The Conversation, July 24. https://theconversation.com/resource-depletion-is-a-serious-problem-but-footprint-estimates-dont-tell-us-much-about-it-120065

Segran, E (2021). Toilet Paper Really is Terrible for the Planet. Here’s What You Can Do About It. Fast Company, Sept. 17. https://www.fastcompany.com/90677480/toilet-paper-really-is-terrible-for-the-planet-heres-what-you-can-do-about-it

Sonter, L, Watson, J and Valenta, R (2020). Renewable Energy Can Save the Natural World – But If We’re Not Careful, It Will Also Hurt It. The Conversation, Sept. 1. https://theconversation.com/renewable-energy-can-save-the-natural-world-but-if-were-not-careful-it-will-also-hurt-it-145166

Sullivan, B (2021). Solar Storms are Back, Threatening Life as we Know it on Earth. Phys.Org, May 24. https://phys.org/news/2021-05-solar-storms-threatening-life-earth.amp

Than, K (2018). Critical Minerals Scarcity Could Threaten Renewable Energy Future. Stanford Earth. https://earth.stanford.edu/news/critical-minerals-scarcity-could-threaten-renewable-energy-future#gs.19t90t

Watts, J (2021). Race to the Bottom: The Disastrous Blindfolded Rush to Mine the Deep Sea. The Guardian, Sept. 27. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/27/race-to-the-bottom-the-disastrous-blindfolded-rush-to-mine-the-deep-sea

World Energy Outlook Team, Directorate of Sustainability (2022). The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions. International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals-in-clean-energy-transitions

G. Overviews

Centre for Risk Studies, University of Cambridge (2018a). Lloyd’s City Risk Index: Executive Summary. Society of Lloyd’s. https://cityriskindex.lloyds.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Lloyds_CRI2018_executive%20summary.pdf

Centre for Risk Studies, University of Cambridge. (2018b). Lloyd’s City Risk Index: Explore. Society of Lloyd’s. https://cityriskindex.lloyds.com/explore/ [Interactive map]

Centre for Risk Studies, University of Cambridge (2018c). Lloyd’s City Risk Index: North America. Society of Lloyd’s. https://cityriskindex.lloyds.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Lloyds_CRI2018_North_America.pdf

Cohen, S (2019). Beyond Climate: The Crisis of Environmental Sustainability. Earth Institute, Columbia University, Sept. 23. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/09/23/beyond-climate-crises-environmental-sustainability/

Filho, W, Wolf, F, Salvia, A, Beynaghi, A, Shulla, K, Kovaleva, M and Vasconcelos, C (2020). Heading Towards an Unsustainable World: Some of the Implications of Not Achieving the SDGs. Discover Sustainability, 1(2). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43621-020-00002-x#Tab2

Future Earth (2020). Our Future on Earth. https://futureearth.org/publications/our-future-on-earth/

The Institute for Economics & Peace (2020). Ecological Threat Register 2020: Understanding Ecological Threats, Resilience and Peace. https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ETR_2020_web-1.pdf

International Trade Union Confederation (2014). Global Risks. https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/14gc_e_06_3_-_res_global_risks_en-2.pdf

Ipsos Global Trends (2020). The Fragile Planet. Global Trends 2020. https://www.ipsosglobaltrends.com/2020/02/the-fragile-planet/

Miller, J (2020). We Face Deadly Threats that Would Make the Coronavirus Seem Minor. The Hill, Sept. 20. https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/517272-we-face-deadly-threats-that-would-make-the-coronavirus-seem-minor

The New York Times (2020). The Amazon Has Seen Our Future. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/10/02/opinion/amazon-rainforest-future.html [Multiple articles on a wide range of problems, well illustrated.]

Petranek, S (2002). 10 Ways the World Could End. TED2002. https://www.ted.com/talks/stephen_petranek_10_ways_the_world_could_end

Potts, S, Imperatriz-Fonseca, V, Ngo, H, Biesmeijer, J, Breeze, T, Dicks, L, Garibaldi, L, Hill, R, Settele, J, Vanbergen, A, Aizen, M, Cunningham, S, Eardley, C, Freitas, B, Gallai, N, Kevan, P, Kovács-Hostyánszki, A, Kwapong, P, Li, J, Li, X, Martins, D, Nates-Parra, G, Pettis, J, Rader, R and Viana, B [eds.] (2016). Summary for Policymakers of the Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. https://www.ipbes.net/system/tdf/spm_deliverable_3a_pollination_20170222.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=15248

Schneier, B (2015). Resources on Existential Risks. Catastrophic Risk: Technologies and Policies, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University. https://futureoflife.org/data/documents/Existential%20Risk%20Resources%20(2015-08-24).pdf?x70892 [Large, very annotated bibliography]

Tortell, P (2020). Earth 2020: Science, Society, and Sustainability in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 117(16). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001919117 [A historical overview of the environmental movement, environmental problems, and environmental understandings.]

United Nations Environment Programme (2016). UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/UNEP_Frontiers_2016_report_emerging_issues_of_environmental_concern.pdf [Includes chapters titled: Zoonoses: Blurred Lines of Emergent Disease and Ecosystem Health and Exotic Consumerism: Illegal Trade in Live Animals.]

United Nations Environment Programme (2019). UNEP Frontiers 2018/19 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/frontiers-201819-emerging-issues-environmental-concern

United Nations Environment Programme (2021). World Environment Situation Room. https://wesr.unep.org/ [Access to statistics, global monitoring reports, foresight and early warning reports, assessments, multilateral agreements, etc.]

World Economic Forum (2021). The Global Risks Report 2021. https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2021

World Meteorological Organization (2014). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970-2012). WMO No. 1123. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwdvoC9AeWjUd1RwQW5Ld2hqTDQ/view

World Wildlife Fund (2018). Living Planet Report - 2018: Aiming Higher. Grooten, M. and Almond, R.E.A.(Eds). https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publications/1187/files/original/LPR2018_Full_Report_Spreads.pdf

World Wildlife Fund (2020). How COVID-19 Challenges Sustainability Goals. https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/how-covid-19-challenges-sustainability-goals

H. Pacific Northwest Specific

Abramo, A (2020). Outdated Sewage Treatment Is Suffocating Fish In Puget Sound. Investigate West, Dec. 7. https://www.invw.org/2020/12/07/outdated-sewage-treatment-is-suffocating-fish-in-puget-sound/

Ahmed, A, Figueroa-Kaminsky, C, Gala, J, Mohamedali, T, Pelletier, G and McCarthy, S (2020). Puget Sound Nutrient Source Reduction Project, Volume 1: Model Updates and Bounding Scenarios. Washington State Department of Ecology. https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/1903001.pdf

Allen, L (2020). Sixty-Four New Chemicals Discovered In Washington’s Puget Sound. Forbes, Jan. 27. https://www.forbes.com/sites/allenelizabeth/2020/01/27/sixty-four-new-chemicals-discovered-in-washingtons-puget-sound/#5bb8bede5d93

Baurick, T (2016). Our Big One: A Seattle Fault Earthquake Could Bring Death and Destruction Far Greater Than Anything Ever Seen in the Puget Sound Region. Kitsap Sun, Jan. 6. http://data.kitsapsun.com/projects/2016/01/06/earthquake-on-the-seattle-fault/

Beekman, D and Doughton, S (2018). Seattle, Suburbs Would Lose All Water Pressure Within 24 Hours of Catastrophic Earthquake, City Study Says. Seattle Times, Dec. 18. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/times-watchdog/seattle-would-lose-all-water-pressure-within-24-hours-of-catastrophic-earthquake-city-study-says/

Bernton, H (2021). Seattle Study of Breast Milk from 50 Women Finds Chemical Used in Food Wrappers, Firefighting Foam. Seattle Times, July 18. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/seattle-study-of-breast-milk-from-50-women-finds-chemical-used-in-food-wrappers-firefighting-foam/

Black, L (2022). Not Going with the Flow: Salmon ‘Sue’ US City Over Harm to Population. The Guardian, March 9. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/mar/09/salmon-sue-us-seattle-harm-population

Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup (2013). Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake Scenario. https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1484078710188-2e6b753f3f9c6037dd22922cde32e3dd/CR16_AAR_508.pdf

Corbett, J (2020). Restorative Justice as Tribes, Dem Governors, and Klamath Dam Owner Announce Salmon Restoration Plan. Common Dreams, Nov. 18. https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/11/18/incredibly-important-step-toward-restorative-justice-tribes-dem-governors-and

Davis, W and Murphy, A (2015). Plastic in Surface Waters of the Inside Passage and Beaches of the Salish Sea in Washington State. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 97: 169-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.019

Dunagan, C (2020). Air Contaminants, Such as Mercury and PCBs, Undermine the Health of Puget Sound. Salish Sea Currents Magazine, Implementation Strategies Series, Jan. 14. Encyclopedia of Puget Sound. https://www.eopugetsound.org/magazine/IS/atmospheric_deposition

Fisher, B (2019). Lakes with a Legacy. Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. https://www.ce.washington.edu/news/article/2019-10-24/lakes-legacy

Fisher, B (2021). Clearing the Air. News & Events, Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. https://www.ce.washington.edu/news/article/2021-06-15/clearing-air

Frame, S (2021). Seattle’s Skagit River Dams Hurt Salmon, Orcas and Native American Culture, Agencies Say. King 5, Feb. 20. https://www.king5.com/amp/article/news/investigations/seattles-skagit-river-dams-hurt-salmon-orcas-and-native-american-culture-agencies-say/281-d4e483c2-1178-4af1-b8db-634e3b4009f7

Gamage, M (2021). What Will It Take to ‘Future Proof’ BC? The Tyee, Nov. 17. https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/11/17/What-To-Future-Proof-BC/

Gammon, K (2021). A Group of Orca Outcasts Is Now Dominating an Entire Sea. The Atlantic, Jan. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/01/orcas-killer-whale-resident-transient/617862/

Gries, T and Sloan, J (2009). Contaminant Loading to the Lower Duwamish Waterway from Suspended Sediment in the Green River. WA State Department of Ecology, Publication No. 09-03-028. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/SummaryPages/0903028.html

Jack, R and Lester, D (2007). Survey of Endocrine Disruptors in King County. King County Water and Land Resources Division. https://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/library/2007/kcr1976.pdf

King County (2022a). Water Quality Benefits Evaluation (WQBE) Toolkit. https://kingcounty.gov/elected/executive/constantine/initiatives/clean-water-healthy-habitat/wqbe.aspx

King County (2022b). Water Quality Benefits Evaluation Toolkit – Pollutant Loading Models. https://publicinput.com/M0388

Malone, P (2022). What Russia’s Nuclear Escalation Means for Washington State, with World’s Third-Largest Atomic Arsenal. Stars and Stripes, March 12. https://www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2022-03-12/russian-nuclear-escalation-means-washington-world-third-largest-atomic-arsenal-5323795.html

Mapes, L (2021). Washington State Seeks Tighter Wastewater Rules for Puget Sound, but Sewage Plant Operators Push Back. Seattle Times, Nov. 27. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/washington-state-seeks-tighter-regulations-of-wastewater-in-puget-sound-but-sewage-plant-operators-push-back/#:~:text=Science-,Washington%20state%20seeks%20tighter%20wastewater%20rules%20for%20Puget%20Sound,sewage%20plant%20operators%20push%20back&text=The%20state's%20Ecology%20Department%20will,sewage%20plants%20around%20the%20Sound

Marshall-Chambers, A (2021). ‘There Are No Winners Here’: Drought in the Klamath Basin Inflames a Decades-Old War Over Water and Fish. Inside Climate News, July 16. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16072021/drought-klamath-basin-oregon-california-agriculture-tribes-fish/

Mohamedali, T, Roberts, M, Sackmann, B, Whiley, A and Kolosseus, A (2011). South Puget Sound Dissolved Oxygen Study: Interim Nutrient Load Summary for 2006-2007. WA State Department of Ecology. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/1103001.pdf

Mongillo, T, Ylitalo, G, Rhodes, L, O’Neill, S, Noren, D and Hanson, M (2016). Exposure to a Mixture of Toxic Chemicals: Implications for the Health of Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales. U.S. Dept. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-135, 107 p. https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/assets/25/8314_11302016_111957_TechMemo135.pdf

Morace, J (2012). Reconnaissance of Contaminants in Selected WastewaterTreatment-Plant Effluent and Stormwater Runoff Entering the Columbia River, Columbia River Basin, Washington and Oregon, 2008–10. US Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5068. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2012/5068/pdf/sir20125068.pdf

Northwest Environment Watch (2004). Flame Retardants in the Bodies of Pacific Northwest Residents. http://www.cela.ca/sites/cela.ca/files/uploads/PBDEs_in_NW.pdf

Puget Sound Partnership (2019). Vital Signs. https://vitalsigns.pugetsoundinfo.wa.gov/

Pulkkinen, L (2020). With Nearly 1 Million Homes At Risk, Washington Is Losing The Wildfire Fight. Investigate West, Oct. 19. https://www.invw.org/2020/10/19/with-nearly-1-million-homes-at-risk-washington-is-losing-the-wildfire-fight/

Reece-Gomez, B (2017). Is Seattle Protecting Our Waterway? Westside Seattle, March 9. https://www.westsideseattle.com/ballard-news-tribune/2017/03/09/seattle-protecting-our-waterway

Schulz, K (2015). The Really Big One. The New Yorker, July 13. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one

Stewart, M (2005). Scenario for a Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake on the Seattle Fault. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and The Washington State Military Department, Emergency Management Division. https://www.eeri.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/seattscen_full_book.pdf

Taguchi, K and McQuate, S (2021). Video: Arsenic Makes These South Puget Sound Fish Unsafe to Eat. UW News, Sept. 23. https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/09/23/arsenic-makes-these-south-puget-sound-fish-unsafe-to-eat/

Tian, Z, Peter, K, Gipe, A, Zhao, H, Hou, F, Wark, D, Khangaonkar, T, Kolodziej, E and James, A (2020). Suspect and Nontarget Screening for Contaminants of Emerging Concern in an Urban Estuary. Environmental Science and Technology, 54(2). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b06126

Tian, Z et al., (2020). A Ubiquitous Tire Rubber–derived Chemical Induces Acute Mortality in Coho Salmon. Science, 371(6525). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd6951

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Climate Change Canada (2021). Salish Sea Report. https://www.epa.gov/salish-sea/executive-summary-health-salish-sea-report

Wilson, T, Sleeter, B, Sleeter, Rand Soulard, C (2014). Conversion Threat Index (CTI), Pacific Northwest. Data Basin. https://databasin.org/datasets/2e2d0b358c914b9cbe9497c59370a938 [Map of geographic variability in the threat of land use change.]

I. Pollution, Plastic, and Other Waste Problems

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2020). PFAS in the U.S. Population. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/us-population.html

Alava, J (2019). Climate Change and Overfishing Boost Toxic Mercury Levels in Fish. The Conversation, Nov. 7. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-and-overfishing-are-boosting-toxic-mercury-levels-in-fish-122748

Ali, S (2022). Road Salt Contamination of Freshwater 'Requires Immediate Attention,' Warns Scientist. The Hill, Jan. 6. https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/588560-road-salt-contamination-of-freshwater-requires

Allen, M (2020). 1 Big Thing: Recycling Economics Fall Apart. Axios, Feb. 15. https://www.axios.com/newsletters/axios-am-852bc994-00bc-40c7-be32-a79a4fb5db2e.html [Some links and stats]

Altman, R (2022). How Bad Are Plastics for the Environment, Really? The Atlantic, Jan. 3. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/01/plastic-history-climate-change/621033/

American Lung Association (2019). The State of the Air 2019. https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/key-findings/

Andrews, E (2019). Our Plastics, Our Selves. Grist, Feb. 6. https://grist.org/article/whats-plastic-doing-to-our-bodies-this-all-female-team-is-investigating/

Angus, I (2019a). Disrupting the Nitrogen Cycle: Articles on a Major Metabolic Rift. Climate & Capitalism, Oct. 25. https://climateandcapitalism.com/2019/10/25/disrupting-the-nitrogen-cycle-articles-on-a-major-metabolic-rift/ [Covered in 4 articles.]

Angus, I (2019b). Nitrogen Crisis: A Neglected Threat to Earth’s Life Support Systems. Resilience.org. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2019-04-29/nitrogen-crisis-a-neglected-threat-to-earths-life-support-systems/

Aronoff, K (2019). Climate Change’s Great Lithium Problem. The New Republic, Nov.16. https://newrepublic.com/article/155753/climate-changes-great-lithium-problem

Averett, N (2020). Undone Science: When Research Fails Polluted Communities. Undark, Feb. 3. https://undark.org/2020/02/03/undone-science-pollution-avalon-shenango/

Azoulay, D, Villa, P, Arellano, Y, Gordon, M, Moon, D and Miller, K (2019). Plastic & Health: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet. Center for International Environmental Law. https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Plastic-and-Health-The-Hidden-Costs-of-a-Plastic-Planet-February-2019.pdf

Bagenstose, K (2022a). Road Salt Triggering 'Massive' Harm to US Lakes, Contaminating Drinking Water, Studies Warn. USA Today, Feb. 27. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/02/27/salt-makes-snowy-roads-safer-but-threatens-drinking-water-environment/6907957001/?gnt-cfr=1

Bagenstone, K (2022b). What are PFAS? A Guide to Understanding Chemicals Behind Nonstick Pans, Cancer Fears. USA Today, March 7. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/03/07/pfas-guide-chemicals/6652847001/

Ballentine, R (2021). Recycling: Not Your Father’s Environmental Issue. The Hill, Feb. 18. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/539321-recycling-not-your-fathers-environmental-issue

Battye, W, Aneja, V and Schlesinger, W (2017). Is Nitrogen the Next Carbon? Earth’s Future, 5(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000592

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Becker, R (2020). Well Water Throughout California Contaminated with ‘Forever Chemicals’. Cal Matters, Nov.19. https://calmatters.org/projects/california-water-contaminated-forever-chemicals/

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Berardelli, J (2021). How a Shocking Environmental Disaster was Uncovered Off the California Coast After 70 years. CBS News, April 11. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-ddt-environmental-disaster-sea-lions/

Beriot, N, Peek, J, Zornoza, R, Geissen, V and Lwanga, E (2020). Low Density Microplastics Detected in Sheep Faeces and Soil: A Case Study from the Intensive Vegetable Farming in Southeast Spain. Science of the Total Environment, 755(1). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720361829?via%3Dihub

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Blok, A (2021). Raining PFAS: Amount of PFAS Found is Outpacing Legacy Contaminants. Great Lakes Now, June 11. https://www.greatlakesnow.org/2021/06/raining-pfas-outpacing-legacy-contaminants/

Botkin-Kowacki, E (2021). Plastic Pollution Problem May Have More Significant Consequences than We Think. Phys.org, July 7. https://phys.org/news/2021-07-plastic-pollution-problem-significant-consequences.html [About plastic pollutants releasing carbon into the atmosphere.]

Bowman, S (2021). Other States are Making Utilities Dig Up Toxic Coal Ash. Indiana is Letting it Sit There. IndyStar, Feb. 10. https://www.indystar.com/story/news/environment/2021/02/10/other-states-more-protective-than-indiana-toxic-coal-ash/6657744002/ [Leading to widespread groundwater, stream, and fish contamination.]

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Bryson, D (2021). U.S. West Faces Little-known Effect of Raging Wildfires: Contaminated Water. Reuters, July 1. https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/us-west-faces-little-known-effect-raging-wildfires-contaminated-water-2021-07-01/

Burman, M (2021). Your Plastic Recyclables are Getting Shipped Overseas, Not Made Into Shiny New Products. USA Today, Nov. 27. https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2021/11/27/recycling-plastic-problem-waste-environment/8723733002/

Carlin, D (2020). America’s Air Is Getting Worse: Here’s Why. Forbes, May 24. https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2020/05/24/americas-air-is-getting-worse-heres-why/#6b369ce64d4f

Carrington, D (2020). Microplastics Revealed in the Placentas of Unborn Babies. The Guardian, Dec. 22. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/22/microplastics-revealed-in-placentas-unborn-babies

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Carrington, D (2021b). Companies Race to Stem Flood of Microplastic Fibres Into the Oceans. The Guardian, Dec. 30. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/30/companies-race-to-stem-flood-of-microplastic-fibres-into-the-oceans

Carrington, D (2022). Deluge of Dog Pee and Poo Harming Nature Reserves, Study Suggests. The Guardian, Feb. 7. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/07/dog-pee-and-poo-harming-nature-reserves-study

CBSN (2019). New Film Addresses Global Plastic Crisis. https://www.cbsnews.com/video/new-film-calls-for-action-on-global-plastic-crisis/

Center for Sustainable Systems (2021). Municipal Solid Waste Factsheet. University of Michigan. https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/municipal-solid-waste-factsheet [Lots of good statistics for the U.S.]

Center for Sustainable Systems (2020a). U.S. Wastewater Treatment Factsheet. University of Michigan. https://css.umich.edu/factsheets/us-wastewater-treatment-factsheet

Choy, C, Robison, B, Gagne, T, Erwin, B, Firl, E, Halden, R, Hamilton, J, Katija, K, Lisin, S, Rolsky, C and Van Houtan, K (2019). The Vertical Distribution and Biological Transport of Marine Microplastics Across the Epipelagic and Mesopelagic Water Column. Scientific Reports, 9(7843). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44117-2

Collins, C (2019). The Global Environmental Recycling Crisis: What Options Exist for Plastic Waste? Climate Institute, Aug. 10. http://climate.org/the-global-environmental-recycling-crisis-what-options-exist-for-plastic-waste/

Congressional Research Service (2018). Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: Causes, Challenges, and Policy Considerations. Library of Congress. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44871.pdf

The Conscious Challenge (2019). Plastic & Ocean, in Ecological Footprint Bible. https://www.theconsciouschallenge.org/ecologicalfootprintbibleoverview/plastic-ocean

Cook, K (2019). Glyphosate Pesticide in Beer and Wine. U.S. PIRG Education Fund. https://uspirg.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/WEB_USP_Glyphosate-pesticide-beer-and-wine_REPORT_022619.pdf

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Cordner, A (2021). The True Cost of PFAS and the Benefits of Acting Now. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(14). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c03565

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Cutler, A (2020). The Problem with Plastics: Production Outpacing Efforts to Keep it Out of Rivers, Oceans. Cronkite News, Oct. 27. https://cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2020/10/27/production-outpacing-efforts-to-keep-plastic-out-of-rivers-and-oceans/

Daly, M (2021). Study: Half of US Cosmetics Contain Toxic Chemicals. Phys.Org, June 15. https://phys.org/news/2021-06-cosmetics-toxic-chemicals.html

Daniels, J (2021). Latin America Urges US to Reduce Plastic Waste Exports to Region. The Guardian, Dec. 24. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/24/latin-america-urges-us-to-reduce-plastic-waste-exports-to-region

Denny, E (2021). Trump’s Failed Environmental Policies Caused 22,000 Deaths, New Report Finds. EcoWatch, Feb. 12. https://www.ecowatch.com/trump-environmental-policy-deaths-2650518054.html

Desforges, JP, Galbrath, M, Dangerfield, N and Ross, P (2014). Widespread Distribution of Microplastics in Subsurface Seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 79(1-2):94-99. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X13007741

Dickinson, R (2020). Planet Plastic: How Big Oil and Big Soda Kept a Global Environmental Calamity a Secret for Decades. Rolling Stone, March 3. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/plastic-problem-recycling-myth-big-oil-950957/

Diez, S, Patil, P, Morton, J, Rodriguez, D, Vanzella, A, Robin, D, Maes, T and Corbin, C (2019). Marine Pollution in the Caribbean: Not a Minute to Waste. World Bank Group. http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/012933e2#/012933e2/2

Doyle, A (2019). Too Much Salt: Water Desalination Plants Harm Environment: U.N. Reuters, Jan. 14. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-environment-brine-idUSKCN1P81PX

Duong, T (2021). U.S. Continues to Ship Illegal Plastic Waste to Developing Countries. EcoWatch, Mar. 18. https://www.ecowatch.com/us-illegal-plastic-waste-2651126176.html

EJ Net (2019a). Toxics, Environmental Health and Pollution Mapping Projects. http://www.ejnet.org/toxics/ [Links to many resources]

EJ Net (2019b). Index to RACHEL's Hazardous Waste News Newsletters Issue #1 through #364. http://www.ejnet.org/rachel/ [Links to articles related to every pollutant you could think of as well as pollution issues]

EJ Net (2019c). Plastics vs. the Environment. http://www.ejnet.org/plastics/ [Links to many resources]

Environmental Working Group (2019). PFAS Chemicals. https://www.ewg.org/key-issues/toxics/nonstick-chemicals [Multiple resources, including map of incidences of contamination.]

Environmental Working Group (2021). PFAS Contamination in the U.S. https://www.ewg.org/interactive-maps/pfas_contamination/

ETH Zurich (2021). Growing Carbon Footprint for Plastics. Phys.org, Dec. 2. https://phys.org/news/2021-12-carbon-footprint-plastics.html

European Environmental Bureau (2021). Analysis of Emissions of Microplastics to 2030. https://eeb.org/library/analysis-of-emissions-of-microplastics-to-2030/

Firdaus, F and Levitt, T (2022). ‘We are Afraid’: Erin Brockovich Pollutant Linked to Global Electric Car Boom. The Guardian, Feb. 19. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/19/we-are-afraid-erin-brockovich-pollutant-linked-to-global-electric-car-boom

Fisher, B (2019). Lakes with a Legacy. Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. https://www.ce.washington.edu/news/article/2019-10-24/lakes-legacy

Fisher, B (2021). Clearing the Air. News & Events, Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington. https://www.ce.washington.edu/news/article/2021-06-15/clearing-air

Fishman, C (2021). Water Pressure Part 4: PFAS. Rotary Magazine, Oct. https://magazine.rotary.org/rotary/october_2021/MobilePagedArticle.action?articleId=1729105&app=false#articleId1729105 [Provides a history of the development and problems of PFAS compounds.]

Fiske, A and Fischer, J (2020). Toxic Inheritance. The Nib. https://thenib.com/toxic-inheritance/ [Tale of oil pollution in Ecuador in comic form.]

Fleming, M, Achari, G and Hassan, Q (2016). Modeling the Loading and Fate of Estrogens in Wastewater Treatment Plants. Cogent Environmental Science, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1222690

FoodPrint (2019). How Industrial Agriculture Affects Our Water. http://www.sustainabletable.org/267/water-quality

Fowler, D et al., (2020). A Chronology of Global Air Quality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378(2183). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0314

Freedman, A (2019). Deep Dive: Our Plastic Planet. Axios, June 15. https://www.axios.com/axios-deep-dive-global-plastics-crisis-56d0155d-3d95-4f55-8118-1e9cdef7a337.html [Some links and stats]

Frontline (2020). Plastic Wars. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/plastic-wars/ [Documentary]

Funes, Y (2019). Black Carbon Pollution Has Been Found Inside Women's Placentas. Gizmodo, Sept. 17. https://earther.gizmodo.com/black-carbon-pollution-has-been-found-inside-womens-pla-1838193033

Garry, M (2021). U.S. NGO Measures HFC Leaks in Grocery Aisles. Hydrocarbons 21, Feb. 15. http://hydrocarbons21.com/articles/9951/u_s_ngo_measures_hfc_leaks_in_grocery_aisles

Gault, M (2021). American Honey Is Radioactive from Decades of Nuclear Bomb Testing. Vice, April 22. https://www.vice.com/en/article/5dbzan/american-honey-is-radioactive-from-decades-of-nuclear-bomb-testing

Gavrilescu, M, Demnerova, K, Aamad, J Agathos, S and Fava, F (2015). Emerging Pollutants in the Environment: Present and Future Challenges in Biomonitoring, Ecological Risks and Bioremediation. New Biotechnology, 32(1). https://www.emergingcontaminants.eu/application/files/9814/5217/1297/00_Maria_Gavrilescu_et_al_Emerging_pollutants_in_the_environment-present_and_future_challenges_2014.pdf

Gibbens, S (2020). Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals’ Flow Freely Through this River—and Now its Fish. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/toxic-chemical-pfas-found-in-north-carolina-striped-bass/

Gillam, C and Chang, A (2021). Revealed: More than 120,000 US Sites Feared to Handle Harmful PFAS ‘Forever’ Chemicals. The Guardian, Oct. 17. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/17/us-epa-pfas-forever-chemicals-sites-data

The Global Environment Monitoring System for Air (2022). Monitoring Air Quality. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/air/what-we-do/monitoring-air-quality [Includes a live map of global air quality.]

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Grabowski, M (2021). Sea-level Rise Drives Wastewater Leakage to Coastal Waters. Phys.org, March 12. https://phys.org/news/2021-03-sea-level-wastewater-leakage-coastal.html

Grantham, J (2020). Chemical Toxicity and the Baby Bust. GMO, Feb. 6. https://www.gmo.com/americas/research-library/chemical-toxicity-and-the-baby-bust/

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Halden, R (2010). Plastics and Health Risks. Annual Review of Public Health, 31: 179-194. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103714

Hamblin, J (2014). The Toxins that Threaten Our Brains. The Atlantic, Mar. 18. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/03/the-toxins-that-threaten-our-brains/284466/

Hamblin, J (2019). We Are Running Out of Air. The Atlantic, Nov. 6. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/11/delhi-air-crisis/601507/

Hayes, T and Hansen, M (2017). From Silent Spring to Silent Night: Agrochemicals and the Anthropocene. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.246

Hernandez, L, Xu, E, Larsson, H, Tahara, R, Maisuria, V and Tufenkji, N (2019). Plastic Teabags Release Billions of Microparticles and Nanoparticles into Tea. Environmental Science Technology, 53(21). https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.9b02540

Hickok, K (2022). How and Why Microplastics Invade Our Everyday Lives. Popular Mechanics, April 1. https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a39598906/are-microplastics-dangerous/

Hill, J and 10 co-authors (2019). Air-Quality-related Health Damages of Maize. Nature Sustainability, 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0261-y

Holland, O and Scott-Clarke, E (2020). How Laundry is Spilling Plastics Into the Ocean. CNN Style, June 8. https://www.cnn.com/style/article/laundry-plastics-microfibers-world-oceans-day/index.html

Hoornweg, D, Bhada-Tata, P, and Kennedy, C (2013). Environment: Waste Production Must Peak this Century. Nature, 502(7473). https://www.nature.com/news/environment-waste-production-must-peak-this-century-1.14032

Hopkins, J (2020). Lake Erie Turns Toxic Every Summer. Officials Aren’t Cracking Down on the Source. The Center for Public Integrity. https://publicintegrity.org/environment/growing-food-sowing-trouble/lake-erie-toxic-algae-farm-manure-runoff/

Huang, X, Zhang, G, Pan, A, Chen, F and Zheng, C (2016). Protecting the Environment and Public Health from Rare Earth Mining. Earth’s Future, 4(11). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000424

Indris, S, Rudolph, D, Glass, B and Van Cappellen, P (2020). Evaluating Phosphorous from Vehicular Emissions as a Potential Source of Contamination to Ground and Surface Water. Cogent Environmental Science, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2020.1794702

Iniguez, M, Conesa, J and Fullana, A (2017). Microplastics in Spanish Table Salt. Scientific Reports, 7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-09128-x

Kassotis, C, Vandenberg, L, Demeneix, B, Porta, M, Slama, R and Trasande, L (2020). Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals: Economic, Regulatory, and Policy Implications. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30128-5

Johnson, D (2022). Want to Save Rivers and Coasts? Don’t Burn Rubber. Ars Technica, March 7. https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/03/want-to-save-rivers-and-coasts-dont-burn-rubber/

Johnson, J (2021). “America Is Segregated, and So Is Pollution.” Slate, Aug. 30. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/08/climate-change-environmental-racism-pollution-segregation-black-americans.html

Johnson, S (2020). The Danger Downstream. Grist, Jan. 28. https://grist.org/food/gulf-shrimpers-fight-for-their-livelihoods-in-a-fertilizer-fueled-dead-zone/

Jones, E et al., (2019). The State of Desalination and Brine Production: A Global Outlook. Science of the Total Environment, 657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.076

Joyce, C (2019). Plastic Has A Big Carbon Footprint — But That Isn't The Whole Story. NPR, July 9. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/09/735848489/plastic-has-a-big-carbon-footprint-but-that-isnt-the-whole-story

Kahn, B (2020). Trump Has Overseen a Pollution Nightmare, Including in the Backyards of Members of Congress Overseeing the EPA. Gizmodo, Oct. 22. https://earther.gizmodo.com/trump-has-overseen-a-pollution-nightmare-including-in-1845449686

Katwala, A (2018). The Spiralling Environmental Cost of Our Lithium Battery Addiction. Wired, Aug. 5. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact

Keaton, J (2022). Nearly Everyone in the World is Breathing Polluted Air, Says WHO. Time, April 4. https://time.com/6164235/world-breathing-air-pollution/

Kendall, L (2021). A Town's Water is Contaminated with 'Forever Chemicals' – How Did it Get This Bad? The Guardian, April 2. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/apr/02/pfas-testing-forever-chemicals-pittsboro-north-carolina

Keppler, N (2021). Scientists Find Chemicals Found in Plastics Served in Popular Fast-Food Chains. Inverse, Oct. 27. https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/plasticizers-still-showing-up-in-fast-food

Knoblauch, J (2020). Environmental Toll of Plastics. Environmental Health News, April 9. https://www.ehn.org/plastic-environmental-impact-2501923191.html

Koumoundouros, T (2021). We Need Urgent Research to Know What Microplastics Are Doing to Us. Here's Why. Science Alert, Feb. 21. https://www.sciencealert.com/toxicologists-urge-for-research-into-the-unknown-health-risks-of-microplastic

Kruzman, D (2022a). There Are ‘Forever Chemicals’ in Beef Now. Grist, Feb. 8. https://grist.org/agriculture/there-are-forever-chemicals-in-beef-now/

Kruzman, D (2022b). An EPA Fix for Pollution-spewing Wood Stoves is Backfiring. Popular Science, March 7. https://www.popsci.com/health/wood-stove-air-pollution-epa/

Kumar, B et al., (2020). Analysis of Microplastics of a Broad Size Range in Commercially Important Mussels by Combining FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy Approaches. Environmental Pollution, . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116147

Lamizana, B and Alvarez, J (2019). Evidence Rising: The Emerging Pollutants Poisoning Our Environment. UN Environment, Oct. 2. https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/story/evidence-rising-emerging-pollutants-poisoning-our-environment

Lau, W et al., (2020). Evaluating Scenarios Toward Zero Plastic Pollution. Science, 369(6510). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/07/22/science.aba9475.full

Lavers, J, Dicks, L, Dicks, M and Finger, A (2019). Significant Plastic Accumulation on the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia. Scientific Reports, 9(7102). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-43375-4

Leahy, S (2019a). Microplastics are Raining Down from the Sky. National Geographic, April 15. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/04/microplastics-pollution-falls-from-air-even-mountains/

Leahy, S (2019b). Insect 'Apocalypse' in U.S. Driven by 50x Increase in Toxic Pesticides. National Geographic, August 6. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/insect-apocalypse-under-way-toxic-pesticides-agriculture/

Lebreton, L, Slat, B, Ferrari, F, Sainte-Rose, B, Aitken, J, Marthouse, R, Hajbane, S, Cunsolo, S, Schwarz, A, Levivier, A, Noble, K, Debeljak, P, Maral, H, Schoeneich-Argent, R, Brambinin, R and Reisser, J (2018). Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is Rapidly Accumulating Plastic. Scientific Reports, 8(4666). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22939-w

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Lelieveld, J and Pozzer, A (2015). More Deaths Due to Air Pollution. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Sept. 16. https://www.mpg.de/9405012/mortality-air-pollution

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McCarthy, M (2021). Phthalates Linked to Changes in Gene Activity in Placenta. UW Medicine Newsroom, Oct. 14. https://newsroom.uw.edu/postscript/phthalates-linked-changes-gene-activity-placenta

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McMahon, J (2020). Most Dust Motes In Our Homes Are Unsafe Microplastics, And The Saharan Dust Cloud May Bring More. Forbes, June 28. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2020/06/28/most-dust-motes-in-your-home-are-toxic-microplastics-and-the-saharan-dust-storm-may-bring-more/#4bf134e56c25

Main, D (2019). How the World’s Most Widely Used Insecticide Led to a Fishery Collapse. National Geographic, Nov. 13. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/11/neonicotinoid-insecticides-cause-fish-declines-japan/

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Matheny, K (2019). PFAS Contamination is Michigan's Biggest Environmental Crisis in 40 Years. Detroit Free Press, April 26. https://www.freep.com/in-depth/news/local/michigan/2019/04/25/pfas-contamination-michigan-crisis/3365301002/

Meidel, R (2018). Ban Plastic Straws and Bags? Then What? Houston Chronicle, Dec. 13. https://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/plastic-straws-bags-ban-questions-13463480.php

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Miller, B (2021). Rethinking Plastics: Team Issues Urgent Call to Action on Plastics Pollution. Phys.org, July 1. https://phys.org/news/2021-07-rethinking-plastics-team-issues-urgent.html

Muir, D and Miaz, L (2021). Spatial and Temporal Trends of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Global Ocean and Coastal Waters. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(14). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08035

Nagaraj, P (2020). Plastic-filled Rain is Intoxicating Protected Areas, Oceans, and More. News Landed, June 12. https://newslanded.com/2020/06/12/plastic-filled-rain-is-intoxicating-protected-areas-oceans-and-more/

NASA Goddard (2015). Human Fingerprint on Global Air Quality. YouTube, Dec. 14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMnDoXuTGS4

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2021). Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26132

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2021). Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/pfc/index.cfm

NBC Nightly News (2020). Growing Number of Cities Suspending Recycling Programs Over Rising Costs. Feb. 15. https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/growing-number-of-cities-suspending-recycling-programs-over-rising-costs-78842949608

Nealon, S (2020). Effects from Low-level Concentrations of Harmful Chemicals Preserved in Three Generations of Fish. Scienmag, June 24. https://scienmag.com/effects-from-low-level-concentrations-of-harmful-chemicals-preserved-in-three-generations-of-fish/

Nealon, S (2022). Tiny Tire Particles Inhibit Growth of Organisms in Freshwater, Coastal Estuaries. Phys.org, March 1. https://phys.org/news/2022-03-tiny-particles-inhibit-growth-freshwater.html

Nield, D (2021). Microplastics are Now Spiralling Around the Globe in the Air We Breathe. Science Alert, April 16. https://www.sciencealert.com/microplastics-are-now-spiralling-around-the-globe-in-the-air-we-breathe/amp

Niemark, B, Belcher, O and Bigger, P (2019). US Military is a Bigger Polluter Than as Many as 140 Countries – Shrinking this War Machine is a Must. The Conversation, June 24. https://theconversation.com/us-military-is-a-bigger-polluter-than-as-many-as-140-countries-shrinking-this-war-machine-is-a-must-119269

Noor, D (2021). Plastic Is Creating an Environmental Justice Crisis. Gizmodo, March 30. https://earther.gizmodo.com/plastic-is-creating-an-environmental-justice-crisis-1846584041

Nunez, C (2020). Water Pollution is a Rising Global Crisis. Here’s What You Need to Know. National Geographic, Jan. 24. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/pollution/

Obbard, R, Sadri, S, Wong, Y, Khitun, A, Baker, I and Thompson, R (2014). Global Warming Releases Microplastic Legacy Frozen in Arctic Sea Ice. Earth’s Future, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000240

Ogasa, N (2021). Half of the World’s Coastal Sewage Pollution Flows from Few Dozen Places. Scientific American, Nov. 12. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/half-of-the-worlds-coastal-sewage-pollution-flows-from-few-dozen-places/

Ohio Watershed (2020). Good River: Stories of the Ohio. https://www.ohiowatershed.org/#watershed-stories [Collection of articles about the Ohio River, with an emphasis on its pollution problems.]

Pan, Y (2020). Toward a Better Understanding of Cascading Consequences of Atmospheric Reactive Nitrogen Along its Transport Pathway. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2020.1750752 [Part of a special issue on Reactive Nitrogen in the Air: Emissions, Process, Deposition, and Impacts]

Parker, L (2020). Plastic Trash Flowing Into the Seas Will Nearly Triple by 2040 Without Drastic Action. National Geographic, July 23. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/plastic-trash-in-seas-will-nearly-triple-by-2040-if-nothing-done

Parker, L (2021). Global Treaty to Regulate Plastic Pollution Gains Momentum. National Geographic, June 8. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-treaty-to-regulate-plastic-pollution-gains-momentum

Patawari, S (2020). Why COVID-19 is a Wake-up Call for Sustainability. Fortune, June 13. https://fortune.com/2020/06/13/plastics-recycling-sustainability-waste-coronavirus/

Paterson, H (2019). Plastic Habits – An Overview for the Collection ‘Plastics and Sustainable Earth’. Sustainable Earth, 2(10). https://sustainableearth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42055-019-0017-6

Peng, Y, Wu, P, Schartup, A and Zhang, Y (2021). Plastic Waste Release Caused by COVID-19 and Its Fate in the Global Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 118(47). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111530118

Perkins, T (2021c). PFAS ‘Forever Chemicals’ Constantly Cycle Through Ground, Air and Water, Study Finds. The Guardian, Dec. 18. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/dec/17/pfas-forever-chemicals-constantly-cycle-through-ground-air-and-water-study-finds

Perry, F (2020). The Coronavirus Pandemic Has Totally Derailed the War on Plastic. Wired, June 30. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/coronavirus-plastic-pollution-environment

Persson, L et al., (2022). Outside the Safe Operating Space of the Planetary Boundary for Novel Entities. Environmental Science and Technology, . https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c04158

Phillips, A and Pesce, A (2019). California Finds Widespread Water Contamination of ‘Forever Chemicals’. L.A. Times, Oct. 14. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-10/california-finds-widespread-contamination-of-chemicals

Planetary Health Alliance (2019). Bibliography: Pollution. https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/bibliography

Plastic Action Centre (2020). How Plastics Breakdown into Microplastics. https://plasticactioncentre.ca/directory/how-plastics-breakdown-into-microplastics/

Plastics Europe (2017). Plastics – The Facts 2017. https://www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5715/1717/4180/Plastics_the_facts_2017_FINAL_for_website_one_page.pdf [An analysis of the data related to the production, demand and waste management of plastic materials.]

Poon, L (2022). The Futility of Picking Up the Trash. Bloomberg City Lab, Feb. 16. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-16/how-to-prevent-littering-according-to-researchers

Public Library of Science (2021). Capturing the Impact of Human Sewage on Earth's Coastal Ecosystems. Phys.org, Nov. 10. https://phys.org/news/2021-11-capturing-impact-human-sewage-earth.html

Quaglia, S (2021). More Microplastics in Babies’ Faeces than in Adults’ – Study. The Guardian, Sept. 22. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/sep/22/more-microplastics-in-babies-faeces-than-in-adults-study

Ramirez, R (2020). 'Poisoning the Pacific': New Book Details US Military Contamination of Islands and Ocean. The Guardian, Oct. 10. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/11/poisoning-the-pacific-new-book-details-us-military-contamination-of-islands-and-ocean

Real Network News (2019). Most US Coal Ash Sites are Contaminating Nearby Groundwater. https://therealnews.com/stories/most-us-coal-ash-sites-are-contaminating-nearby-groundwater

Reddy, S and Lau, W (2020). Breaking the Plastic Wave: Top Findings for Preventing Plastic Pollution. Pew Charitable Trusts. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/articles/2020/07/23/breaking-the-plastic-wave-top-findings

Regan, H and Thornton, C (2021). Dead Turtles and Waves of Plastic Show Sri Lankan Ship Disaster's Deep Ramifications. CNN, July 24. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/24/asia/sri-lanka-ship-disaster-aftermath-intl-dst-hnk/index.html

Retamal, M, Dominish, E, Florin, N and Wakefield-Rann, R (2021). Think All Your Plastic is Being Recycled? New Research Shows it Can End Up in the Ocean. The Conversation, March 2. https://theconversation.com/think-all-your-plastic-is-being-recycled-new-research-shows-it-can-end-up-in-the-ocean-155208

Roberts, D (2020). Air Pollution is Much Worse than We Thought. Vox, Aug. 12. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2020/8/12/21361498/climate-change-air-pollution-us-india-china-deaths

Ross, D (2019). Rainwater in Parts of US Contains High Levels of PFAS Chemical, Says Study. The Guardian, Dec. 17. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/17/rainwater-pfas-us-potentially-toxic-levels-study

Roy, S (2021). The Nightmare of India's Tallest Rubbish Mountain. BBC News, Oct. 17. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58866834

Savoca, M, McInturf, A and Hazen, E (2021). Plastic Ingestion by Marine Fish is Widespread and Increasing. Global Change Biology, 27(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15533

Scott, M (2020). Out of Fashion - The Hidden Cost Of Clothing Is a Water Pollution Crisis. Forbes, Sept. 19. https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikescott/2020/09/19/out-of-fashionthe-hidden-cost-of-clothing-is-a-water-pollution-crisis/#545e365589ce

Seals, B and Krasner, A (2020). Gas Stoves: Health and Air Quality Impacts and Solutions. Rocky Mountain Institute. https://rmi.org/insight/gas-stoves-pollution-health/

Sebille, E, Wilcox, C, Lebreton, L, Maximenko, N, Hardesty, B, Franeker, J, Eriksen, M, Siegel, D, Galgani, and Law, K (2015). A Global Inventory of Small Floating Plastic Debris. Environmental Research Letters, 10(12). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006

Segran, E (2021). Makeup is Full of Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals.’ Why Aren’t They Banned? Fast Company, Oct. 20. https://www.fastcompany.com/90687807/makeup-is-full-of-toxic-forever-chemicals-why-arent-they-banned

Senthil Kumar, J, Ponmurugan, P and Vinoth Kanna, A (eds.) (2020). A Primer on Earth Pollution: Pollution Types and Disposal. Bentham Science Publishers. https://benthambooks.com/book/9789811476556/ [An encyclopedia]

Simon, M (2020). The Incredible Journey of the Electronic Plastic Bottle. Wired, Dec. 6. https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/the-incredible-journey-of-the-electronic-plastic-bottle/

Snapes, L (2021). Glastonbury: Drug Traces from On-site Urination Could Harm Rare Eels. The Guardian, Sept. 28. https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/sep/28/glastonbury-drug-traces-from-on-site-urination-could-harm-rare-eels

Solomon, O and Palanisami, T (2016). Microplastics in the Marine Environment: Current Status, Assessment Methodologies, Impacts and Solutions. Jour. of Pollutant Effects & Control, 4(2): https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-current-status-assessment-methodologies-impacts-and-solutions-2375-4397-1000161.php?aid=72325

Stiffler, L (2013). Are Rain Gardens Mini Toxic Cleanup Sites? Sightline Institute. https://www.seattle.gov/util/cs/groups/public/@spu/@conservation/documents/webcontent/3_037038.pdf

Stone, M (2019). Recycling is Broken. Earther, Gizmodo. https://earther.gizmodo.com/recycling-is-broken-1833063010

The Story of Stuff Project (2017). The Story of Microfibers. https://www.storyofstuff.org/movies/story-of-microfibers/

Sutton, M (2019). The Nitrogen Fix: From Nitrogen Cycle Pollution to Nitrogen Circular Economy, in United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Frontiers 2018/19 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/frontiers-201819-emerging-issues-environmental-concern

Szewc, K, Graca, B and Dolega, A (2020). Atmospheric Deposition of Microplastics in the Coastal Zone: Characteristics and Relationship with Meteorological Factors. Science of the Total Environment, 761. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720368030

Taft, M (2021). Why Trying to Clean Up All the Ocean Plastic Is Pointless. Gizmodo, Nov. 26. https://gizmodo.com/why-trying-to-clean-up-all-the-ocean-plastic-is-pointle-1848111529

Taguchi, K (2021). Scientist Tests Soil for Hidden Contaminants in Community Gardens. UW News, July 28. https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/07/28/scientist-tests-soil-for-hidden-contaminants-in-community-gardens/

Tang, F, Lenzen, M, McBratney, A and Maggi, F (2021). Risk of Pesticide Pollution at the Global Scale. Nature Geoscience, 14. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00712-5

Teh, C (2021). A Mountain of Unsold Clothing from Fast-fashion Retailers is Piling Up in the Chilean Desert. Insider, Nov. 8. https://www.insider.com/discarded-fast-fashion-clothes-chile-desert-2021-11?amp

Tessum, C et al., (2021). PM2.5 Polluters Disproportionately and Systemically Affect People of Color in the United States. Science Advances, 7(18). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/18/eabf4491

Teurlincx, S et al. (2019). A Perspective on Water Quality in Connected Systems: Modelling Feedback Between Upstream and Downstream Transport and Local Ecological Processes. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.07.004

Tian, Z et al., (2020). A Ubiquitous Tire Rubber–derived Chemical Induces Acute Mortality in Coho Salmon. Science, 371(6525). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd6951

Tijani, J, Fatoba, O, Babajide, O and Petrik, L (2016). Pharmaceuticals, Endocrine Disruptors, Personal Care Products, Nanomaterials and Perﬂuorinated Pollutants: A Review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 14(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284112772_Pharmaceuticals_endocrine_disruptors_personal_care_products_nanomaterials_and_perfluorinated_pollutants_a_review

Torchinsky, R (2022). For the First Time, Researchers Find Microplastics Deep in the Lungs of Living People. NPR, April 6. https://www.npr.org/2022/04/06/1091246691/microplastics-found-in-human-lungs

Tuholke, C, Halpern, B, Blasco, G, Villasenor, J, Frazier, M and Caylor, K (2021). Mapping Global Inputs and Impacts from Human Sewage in Coastal Ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258898

Turra, A, Galgani, F and Kershaw, P (2020). Unveiling Plastic Pollution in Oceans. Foresight Brief 18. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/33604/FB18.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [Concise overview with good graphics.]

United Nations Environment Programme (2016a). A Snapshot of the World’s Water Quality: Towards a Global Assessment. Policy Brief. World Water Quality Assessment. http://www.wwqa-documentation.info/assets/policy_brief_unep_wwqa_web2.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme (2016c). Microplastics: Trouble in the Food Chain, in UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/UNEP_Frontiers_2016_report_emerging_issues_of_environmental_concern.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme (2021a). Making Peace with Nature: A Scientific Blueprint to Tackle the Climate, Biodiversity and Pollution Emergencies. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature

United Nations Environment Programme (2021b). Our Planet is Drowning in Plastic Pollution — It's Time for Change! https://www.unep.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/ [Interactive engaging site of statistics.]

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2016). Fact Sheet: A Summary of the Literature on the Chemical Toxicity of Plastics Pollution on Aquatic Life and Aquatic-Dependent Wildlife. EPA 822-F-15-002. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-12/documents/plastics-aquatic-life-factsheet.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2018). EPA Microplastic Workshop Fact Sheet. https://www.draper.com/sites/default/files/2018-11/EPAMicroplasticsFactSheetOctober2018.pdf [Includes a good bibliography.]

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2021). FDA Releases PFAS Testing Results from First Survey of Nationally Distributed Processed Foods. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-releases-pfas-testing-results-first-survey-nationally-distributed-processed-foods

University of Portsmouth (2021). Hidden Pollution from Shipping Threatens Sustainable Ocean Efforts. Phys.org, Feb 24. https://phys.org/news/2021-02-hidden-pollution-shipping-threatens-sustainable.html

University of Sydney (2021). 64% of Farmland at Risk of Pesticide Pollution – Revealed in Global Map of Agricultural Land Across 168 Countries. SciTech Daily, March 30. https://scitechdaily.com/64-of-farmland-at-risk-of-pesticide-pollution-revealed-in-global-map-of-agricultural-land-across-168-countries/amp/

University of York (2022). Global Study Finds the Extent of Pharmaceutical Pollution in the World's Rivers. Phys.org, Feb. 14. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-global-extent-pharmaceutical-pollution-world.html

Vallette, J, Murtagh, C, Odriozola, V, Weber, J and Libaut, B (2021). The New Coal: Plastics and Climate Change. Beyond Plastics at Bennington College. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5eda91260bbb7e7a4bf528d8/t/616ef29221985319611a64e0/1634661022294/REPORT_The_New-Coal_Plastics_and_Climate-Change_10-21-2021.pdf

Varanasi, A (2022). COVID-19 is Overcrowding Cemeteries and Causing Heavy Metal Pollution. Popular Science, Feb. 12. https://www.popsci.com/environment/covid-public-health-risks-cemeteries/

Wang, T, Wang, L, Chen, Q, Kalogerakis, N, Ji, R and Ma, Y (2020). Interactions Between Microplastics and Organic Pollutants: Effects on Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, Degradation, and Transport. Science of The Total Environment, 748. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720359568

WeeeForum (2021). International E-Waste Day: 57.4M Tonnes Expected in 2021. https://weee-forum.org/ws_news/international-e-waste-day-2021/

Williams, M (2021). Microplastic Pollution Aids Antibiotic Resistance. Phys.org, Dec. 2. https://phys.org/news/2021-12-microplastic-pollution-aids-antibiotic-resistance.html

Woodyatt, A (2021). Bees Aren't Getting Enough Sleep, Thanks to Some Common Pesticides. CNN, Jan. 21. https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/21/europe/bee-sleep-pesticide-intl-scli-gbr-scn/index.html

The World Counts (2022). Toxic Exposures. https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges/toxic-exposures [Shows continuous changes in values of several metrics.]

Xia, R (2020). L.A.'s Coast was Once a DDT Dumping Ground. Los Angeles Times, Oct. 25. https://www.latimes.com/projects/la-coast-ddt-dumping-ground/

Xie, Y, Lin, M, Decharme, B, Delire, C, Horowitz, L, Lawrence, D, Li, Fang, Seferian, R (2022). Tripling of Western US Particulate Pollution from Wildfires in a Warming Climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(14). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111372119

Yarlagadda, T (2021). One Side-Effect of Capitalism Caused Millions of Premature Deaths, Study Reveals. Inverse, Nov. 2. https://www.inverse.com/science/premature-deaths-linked-to-air-pollution

Yes Magazine (2021). The Solving Plastic Issue. https://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/solving-plastic [Multiple relevant articles.]

Zeldovich, L (2021). The Planet Has a Human Poop Problem. Slate, Nov. 18. https://slate.com/technology/2021/11/the-other-dark-matter-human-poop-waste-tech.html

J. Technological Threats

Andersen, R (2012). We're Underestimating the Risk of Human Extinction. The Atlantic, March 6. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/were-underestimating-the-risk-of-human-extinction/253821/

Aronoff, K (2019). Climate Change’s Great Lithium Problem. The New Republic, Nov.16. https://newrepublic.com/article/155753/climate-changes-great-lithium-problem

Bostrom, N (2002). Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazard. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1). https://nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.pdf

Bostrom, N (2019a). How Civilization Could Destroy Itself and 4 Ways We Could Prevent It. TED201. https://www.ted.com/talks/nick_bostrom_how_civilization_could_destroy_itself_and_4_ways_we_could_prevent_it

Bostrom, N (2019b). The Vulnerable World Hypothesis. Global Policy, 10(4). https://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/vulnerable.pdf

Center for Humane Technology (2019a). Problem. https://humanetech.com/problem/

Center for Humane Technology (2019b). Ledger of Harms. https://ledger.humanetech.com/

Chrobak, U (2020). The US Has More Power Outages than Any Other Developed Country. Here’s Why. Popular Science, Aug. 17. https://www.popsci.com/story/environment/why-us-lose-power-storms/

Dvorsky, G (2012). 9 Ways Humanity Could Bring About Its Own Destruction. Gizmodo, Dec. 12. https://gizmodo.com/9-ways-humanity-could-bring-about-its-own-destruction-5967660

Exposure Labs (2020). The Social Dilemma. https://www.thesocialdilemma.com/ [What are the consequences of our growing dependence on social media? This documentary-drama hybrid reveals how social media is reprogramming civilization with tech experts sounding the alarm on their own creations. Available to stream on Netflix.]

Fernholz, T (2019). The World is Heading for a New Missile Arms Race. Quartz, June 9. https://qz.com/1637386/the-trump-era-has-brought-the-world-a-new-missile-arms-race/

The Future of Life Institute (2019). The Risk of Nuclear Weapons. https://futureoflife.org/background/the-risk-of-nuclear-weapons/ [with links to many references]

Gardner, F (2022). What is the Quantum Apocalypse and Should We Be Scared? BBC News, Jan. 27. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60144498

Graff, G (2022). Putin’s Nuclear Threat Sets the West on Edge. Wired, Feb. 24. https://www.wired.com/story/putin-nuclear-threat-ukraine-sanctions-history/

Hak, A (2021). Data Centers Could Cause Serious Environmental Damage — If We Don’t Regulate Them Now. The Next Web, Dec. 6. https://thenextweb.com/news/data-centers-cause-environmental-damage-regulate-now

Hickel, J (2019). The Limits of Clean Energy. Foreign Policy, Sept. 6. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/09/06/the-path-to-clean-energy-will-be-very-dirty-climate-change-renewables/

Hollister, S (2021). Once Again, Someone Tampered with an Entire Drinking Water Supply Via the Internet. The Verge, April 5. https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2021/4/5/22368476/kansas-man-tamper-water-supply-remote-ellsworth-wyatt-travnichek

Jagermeyr, J et al., (2020). A Regional Nuclear Conflict Would Compromise Global Food Security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(13). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919049117

Jaques, C, Islar, M and Lord, G (2019). Post-Truth: Hegemony on Social Media and Implications for Sustainability Communication. Sustainability, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072120

Joy, B (2000). Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us. Wired, April 1. https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/

Katwala, A (2018). The Spiralling Environmental Cost of Our Lithium Battery Addiction. Wired, Aug. 5. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/lithium-batteries-environment-impact

Knight, W (2020). A Dogfight Renews Concerns About AI's Lethal Potential. Wired, Aug. 25. https://www.wired.com/story/dogfight-renews-concerns-ai-lethal-potential/

LaFrance, A (2020). Facebook Is a Doomsday Machine. The Atlantic, Dec. 15. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/12/facebook-doomsday-machine/617384/

Lent, J (2017). Towards a Bifurcation Of Humanity? Jeremy Lent.com. https://www.jeremylent.com/humanity-bifurcate.html

Liberatore, S (2020). Nuclear War Using Less than One Percent of the World's Arsenal Would Spark a Global Food Crisis in Just Five Years, Experts Warn. Daily Mail, March 19. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8127997/Nuclear-war-using-1-worlds-arsenal-spark-global-food-crisis-experts-warn.html

Loofbourow, L (2020). Illiberalism Isn’t to Blame for the Death of Good-Faith Debate. Slate, July 12. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/07/illiberalism-cancel-culture-free-speech-internet-ugh.html

Muehlhauser, L and Salamon, A (2012). Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import, in Eden, A, Søraker, J, Moor, J and Steinhart, E (eds.) Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment. Springer, Berlin. http://intelligence.org/files/IE-EI.pdf

Pausata, F, Lindvall, J, Ekman, A and Svensson, G (2016). Climate Effects of a Hypothetical Regional Nuclear War: Sensitivity to Emission Duration and Particle Composition. Earth’s Future, 4(11). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016EF000415

Perry, P (2020). Information Itself May be What Ends the Human Race. Big Think, Sept. 17. https://bigthink.com/technology-innovation/information-may-be-what-ends-the-human-race

Polgreen, L (2019). The Collapse of the Information Ecosystem Poses Profound Risks for Humanity. The Guardian, Nov. 19. https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/19/the-collapse-of-the-information-ecosystem-poses-profound-risks-for-humanity

Reid, R (2019). In the Not-so-distant Future, “Synbio” Could Lead to Global Catastrophe—Maybe. Ars Technica, June 18. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/06/what-happens-if-we-engineer-a-superbug-and-the-lab-gets-hacked/

Schwab, K (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: What it Means, How to Respond. World Economic Forum, Jan. 14. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/

K. Water Crisis (Scarcity, Conflict, and Mismanagement)

Abdulla, F, Gafrej, R, Nagy, Z, Palfi, G and Szabo, E (2017). Water Scarcity and Drought: A Good Practice Handbook. Regional Environmental Center, Szentendre, Hungary. http://documents.rec.org/publications/WaterScarcityandDrought_May2017.pdf

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