Bibliography of Literature Relevant to Our Future Sustainability

I. Climate Change Impact Observations and Projections (published after 2004)

Bounce me down to the list of bibliography subsections

Bounce me down to Web Resources for Learning the Fundamentals on Climate Change

What’s Here

This section of the bibliography is broken up into 19 subsections, each focused on climate change impacts that have already been observed or are projected to have some likelihood of occurring.

The bulk of the citations below are journal articles that have gone through the peer review process, which is indicated when the publication is italicized. Government-sponsored reports are also well represented. Scattered throughout you will find reports from NGOs, useful web sites, interactive maps, review articles from news magazines, and a few videos. Some citations appear in more than one subsection.

If your goal is to get the big picture of what has already transpired along with our biggest concerns looking forward, then you should start by browsing subsection M – Overviews and Advances in the Science. Seventeen of the other subsections provide links to resources concerned with climate change impacts on specific elements of our socio-economic, biological, and earth systems. One section collects articles on the impacts to a region - the Pacific Northwest - as that is of particular interest to my students and regional colleagues.

There is plenty of overlap to be found in the articles of any one subsection, but reviewing multiple sources gives you a sense of where there is consensus or disagreement among many different researchers, along with regional variability in climate change impacts, and the advancement of understanding over time.

It is a daunting task to get decently informed on the findings of climate science. There are well over 1000 citations in this section of the bibliography, and this is a small sampling of an enormous literature. You will note that I have limited this section to resources published after 2004, with most since 2018. This makes the bibliography more manageable but it also acknowledges how our understanding of climate impacts and the sophistication of our climate models have advanced over time. You can access the older literature by working through the bibliographies of the resources provided here as well the extensive bibliography of Spencer Weart’s online textbook.

If you want to get caught up on the most recent climate science news, you could check out the following website: https://barrysmiler.com/climate.php, or the collection of articles on Climate Change Impacts published in the journal Nature Climate Change.

Aside from the time required to review even a handful of the articles in this section, it takes a concerted effort to synthesize the findings across articles in different subsections and to make some evaluation of what they collectively imply for our future. The scope is so big… and so too is the uncertainty! Well, do not despair because others have done the work for you. You can cut to the chase by bouncing to section V (Future Scenarios Analyses) and, especially, section VI (Synthesis of Existential Risks and the Potential for Societal Collapse).

I don’t think it will be a spoiler to state that the impacts detailed in any one of these climate change impact subsections are troubling. Taken collectively, the overall assessment of how climate change will continue to alter our biosphere and our prospects is… grim. Meanwhile, this “grim” assessment, which can result from taking seriously any handful of the articles in this section, is likely based on an underestimation of the threat and pace of change given how the conclusions and language of the vast majority of climate science publications have been influenced by a preference for “conservative projections and scholarly reticence.” ¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶^,⁷ No scientist, including your humble curator, wants to be perceived as alarmist.⁸ But the gloves are starting to come off ⁹^,¹⁰ as the onslaught of bad news and projections overwhelms a science culture geared to caution and detachment.

If learning about these inconvenient truths - in a way that gets past a compartmentalized, intellectual appreciation - is getting you down, you may want to scan the articles in section VII (Eco-anxiety and the Psychology of Confronting the “Traumacene”) to get a sense of how others are coping. If you want to learn about why we have gotten into this self-made mess and why we are having such difficulty in extricating ourselves from it, then you should do a deep dive into section III -The Cultural How and Why? Ideologies, Ethics, Economics, and Politics of (Un)Sustainability.

Many of the articles in section III also provide assessments of what is required to foster a better future. In fact, many articles within all sections of this bibliography do this. The good news is that we have a decent handle on our threats, challenges, barriers, and limitations. We also have many actionable (though often contradictory) ideas on what we need to do to avoid the worst outcomes and co-create a more just, happy, and verdant world. Sections VIII – XII of this bibliography focus on these actionable ideas.

What’s Not Here

This bibliography, and particularly this section, assumes some basic understanding and acceptance of climate science. There isn’t a separate section devoted to references on the fundamentals of climate science as it is beyond the scope of this bibliography. However, what follows is a list of articles and web sites you can access to get up to speed on greenhouse gas emissions, the greenhouse effect, measuring and modeling climate variables, etc.

Web Resources for Learning the Fundamentals on Climate Change

- Earth Science Communications Team (2020). Evidence. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Also sections on Causes, Effects, Scientific Consensus, and Vital Signs]

- NASA (2020). For Educators. https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/education/

- NOAA (2020). Teaching Climate. https://www.climate.gov/teaching

- UNESCO (2011). Climate Change Starter’s Guidebook: An Issues Guide for Education Planners and Practitioners. https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/142221487/UNEP_UNESCO_WHO.pdf

- U.S. Global Change Research Program (2017). Fourth National Climate Assessment, Vol. 1. https://science2017.globalchange.gov/

- Climate Change Data Center (2020). Global Warming/Climate Change - Facts and Images. http://ccdatacenter.org/FactPages.aspx#

- UN CC: Learn (2020). The Scientific Fundamentals of Climate Change - Interactive Version. https://www.uncclearn.org/wp-content/uploads/library/resource_guide_on_fundamentals_cc_science.pdf

- Natural Resources Defense Council (2016). Global Warming 101. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101

- Center for Strategic and International Studies (2021). Climate Basics. https://www.c2es.org/category/climate-basics/ [Leads to multiple primers.]

- Center for Foreign Relations (2022). What Is Climate Change? https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/climate-change/what-climate-change

- Bruine de Bruin, W (2021). A Quick Guide to Climate Change Jargon – What Experts Mean by Adaptation, Carbon Neutral and 6 Other Key Terms. The Conversation, Oct. 26. https://theconversation.com/a-quick-guide-to-climate-change-jargon-what-experts-mean-by-adaptation-carbon-neutral-and-6-other-key-terms-167172

- Tisher, S (2021). Climate Chronology. http://climatechronology.com/ [Interactive timeline.]

- Weart, S (2021). The Discovery of Global Warming. Center for History of Physics. https://history.aip.org/climate/index.htm#contents [Online textbook]

- American Association for the Advancement of Science (2020). Consensus Sense. What We Know Initiative. https://whatweknow.aaas.org/consensus-sense/ [Short video framing what we know and should do with regard to Climate Change.]

- NASA (2020). Scientific Consensus: Earth's Climate is Warming. https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/

- Our Climate Future (2020). Our Climate Our Future. https://ourclimateourfuture.org/video/our-climate-our-future/ [Visually engaging video oriented to young people that provides an introduction to climate change.]

- Schmidt, G (2014). The Emergent Patterns of Climate Change. Ted. https://www.ted.com/talks/gavin_schmidt_the_emergent_patterns_of_climate_change?language=en [Short video about the nature and application of climate models.]

- Roberts, D (2020). What’s Causing Climate Change, In 10 Charts. Vox, Sept. 11. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/21428525/climate-change-west-coast-fires-cause-charts

- Trenberth, K (2021). Climate Change is Relentless: Seemingly Small Shifts have Big Consequences. The Conversation, Aug. 17. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-is-relentless-seemingly-small-shifts-have-big-consequences-166139

- Gillis, J (2017). Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change. The New York Times, July 6. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html

- Chamberlin, S (2008). The Climate Science Translation Guide. Dark Optimism, Sept. 3. http://www.darkoptimism.org/2008/09/03/climate-science-translation-guide/#post-53

- Dee, S (2021). Scientists Understood Physics of Climate Change in the 1800s – Thanks to a Woman Named Eunice Foote. The Conversation, July 22. https://theconversation.com/scientists-understood-physics-of-climate-change-in-the-1800s-thanks-to-a-woman-named-eunice-foote-164687

- SciShow (2013). A History of Earth’s Climate. https://climateinterpreter.org/content/history-climate-earth [Fast talking video]

- Skeptical Science (2020). https://skepticalscience.com/

Another related set of readings you won’t find via this bibliography are resources that could be considered in denial of climate science. I am not going to waste anyone’s time providing fuel to a false debate. There is, however, plenty of room for legitimate debate in terms of what we can and should do about the various threats we face. A wide range of thinking on this can be found in sections III, V, VIII and XI. Section III also includes many articles that analyze the sources¹¹, motivations, errors, and ramifications of climate change denialism.

Subsections

A.	Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food Supply	Map of climate risk interconnections. From Yokohata, T et al., (2019).
B.	Biodiversity Loss, Habitat Degradation, and Species Shifts
C.	Conflict, Security, Displacement, and Migrations
D.	Deforestation and Wildfire
E.	Drought and Desertification
F.	Economics and Politics (much more in section III)
G.	Glacial Lake Outburst Floods
H.	Human Health and Disease
I.	Ice Loss
J.	Inequities
K.	Ocean Acidification
L.	Other Impacts
M.	Overviews and Advances in the Science (more in section V)
N.	Pacific Northwest Specific
O.	Permafrost, Hydrates, and Methane
P.	Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Q.	Tropical Cyclones
R.	Water Supplies and Systems
S.	Weather Extremes and Geographic Shifts

Citations

A. Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food Supply

Ahmed, N (2020). West’s ‘Dust Bowl’ Future now ‘Locked In’, as World Risks Imminent Food Crisis. Resilience, Jan. 6. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2020-01-06/wests-dust-bowl-future-now-locked-in-as-world-risks-imminent-food-crisis/

Alava, J (2019). Climate Change and Overfishing Boost Toxic Mercury Levels in Fish. The Conversation, Nov. 7. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-and-overfishing-are-boosting-toxic-mercury-levels-in-fish-122748

American Geophysical Union (2022). Climate Change Has Likely Begun to Suffocate the World's Fisheries. Phys.org, Feb. 1. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-climate-begun-suffocate-world-fisheries.html

Barange, M, Bahri, T, Beveridge, M, Cochrane, K, Funge-Smith, S and Poulain, F, eds. (2018). Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Synthesis of Current Knowledge, Adaptation and Mitigation Options. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 627. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/en/c/1152846/

Battisti, D and Naylor, R (2009). Historical Warnings of Future Food Insecurity with Unprecedented Seasonal Heat. Science, 323(5911): 240-244. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/323/5911/240

Bélanger, J and Pilling, D, [eds.] (2019). The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf

Bendell, J (2019a). Notes on Hunger and Collapse. Jem Bendell.com, March 28. https://jembendell.com/2019/03/28/notes-on-hunger-and-collapse/

Berwyn, B (2019). Global Warming Is Hitting Ocean Species Hardest, Including Fish Relied on for Food. Inside Climate News, April 24. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/24042019/climate-change-fish-local-extinction-marine-species-hit-harder-land-animals-study-nature

Betts, R et al., (2018). Changes in Climate Extremes, Freshwater Availability and Vulnerability to Food Insecurity Projected at 1.5°C and 2°C Global Warming with a Higher-resolution Global Climate Model. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0452

Binns, C, Lee, M, Maycock, B, Torheim, L, Nanishi, K and Duong, D (2021). Climate Change, Food Supply, and Dietary Guidelines. Annual Review of Public Health, 42. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105044

Blanc, E, Caron, J, Fant, C and Monier, E (2017). Is Current Irrigation Sustainable in the United States? An Integrated Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Irrigated Crop Yields. Earth’s Future, 5(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000473

Brown, M, and 21 co-authors, (2015). Climate Change, Global Food Security and the U.S. Food System. U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/FoodSecurity2015Assessment/FullAssessment.pdf

Challinor, A, Watson, J, Lobell, D, Howden, S, Smith, D and Chhetri, N (2014). A Meta-analysis of Crop Yield Under Climate Change and Adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 4. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2153

Climate One (2019). The Fate of Food. https://www.climateone.org/events/fate-food [Transcript and videos of a panel discussion on the subject]

Crowther, T and 49 co-authors (2016). Quantifying Global Soil Carbon Losses in Response to Warming. Nature, 540: 104-108. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20150

Dawson, T, Perryman, A and Osborne, T (2016). Modelling Impacts of Climate Change on Global food Security. Climatic Change, 134. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-014-1277-y

Dean, J (2020). Climate Change is Altering the Taste of our Beer. The Takeout, Aug. 20. https://thetakeout.com/climate-change-is-altering-the-taste-of-our-beer-1844780866

Der Esch, S, ten Brink, B, Stehfest, E, Bakkenes, M, Sewell, A, Bouwman, A, Meijer, J, Westhoek, H and van den Berg, M (2017). Exploring Future Changes in Land Use and Land Condition and the Impacts on Food, Water, Climate Change and Biodiversity. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2018-06/pbl-2017-exploring-future-changes-in-land-use-and-land-condition-2076.pdf

Deutsch, C, Tewksbury, K, Tigchelaar, M, Battisti, D, Merrill, S, Huey, R and Naylor, R (2018). Increase in Crop Losses to Insect Pests in a Warming Climate. Science, 361(6405): 916-919. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6405/916

Döring, T, Rosslenbroich, D, Giese, C, Athmann, M, Watson, C, Vágó, I, Kátai, J, Tállai, M and Bruns,C (2020). Disease Suppressive Soils Vary in Resilience to Stress. Applied Soil Ecology, 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103482 [Increased heat and drought make life easy for the pathogenic fungus Pythium ultimum in agricultural soils. The fungus causes almost total crop failure in peas.]

Ericksen P, Thornton P, Notenbaert A, Cramer L, Jones, P and Herrero, M (2011). Mapping Hotspots of Climate Change and Food Insecurity in the Global Tropics. CCAFS Report no. 5. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. http://www.ccafs.cgiar.org

Etim, N, Offiong, E and Ukpanah, U (2013). Farm Animals: Culprits and Victims of Global Warming and Climate Change. American Journal of Advanced Agricultural Research, 1(1). https://www.academia.edu/5534964/Farm_Animals_Culprits_and_Victims_of_Global_Warming_and_Climate_Change

Flavelle, C (2019). Climate Change Threatens the World’s Food Supply, United Nations Warns. The New York Times, Aug. 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/08/climate/climate-change-food-supply.html

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011). Food Wastage Footprint & Climate Change. http://www.fao.org/3/a-bb144e.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2015). Climate Change and Food Systems: Global Assessments and Implications for Food Security and Trade. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4332e.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019a). The State of the World’s Aquatic Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. http://www.fao.org/3/ca5256en/CA5256EN.pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019b). The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Bélanger, J and Pilling, D (eds.). FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. http://www.fao.org/3/CA3129EN/CA3129EN.pdf

FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO (2018). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World: Building Climate Resilience for Food Security and Nutrition. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/

Free, C, Thorson, J, Pinsky, M, Oken, K, Wiedenmann, J, and Jensen, O (2019). Impacts of Historical Warming on Marine Fisheries Production. Science, 363(6430): 979-983. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/979?mod=article_inline

Funes, Y (2020). A Second Dust Bowl Could Threaten Global Food Security. Gizmodo, March 20. https://earther.gizmodo.com/a-second-dust-bowl-could-threaten-global-food-security-1842426292

Gaupp, F, Hall, J, Hochrainer-Stigler, S and Dadson, S (2019). Changing Risks of Simultaneous Global Breadbasket Failure. Nature Climate Change, 540. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0600-z

Gaupp, F, Hall, J, Mitchell, D and Dadson, S (2019). Increasing Risks of Multiple Breadbasket Failure Under 1.5 and 2 °C Global Warming. Agricultural Systems, 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.05.010

Ghaedi, M (2021). Pandemic, Climate Change and Conflict Fuel Sharp Rise in Global Hunger. DW, Oct. 14. https://www.dw.com/en/pandemic-climate-change-and-conflict-fuel-sharp-rise-in-global-hunger/a-59488549

Glotter, M and Elliot, J (2017). Simulating US Agriculture in a Modern Dust Bowl Drought. Nature Plants, 3. https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2016193

Grafton, R, Williams, J and Jiang, Q (2017). Possible Pathways and Tensions in the Food and Water Nexus. Earth’s Future, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000506

Gustina, G (2021). Without ‘Transformative Adaptation’ Climate Change May Threaten the Survival of Millions of Small Scale Farmers. Inside Climate News June 23. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23062021/transformative-adaptation-climate-change-agriculture-small-farmers/

Hanjra, M and Qureshi, M (2010). Global Water Crisis and Future Food Security in an Era of Climate Change. Food Policy, 35(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006

Harvey, F (2019). A Fifth of UK Fresh Food Imports from Areas at Risk of Climate Chaos, MPs Warn. The Guardian, Sept. 17. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/17/uk-fresh-food-imports-areas-at-risk-climate-crisis-mps-warn

Harvey, F (2021). Third of Global Food Production at Risk from Climate Crisis. The Guardian, May 14. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/14/third-of-global-food-production-at-risk-from-climate-crisis

Harwatt, H, Ripple, W, Chaudhary, A, Betts, M and Hayek, M (2019). Scientists Call for Renewed Paris Pledges to Transform Agriculture. The Lancet Planetary Health, Dec. 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30245-1

Hasegawa, T, Fujimori, S, Takahashi, K and Masui, T (2015). Scenarios for the Risk of Hunger in the Twenty-first Century Using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Environmental Research Letters, 10(1). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/014010

High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (2012). Food Security and Climate Change. Committee on World Food Security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/3/a-me421e.pdf

Ho, S (2020). 5 Foods You Eat Everyday Could Disappear Because Of Climate Change, From Coffee To Potatoes. Green Queen, Feb. 14. https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/chocolate-potatoes-coffee-may-disappear-because-climate-change/

Huang, Z, Hejazi, M, Tang, Q, Vernon, C, Liu, Y, Chen, M, and Calvin, K (2019). Global Agricultural Green and Blue Water Consumption Under Future Climate and Land Use Changes. Journal of Hydrology, 574: 242-256. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002216941930383X

International Center for Tropical Agriculture (2019). Dramatic Rainfall Changes for Key Crops Predicted Even with Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions. ScienceDaily, March 11. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190311173147.htm

Jagermeyr, J et al., (2021). Climate Impacts on Global Agriculture Emerge Earlier in New Generation of Climate and Crop Models. Nature Food, . https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00400-y

John Hopkins Center for a Livable Future (2020). Food Systems & Climate. https://clf.jhsph.edu/expertise/food-systems-climate-change [A web site leading to research, reports and other resources on this topic.]

Journal of Plant Pathology (2011). Special Issue: Climate Change and Plant Diseases. https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/13653059/2011/60/1

Kornhuber, K et al., (2019). Amplified Rossby Waves Enhance Risk of Concurrent Heatwaves in Major Breadbasket Regions. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0637-z

Leahy, S (2019). Billions Face Food, Water Shortages Over Next 30 Years as Nature Fails. National Geographic, Oct. 10. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/billions-face-water-food-insecurity/

Lesk, C, Rowhani, P and Ramankutty, N (2016). Influence of Extreme Weather Disasters on Global Crop Production. Nature, 529. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16467

Lobell, D and Gourdji, S (2012). The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity. Plant Physiology, 160(4). https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.208298

Luck, J, Spackman, M, Freeman, A, Trebicki, P, Grifﬁths, W, Finlay, K and Chakraborty, S (2011). Climate Change and Diseases of Food Crops. Plant Pathology, 60(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02414.x

Lunt, T, Jones, A, Mulhern, W, Lezaks, D and Jahn, M (2016). Vulnerabilities to Agricultural Production Shocks: An Extreme, Plausible Scenario for Assessment of Risk for the Insurance Sector. Climate Risk Management, 13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2016.05.001

Mbow, C, Rosenzweig, C, Barioni, L, Benton, T, Herrero, M, Krishnapillai, M, Liwenga, E, Pradhan, P, Rivera-Ferre, M, Sapkota, T, Tubiello, F and Xu, Y (2019). Chapter 5: Food Security, in Climate Change and Land. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/2f.-Chapter-5_FINAL.pdf

McQuate, S (2019). Warmer Temperatures Will Increase Arsenic Levels in Rice, Study Shows. UW News, Dec. 4. https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/12/04/warmer-temperatures-increase-arsenic-levels-in-rice/

Mehrabi, Z (2020). Food System Collapse. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0643-1

Meza, I, Siebert, S, Döll, P, Kusche, J, Herbert, C, Rezaei, E, Nouri, H, Gerdener, H, Popat, E, Frischen, J, Naumann, G, Vogt, J, Walz, Y, Sebesvari, Z and Hagenlocher, M (2020). Global-scale Drought Risk Assessment for Agricultural Systems. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(2). https://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/20/695/2020/

Monier, E, Xu, L and Snyder, R (2016). Uncertainty in Future Agro-climate Projections in the United States and Benefits of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055001

Mooney, C and Muyskens, J (2019). Dangerous New Hot Zones are Spreading Around the World. The Washington Post, Sept. 11. https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/national/climate-environment/climate-change-world/ [Great maps, photos, with a focus on the impact of an ocean hot spot on clams in Uruguay.]

Muller, C, Elliott, J, Chryssanthacopoulos, J, Deryng, D, Folberth, C, Pugh, T and Schmid, E (2015). Implications of Climate Mitigation for Future Agricultural Production. Environmental Research Letters, 10(12). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/125004

NBC Nightly News (2021). Climate Change Shrinking Seafood Availability. https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news-netcast/video/climate-change-shrinking-seafood-availability-121310789561 [video]

Ortiz-Bobea, A, Wang, H, Carrillo, C and Ault, T (2019). Unpacking the Climatic Drivers of US Agricultural Yields. Environmental Research Letters, 14(6). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1e75

Parletta, N (2020). Soil Pathogens Rise as Temperatures Do. Cosmos, May 13. https://cosmosmagazine.com/climate/soil-pathogens-rise-as-temperatures-do

Plagányi, É (2019). Climate Change Impacts on Fisheries. Science, 363(6430): 930-931. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/363/6430/930

Planetary Health Alliance (2019). Bibliography: Changing Food Systems. https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/bibliography

Reilly, J (2021). The Health and Climate Consequences of the American Food System Cost Three Times as Much as the Food Itself. The Washington Post, July 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/07/16/true-cost-of-american-food-system/

Sage, C (2009). The Sustainability and Security of the Global Food System: The Challenges of Peak Oil, Climate Change & Freshwater Depletion. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology, 9. https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/2999/JCIFST2009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Schauberger, B, et al., (2017). Consistent Negative Response of US Crops to High Temperatures in Observations and Crop Models. Nature Communications, 8(13931). https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13931

Shindell, D (2016). Crop Yield Changes Induced by Emissions of Individual Climate‐altering Pollutants. Earth’s Future, 4(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000377

Smale, D and 17 co-authors (2019). Marine Heatwaves Threaten Global Biodiversity and the Provision of Ecosystem Services. Nature Climate Change, 9(4). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0412-1

Springermann, M et al., (2016). Global and Regional Health Effects of Future Food Production Under Climate Change: A Modelling Study. The Lancet, 387(10031): 1937-1946. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(15)01156-3/fulltext

Srivastav, A, Dhyani, R, Ranjan, M, Madav, S and Sillanpaa, M (2021). Climate-resilient Strategies for Sustainable Management of Water Resources and Agriculture. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-021-14332-4?utm_campaign=SRLF_AWA_YM01_GL_11356_TrendMD_2021Q3_MLSJP&utm_content=null&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=trendmd

Stockle, C, Nelson, R, Higgins, S,. Brunner, J, Grove, G, Boydston, R, Whiting, M and Kruger, C (2010). Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Eastern Washington Agriculture. Climatic Change, 102. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-010-9851-4

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B. Biodiversity Loss, Habitat Degradation, and Species Shifts [back to subsections]

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Birkhead, T (2020). Latest Research Shows How Climate Change Is Killing off Bird Species by the Millions. The National Interest, March 7. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/latest-research-shows-how-climate-change-killing-bird-species-millions-129772

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University of Birmingham (2021). Melting Glaciers May Produce Thousands of Kilometers of New Pacific Salmon Habitat. Phys.org, Dec. 7. https://phys.org/news/2021-12-glaciers-thousands-kilometers-pacific-salmon.html

University of East Anglia (2021). How Climate Change Could Impact Algae in the Global Ocean. Phys.org, Sept. 16. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-climate-impact-algae-global-ocean.html

Urton, J (2020). Marine Animals Live Where Ocean is Most ‘Breathable,’ but Ranges Could Shrink with Climate Change. UW News, Sept. 16. https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/09/16/ocean-breathable-climate-change/

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2017). Ch. 10: Changes in Land Cover and Terrestrial Biogeochemistry, in Fourth National Climate Assessment, Vol. 1. https://science2017.globalchange.gov/

USA National Phenology Network (2020). Status of Spring. https://www.usanpn.org/news/spring [With animated maps showing how early spring leaf out is happening.]

University of Connecticut (2021). Animals Died in 'Toxic Soup' During Earth's Worst Mass Extinction: A Warning for Today. Phys.org, Sept. 17. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-animals-died-toxic-soup-earth.html

UW News Staff (2020). Ocean Acidification Impacts Oysters’ Memory of Environmental Stress. UW News, March 12. https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/03/12/ocean-acidification-impacts-oysters-memory-of-environmental-stress/

Visser, M (2022). Phenology: Climate Change is Shifting the Rhythm of Nature, Frontiers 2022: Noise, Blazes and Mismatches. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38062/Frontiers_2022CH3.pdf

Vorosmarty, C, McIntyre, P, Gessner, M, Dudgeon, D, Prusevich, A, Green, P, Glidden, S, Bunn, S, Sullivan, C, Reidy, C, Liermann, C, and Davies, P (2010). Global Threats to Human Water Security and River Biodiversity. Nature, 467: 555-561. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7315/full/nature09440.html

Wang, Y, Shipley, B, Lauer, D, Pineau, R and McGuire, J (2020). Plant Biomes Demonstrate that Landscape Resilience Today is the Lowest it has Been Since End‐Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions. Global Change Biology, 26(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15299

Warszawski, L et al., (2013). A Multi-model Analysis of Risk of Ecosystem Shifts Under Climate Change. Environmental Research Letters, 8. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044018/meta

Watts, S (2017). Global Warming is Putting the Ocean’s Phytoplankton in Danger. Pacific Standard, Dec. 29. https://psmag.com/environment/global-warming-is-putting-phytoplankton-in-danger

Wells, M et al., (2015). Harmful Algal Blooms and Climate Change: Learning from the Past and Present to Forecast the Future. Harmful Algae, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.07.009

Williams, A (2020). Climate Change Has Degraded Productivity of Shelf Sea Food Webs. Scienmag, June 8. https://scienmag.com/climate-change-has-degraded-productivity-of-shelf-sea-food-webs/

Xu, X, Jia, G, Shang, X, Riley, W and Xue, Y (2020). Climate Regime Shift and Forest Loss Amplify Fire in Amazonian Forests. Global Change Biology, 26(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15279

Yirka, B (2020). Brazilian Forests Found to be Transitioning from Carbon Sinks to Carbon Sources. Phys.org, Dec. 21. https://phys.org/news/2020-12-brazilian-forests-transitioning-carbon-sources.html

Zaman, I and Khuda, M (2011). Climate Change and Corruption Leave the World’s Largest Mangrove Forest in Peril, in Transparency International (ed.), Global Corruption Report: Climate Change. Earthscan, London. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/global-corruption-report-climate-change

C. Conflict, Security, Displacement, and Migrations [back to subsections]

Abel, G, Brottrager, M, Crespo Cuaresma, J and Muttarak, R (2019). Climate, Conflict and Forced Migration. Global Environmental Change, 54: 239-249. http://pure.iiasa.sc.at/15684

Actionaid International (2020). Costs of Climate Inaction: Displacement and Distress Migration. https://actionaid.org/publications/2020/costs-climate-inaction-displacement-and-distress-migration

Adger, W et al., (2020). Urbanization, Migration, and Adaptation to Climate Change. One Earth, 3(4). https://www.cell.com/one-earth/pdf/S2590-3322(20)30485-1.pdf

Ahmed, N (2020). British Military Prepares for Climate-Fueled Resource Shortages. Vice, Sept.14. https://www.vice.com/en/article/ep4w5j/british-military-prepares-for-climate-fueled-resource-shortages

Anglia Ruskin University (2019). Global Chaos Map Project. https://aru.ac.uk/global-sustainability-institute-gsi/research/global-risk-and-resilience/global-chaos-map-project

Arcanjo, M (2018a). Climate Migration: A Growing Global Crisis. Climate Institute, April, 30. http://climate.org/climate-migration-a-growing-global-crisis/

Arcanjo, M (2018b). The Climate-Conflict Nexus in Asia: Fact or Fiction? Climate Institute, May 14. http://climate.org/the-climate-conflict-nexus-in-asia-fact-or-fiction/

Ayazi, H and Elsheikh, E (2019). Climate Refugees: The Climate Crisis and Rights Denied. Othering & Belonging Institute. https://belonging.berkeley.edu/climaterefugees

Azhar, G (2017). Climate Change Will Displace Millions in Coming Decades. Nations Should Prepare Now to Help Them. The Conversation, Dec. 18. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-will-displace-millions-in-coming-decades-nations-should-prepare-now-to-help-them-89274

Baba, A, Tayfur, G, Gunduz, O, Howard, K, Friedel, M and Chambel, A (200). Climate Change and its Effects on Water Resources: Issues of National and Global Security. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security book series, volume 3. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-007-1143-3 [A book - not free for download.]

Baker, A (2021). Environmental Crises Are Forcing Millions Into Cities. Can Countries Turn Climate Migrants Into an Asset? Time, April 22. https://time.com/5953402/climate-migrants-kenya-floods/

Barnett, J and Adger, WN (2007). Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Political Geography, 26(6): 639-655. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096262980700039X

Barrett, O (2019). Central America: Climate, Drought, Migration and the Border. The Center for Climate and Security, April 17. https://climateandsecurity.org/2019/04/17/central-america-climate-drought-migration-and-the-border/#more-17244

Baussan, C, Duarte, L, Spaggiari, O and Stillman, S (2021). When Climate Change and Xenophobia Collide. The New Yorker, Feb. 16. https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/when-climate-change-and-xenophobia-collide

Benner, A, Rothe, D, Ullstrom, S and Stripple, J (2019). Violent Climate Imaginaries: Science-Fiction-Politics. Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Research Report #001. https://ifsh.de/file/publication/Research_Report/191218_IFSH_Research_Report_Web.pdf

Bergholt, D and Lujala, P (2012). Climate-related Natural Disasters, Economic Growth, and Armed Civil Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426167

Bettini, G (2013). Climate Barbarians at the Gate? A Critique of Apocalyptic Narratives on ‘Climate Refugees’. Geoforum, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.09.009

Bettini, G, Nash, S and Gioli, G (2017). One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? The Fading Contours of (In)justice in Competing Discourses on Climate Migration. The Geographical Journal, 183(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12192

Beyatli, B (2019). The Dark Face of Climate Change: Climate Refugees. https://www.academia.edu/38347235/The_Dark_Face_of_Climate_Change_Climate_Refugees_pdf

Black, R Adger, WB,.Arnell, N, Dercond, S, Geddese, A and Thomas, T (2017). The Effect of Environmental Change on Human Migration. Global Environmental Change, 21(suppl. 1): S3-S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001

Blitzer, J (2019). How Climate Change is Fueling the U.S. Border Crisis. The New Yorker, April 3. https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/how-climate-change-is-fuelling-the-us-border-crisis

Boas, I and Dobson, R (2011). Disrupting Lives: Climate Migration and Corruption, in Transparency International (ed.), Global Corruption Report: Climate Change. Earthscan, London. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/global-corruption-report-climate-change

Bottollier-Depois, A (2022). Climate Migrants Could Face a World of Closing Doors. Phys.org, Feb. 28. https://phys.org/news/2022-02-climate-migrants-world-doors.html

Bowles, D, Butler, C and Morisetti, N (2015). Climate Change, Conflict and Health. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 108(10). https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076815603234

Brown, O. (2007). Climate Change and Forced Migration: Observations, Projections and Implications, Human Development Report 2007/2008. UNDP. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/brown_oli.pdf

Burke, M, Hsiang and Miguel, E (2014). Climate and Conflict. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 20598. https://www.nber.org/papers/w20598

Buxton, N (2021). Primer on Climate Security: The Dangers of Militarising the Climate Crisis. The Transnational Institute. https://www.tni.org/en/publication/primer-on-climate-security

Buxton, N and Hayes, B (eds.) (2015). The Secure and the Dispossessed - How the Military and Corporations are Shaping a Climate-Changed World. The Transnational Institute. Publishers site: https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-secure-and-the-dispossessed Full text for free: https://www.academia.edu/40078378/Secure_and_dispossessed_How_the_Military_and_Corporations_are_Shaping_a_Climate_Changed_World [“Examines the military and corporations' strategies in the context of climate change to secure wealth for those who have it while further dispossessing those who will be most affected by climate change.”]

Cabrera, Y (2019). ‘Climate Chaos’ is Displacing the World’s Poor Communities. Grist, Dec. 3. https://grist.org/justice/climate-chaos-is-displacing-the-worlds-poor-communities/

Campbell, J and Warrick, O (2014). Climate Change and Migration in the Pacific. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/docs/261/Pacific.pdf

Campbell, K, Gulledge, J, McNeill, J, Podesta, J, Ogden, P, Fuerth, L, Woolsey, R, Lennon, A, Smith, J and Weitz, R (2007). The Age of Consequences: The Foreign Policy and National Security Implications of Global Climate Change. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Center for a New American Security. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a473826.pdf

The Center for Climate and Security (2017). Military Expert Panel Report: Sea Level Rise and the U.S. Military’s Mission. https://climateandsecurity.org/militaryexpertpanel/

Chazalnoël, M, Pușcaș, I, Ai, Y, Pheto, N and Phakathi, T (2019). Climate Change and Migration in Vulnerable Countries. The International Organization for Migration and the Office of the High Representative for Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/climate_change_and_migration_in_vulnerable_countries.pdf

Chin-Yee, S (2019). Climate Change and Human Security. The European Centre for Energy and Resource Security, Strategy Paper 18. Department of War Studies, King’s College London. https://eucers.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EUCERS-Strategy-Paper-18.pdf

Climate Migration Forum (2021). Resources. https://climatemigrationforum.net/category/resources/ [Collection of papers.]

Climgration (2021). https://www.climigration.org/

Climgration (2021). Case Studies. https://www.climigration.org/case-studies

Climgration (2021). Reports. https://www.climigration.org/resources

Collins, C (2019). Climate Change and Global Security: Planning for Potential Conflict. Climate Institute, Sept. 25. http://climate.org/climate-change-and-global-security-planning-for-potential-conflict/

Corry, O (2017). The International Politics of Geoengineering: The Feasibility of Plan B for Tackling Climate Change. Security Dialogue, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010617704142 [Includes security implications]

Covering Climate Now (2021). Flight for Their Lives. https://coveringclimatenow.org/flight-for-their-lives/ [Collection of articles about climate migration.]

Cox, K, Knack, A, Robson, M, Adger, N, Paille, P, Freeman, J, Black, J and Harris, R (2020). A Changing Climate: Exploring the Implications of Climate Change for UK Defence and Security. The Global Strategic Partnership, RAND Europe. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/892828/dcdc_report_changing_climate_gsp_RR-A487.pdf

DARA and the Climate Vulnerable Forum (2012). Climate Vulnerability Monitor 2nd Edition: A Guide to the Cold Calculus of a Hot Planet. Fundación DARA Internacional. https://daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/CVM2-Low.pdf

Da Silva, I (2019). Displaced by the Desert: An Expanding Sahara Leaves Broken Families and Violence in its Wake. Relief Web, Oct. 18. https://reliefweb.int/report/mali/displaced-desert-expanding-sahara-leaves-broken-families-and-violence-its-wake

Deaton, J (2019). This City May Become a Magnet for Climate Refugees. Mother Jones, Dec. 7. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2019/12/this-city-may-become-a-magnet-for-climate-refugees/

Dellinger, A (2019). Extreme Weather has Displaced Over 7 Million People Already this Year, New Report Says. Mic, Sept. 30. https://www.mic.com/p/extreme-weather-has-displaced-over-7-million-people-already-this-year-new-report-says-18750170

Department of Defense, Office of the Undersecretary for Policy (2021). Department of Defense Climate Risk Analysis. Report Submitted to National Security Council. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Oct/21/2002877353/-1/-1/0/DOD-CLIMATE-RISK-ANALYSIS-FINAL.PDF

De Sherbinin, A et al., (2012). Migration and Risk: Net Migration in Marginal Ecosystems and Hazardous Areas. Environmental Research Letters, 7. https://www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/publication/2013/Environmental%20Research%20Letters%20-%20Migration%20and%20Risk.pdf

Detraz, N and Windsor, L (2014). Evaluating Climate Migration: Population Movement, Insecurity and Gender. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2013.789640

Devlin, C and Hendrix, C (2014). Trends and Triggers Redux: Climate Change, Rainfall, and Interstate Conflict. Political Geography, 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.07.001

Dunlop, I and Spratt, D (2017). Disaster Alley: Climate Change Conflict and Risk. Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration. Discussion Paper. https://52a87f3e-7945-4bb1-abbf-9aa66cd4e93e.filesusr.com/ugd/148cb0_1d614b99bd734626a0deba96f8d843d4.pdf [Comprehensive with an engaging format. Written to be readable by anyone.]

The Environmental Justice Foundation (2014). The Gathering Storm: Climate Change, Security and Conflict. https://ejfoundation.org/reports/the-gathering-storm-climate-change-security-and-conflict

Faheid, D and Livingstone, K (2021). To Flee, or to Stay Until the End and Be Swallowed by the Sea. Inside Climate News, July 18. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18072021/to-flee-or-to-stay-until-the-end-and-be-swallowed-by-the-sea/

Fan, Q, Fisher-Vanden, K and Klaiber, H (2018). Climate Change, Migration, and Regional Economic Impacts in the United States. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 5(3). https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/697168#:~:text=Recent%20studies%20predict%20that%20climate,less%20susceptible%20to%20extreme%20climate.&text=In%20addition%2C%20wage%20effects%20are,results%20in%20larger%20welfare%20changes

Fatima, R, Wadud, A and Coelho, S (2014). Human Rights, Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration: A New Paradigm. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/human-rights-climate-change-environmental-degradation-and-migration-new-paradigm

Femia, W (2018). Significant Security Threats from Climate Change on the Horizon. Defense Dossier, 23: 20-24. https://www.afpc.org/publications/e-journals/resource-security-and-changing-global-environmental-conditions

Flavell, A (2014). IOM Outlook on Migration, Environment and Climate Change. International Organization for Migration. http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mecc_outlook.pdf

Flavelle, C (2020). U.S. Flood Strategy Shifts to ‘Unavoidable’ Relocation of Entire Neighborhoods. The New York Times, Aug. 26. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/climate/flooding-relocation-managed-retreat.html

Flavelle, C, Barnes, J, Sullivan, E and Steinhauer, J (2021). Climate Change Poses a Widening Threat to National Security. The New York Times, Oct. 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/climate/climate-change-national-security.html

Freedman, A (2021). Climate Change is a Major Threat to Stability, Spy Agencies Say. Axios, Apr. 9. https://www.axios.com/climate-change-national-security-intelligence-report-22a18eaa-f307-4d07-a149-6c565dd7337f.html

Frietsch, M (2020). People On the Move: Migration as An Adaptation to Climate Change. Science 4 Sustainability, Nov. 9. https://science4sustainability.wordpress.com/2020/11/09/people-on-the-move-migration-as-an-adaptation-to-climate-change/

Fritz, C (2010). Climate Change and Migration: Sorting through Complex Issues without the Hype. Migration Policy Institute, March 4. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/climate-change-and-migration-sorting-through-complex-issues-without-hype

Frohlich, C and Klepp, S (2018). Climate Change and Migration Crises in Oceania. Toda Peace Institute, Policy Brief No. 20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331935743_Climate_Change_and_Migration_Crises_in_Oceania

Funes, Y (2018). The Migrant Caravan's Plight Is a Glimpse of Our Coming Climate Crisis. Gizmodo, Oct. 25. https://earther.gizmodo.com/the-migrant-caravans-plight-is-a-glimpse-of-our-coming-1829995639

Gander, K (2020). Climate Change Leading to Warming of Just 1.5C Could Kill 1,600 More Americans Every Year. Newsweek, Jan. 13. https://www.newsweek.com/climate-change-leading-warming-just-15c-could-kill-1600-more-americans-every-year-1481840 [Includes alarming short video with David Wallace-Wells]

Gaub, F and Lienard, C (2021). Arab Climate Future: Of Risk and Readiness. Chaillot Paper 170. The European Union Institute for Security Studies. https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/arab-climate-futures

Gemenne, F (2017). Why the Numbers Don’t Add Up: A Review of Estimates and Predictions of People Displaced by Environmental Changes. Global Environmental Change, 21(suppl. 1): S41-S49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.005

Gilruth, P (2019). Environment, Climate Change and Security. Foresight Brief, 12. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27920/Foresight%20150419.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Gleick, P (2014). Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria. Weather, Climate and Society, 6: 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1

Glieck, P (2021). The Climate Crisis Will Create Two Classes: Those Who Can Flee, and Those Who Cannot. The Guardian, July 7. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jul/07/global-heating-climate-crisis-heat-two-classes

Global Oneness Project (2019). Migration. https://www.globalonenessproject.org/library/collections/migration [A collection of articles and films to “Discover what’s lost and gained as migrants travel long distances in search of a new home.”]

Government Office for Science (2011). Migration and Global Environmental Change Future Challenges and Opportunities. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/287717/11-1116-migration-and-global-environmental-change.pdf

Greig, J (2020). This Is How Climate Change Will Increase Human Conflict. Vice, June 5. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/z3b8a5/this-is-how-climate-change-will-increase-human-conflict

Griffiths, J (2019). What Happens When Parts of South Asia Become Unlivable? The Climate Crisis is Already Displacing Millions. CNN, July 17. https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/17/asia/india-nepal-flooding-climate-refugees-intl-hnk/index.html

Gunn, L (2017). National Security and the Accelerating Risk of Climate Change. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.227

Guzman, J, Martine, G, McGranahan, G, Schensul, D and Tacoli, C (eds) (2009). Population Dynamics and Climate Change. United Nations Population Fund and International Institute for Environment and Development. https://www.unfpa.org/resources/population-dynamics-and-climate-change [Free book with 14 chapters.]

Harp, R and Karnauskas, K (2020). Global Warming to Increase Violent Crime in the United States. Environmental Research Letters, 15(3). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b37/pdf

Hartog, J (2021). Turning Up the Heat: Climate Change, Fragility, and Conflict. Fragile States Index, May 20. https://fragilestatesindex.org/2021/05/20/turning-up-the-heat-climate-change-fragility-and-conflict/

Hauer, M (2017). Migration Induced by Sea-level Rise Could Reshape the US Population Landscape. Nature Climate Change, 7: 321–325. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3271

Hawa, K (2017). Health and Climate Security: Interconnected Security Challenges of Climate Change and Infections Disease, in Werrell, C and Femia, F, (eds) Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of the Anthropocene. The Center for Climate and Security. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/6_health-security.pdf

Haywood, A (2021). The Fat Lady Has Just Sung. Medium, Nov. 3. https://medium.com/politically-speaking/the-fat-lady-has-just-sung-7d337ddf1cee [“The US military is planning on a greater than 1.5 degrees Celsius rise in global temperatures and chaos, by 2030.”]

Hegre, H, Buhaug, H, Calvin, K, Nordkvelle, J, Waldhoff, S and Gilmore, E (2016). Forecasting Civil Conflict Along the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/054002

Hino, M, Field, C and Mach, K (2017). Managed Retreat as a Response to Natural Hazard Risk. Nature Climate Change, 7: 364–370. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3252

Horton, R, Sherbinin, A, Wrathall, D and Oppenheimer, M (2021). Assessing Human Habitability and Migration. Science, 372(6548). https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abi8603

Hsiang, S, Burke, M and Miguel, E (2013). Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict. Science, 341(6151). https://10.1126/science.1235367

Hsiang, S and Sobel, A (2016). Potentially Extreme Population Displacement and Concentration in the Tropics Under Non-Extreme Warming, Scientific Reports, 6. https://www.impactlab.org/research/potentially-extreme-population-displacement-and-concentration-in-the-tropics-under-non-extreme-warming/

Huizenga, D (2022). Environmental Disasters are Fueling Migration — Here’s Why International Law Must Recognize Climate Refugees. The Conversation, Jan. 13. https://theconversation.com/environmental-disasters-are-fuelling-migration-heres-why-international-law-must-recognize-climate-refugees-173714

Huntjens, P and Nachbar, K (2015). Climate Change as a Threat Multiplier for Human Disaster and Conflict. The Hague Institute for Global Justice, Working Paper 9. https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/working-Paper-9-climate-change-threat-multiplier.pdf

Ide, T, Brzoska, M, Donges, J and Schleussner, C (2020). Multi-method Evidence for When and How Climate-related Disasters Contribute to Armed Conflict Risk. Global Environmental Change, 62. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378019307307

Institute for Economics & Peace (2020). Over One Billion People at Threat of Being Displaced by 2050 Due to Environmental Change, Conflict and Civil Unrest. https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Ecological-Threat-Register-Press-Release-27.08-FINAL.pdf

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (2020). Previous Global Reports on Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report

International Military Council on Climate and Security (2020). The World Climate and Security Report 2020. https://climateandsecurity.org/worldclimatesecurityreport2020/

International Organization for Migration (2013). MECLEP Infographics on Migration as Adaptation to Environmental and Climate Change, in Environmental Migration Platform. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/infographics

Ionesco, D, Mokhnacheva, D and Gemme, F (2016). The Atlas of Environmental Migration. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315777313

Johnson, S (2021). Climate Crisis Leaving ‘Millions at Risk of Trafficking and Slavery’. The Guardian, Sept. 20. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/20/climate-crisis-leaving-millions-at-risk-of-trafficking-and-slavery

Jones, A, Natalini, D and Phadtare, I (2019). Environmental Stress is Already Causing Death – This Chaos Map Shows Where. The Conversation, Oct. 24. https://theconversation.com/environmental-stress-is-already-causing-death-this-chaos-map-shows-where-123796

Kariuki, A and Kron, A (2021). Climate Action Holds Key to Tackling Global Conflict. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/climate-action-holds-key-tackling-global-conflict

Kelly, C, Mohtadi, S, Cane, M, Seager, R and Kushnir, Y (2015). Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112

Kempe, Y (2021). House Hunters are Fleeing Climate Change, Causing a New Kind of Gentrification. Grist, April 9. https://grist.org/housing/house-hunters-are-fleeing-climate-change-causing-a-new-kind-of-gentrification/

King, D, Schrag, D, Dadi, Z, Ye, Q and Ghosh, A (2015). Climate Change: A Risk Assessment. Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge. http://www.csap.cam.ac.uk/projects/climate-change-risk-assessment/

King, M and Burnell, J (2017). The Weaponization of Water in a Changing Climate, in Werrell, C and Femia, F, (eds) Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of the Anthropocene. The Center for Climate and Security. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/8_water-weaponization.pdf

Kuperman, A (2011). Can Political Institutions Avert Violence from Climate Change? Robert Strauss Center for International Security and Law, Climate Change and African Political Stability. https://www.strausscenter.org/images/pdf/original.pdf

Lavelle, M (2021). By 2050, 200 Million Climate Refugees May Have Fled Their Homes. But International Laws Offer Them Little Protection. Inside Climate News, Nov. 2. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02112021/climate-refugees-international-law-cop26/

Lee, B (2016). Causes and Cures VIII: Environmental Violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.07.004

Lefbvre, B (2021). How ‘Climate Migrants’ Are Roiling American Politics. Politico, Nov. 27. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/11/27/how-climate-migrants-are-roiling-american-politics-523295

Lelieveld, J, and Hadjinicolaou, P (2016). Climate-exodus Expected in the Middle East and North Africa. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, May 2. https://www.mpg.de/10481936/climate-change-middle-east-north-africa

Levy, B, Sidel, V and Patz, J (2017). Climate Change and Collective Violence. Annual Review of Public Health, 38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044232

Lo, J (2021). Biden Orders Adviser to Explore Options for Resettling Climate Migrants. Climate Home News, Feb. 8. https://www.climatechangenews.com/2021/02/08/biden-orders-adviser-explore-options-resettling-climate-migrants/

Lustgarten, A (2020a). The Great Climate Migration Has Begun. NY Times, July 23. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/23/magazine/climate-migration.html or Where Will Everyone Go? ProPublica, July 23. https://features.propublica.org/climate-migration/model-how-climate-refugees-move-across-continents/

Lustgarten, A (2020b). Climate Change Will Force a New American Migration. ProPublica, Sept. 15. https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-force-a-new-american-migration [A key article.]

Martin, S, Bergmann, J, Rigaud, K and Yameogo, N (2021). Climate Change, Human Mobility, and Development. Migration Studies, 9(1). https://academic.oup.com/migration/article/9/1/142/6017392?guestAccessKey=ce3b3d4b-bbda-41cd-829c-349018d47543

McCartney, C (2020). Migration and the Shared Planet. Radical Ecological Ecology, Oct. 18. https://radicalecologicaldemocracy.org/migrations-and-the-shared-planet/

McDonnell, T (2019). Climate Change Creates a New Migration Crisis for Bangladesh. National Geographic, Jan. 24. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/01/climate-change-drives-migration-crisis-in-bangladesh-from-dhaka-sundabans/

McLeman, R (2017a). Migration and Displacement in a Changing Climate, in Werrell, C and Femia, F, (eds) Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of the Anthropocene. The Center for Climate and Security. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/12_migration-and-displacement.pdf

McLeman, R (2017b). Migration and Land Degradation: Recent Experiences and Future Trends. Global Land Outlook Working Paper. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2018-06/8.%20Migration%2Band%2BLand%2BDegradation__R_McLeman.pdf

McMichael, C (2020). Human Mobility, Climate Change, and Health: Unpacking the Connections. The Lancet Planetary Health, 4(6). https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(20)30125-X/fulltext

Mhatre, A (2021). Climate Refugees: The Quest for a Haven from Extreme Weather Events. CBS News, Ja. 24. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/climate-refugees-the-quest-for-a-haven-from-extreme-weather-events/ [With a focus on climate migration in the U.S.A.]

Migration Data Portal (2020). Environmental Migration. https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/environmental_migration [Leads to data and other resources.]

Miles-Novelo, A and Anderson, C (2019). Climate Change and Psychology: Effects of Rapid Global Warming on Violence and Aggression. Current Climate Change Reports, 5(1): 36-46. http://www.craiganderson.org/wp-content/uploads/caa/abstracts/2015-2019/19M-NA.pdf

Monaghan, K, Rubin, D and Little, G (2021). To Win the Climate Battle, We Need the Intelligence Community. The Hill, March 8. https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/542060-to-win-the-climate-battle-we-need-the-intelligence-community

Morell, M (2020). Environmentalist Bill McKibben on National Security Implications of Climate Change. CBS news, Aug. 12. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/environmentalist-bill-mckibben-on-national-security-implications-of-climate-change/

Mosello, B, Foong, A, Konig, C, Wolfmaier, S and Wright, E (2020). Spreading Disease, Spreading Conflict? COVID-19, Climate Change and Security Risks. The Climate Security Expert Network. https://climate-security-expert-network.org/sites/climate-security-expert-network.com/files/documents/spreading_disease_spreading_conflict.pdf

Munoz, S (2019). What Happens When a Country Drowns? The Conversation, July 1. https://theconversation.com/what-happens-when-a-country-drowns-118659

Naser, M (2012). Climate Change, Environmental Degradation, and Migration: A Complex Nexus. William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review, 36(3). https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1550&context=wmelpr

National Intelligence Council (2021). National Intelligence Estimate: Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security Through 2040. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, NIC-NIE-2021-10030-A. https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/NIE_Climate_Change_and_National_Security.pdf

The National Security, Military, and Intelligence Panel on Climate Change (2020). A Security Threat Assessment of Global Climate Change. https://climateandsecurity.org/a-security-threat-assessment-of-global-climate-change/

Nawrotzki, R, Diaconu, M and Pittman, S (2009). Climate Change Induced Human Migration: The Necessity of Collective Global Action. Global Studies Journal, 2(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260598278_Climate_change_induced_human_migration_The_necessity_of_collective_global_action

Newland, K (2011). Climate Change and Migration Dynamics. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/climate-change-and-migration-dynamics

Norwegian Refugee Council, (2019). Disaster and Climate Change. https://www.nrc.no/what-we-do/speaking-up-for-rights/climate-change/

O’Brien, K, Sygna, L, Leichenko, R, Adger, W, Barnett, J, Mitchell, T, Schipper, L, Tanner, T, Vogel, C and Mortreux, C (2008). Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation and Human Security. A Commissioned Report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.569.6835&rep=rep1&type=pdf

O’Sullivan, T (2015). Environmental Security is Homeland Security: Climate Disruption as the Ultimate Disaster Risk Multiplier. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 6(2). https://www.academia.edu/19590119/Environmental_Security_is_Homeland_Security_Climate_Disruption_as_the_Ultimate_Disaster_Risk_Multiplier

Oxfam (2019). Forced from Home: Climate-fueled Displacement. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/forced-home-climate-fuelled-displacement

Peters, A (2019). Want to Find a Place to Live That Will be Safe from Climate Change? Good Luck. Fast Company, Oct. 4. https://www.fastcompany.com/90411820/want-to-find-a-place-to-live-that-will-be-safe-from-climate-change-good-luck

PF Pictures (2017). The Age of Consequences. http://theageofconsequences.com/ [“Investigates the impacts of climate change on increased resource scarcity, migration, and conflict through the lens of US national security and global stability.”]

Pinter, N (2021). The Lost History of Managed Retreat and Community Relocation in the United States. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2021.00036

Podesta, J (2019). The Climate Crisis, Migration, and Refugees. The Brookings Institute. Commissioned for the 16th annual Brookings Blum Roundtable.https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees/

ProPublica (2021). The Great Climate Migration. https://www.propublica.org/series/the-great-climate-migration [Collection of articles on the subject.]

Quintos, P (2019). Climate Change and Human Mobility. Rosa Luxembourg Stiftung Policy Paper. https://climatemigrationforum.net/climate-change-and-human-mobility/

Raineri, L (2020). Sahel Climate Conflicts? When (Fighting) Climate Change Fuels Terrorism. The European Union Institute for Security Studies. https://www.iss.europa.eu/content/sahel-climate-conflicts-when-fighting-climate-change-fuels-terrorism

Ramirez, I (2019). Climate Change Will Create 1.5 Billion Migrants by 2050 and We Have No Idea Where They'll Go. Vice, Sept. 12. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59n9qa/climate-change-will-create-15-billion-migrants-by-2050-and-we-have-no-idea-where-theyll-go

Ramirez, R (2021). It's 'Inescapable': Pacific Islanders Have Tried to Flee the Climate Crisis, Only to Face New Threats. CNN, July 8. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/08/us/pacific-islands-climate-change-refugees/index.html

Renner, M (2013). Climate Change and Displacements, in Assadourian, E and Prugh, T (eds.), State of the World 2013: Is Sustainability Still Possible? Worldwatch Institute. http://library.uniteddiversity.coop/More_Books_and_Reports/State_of_the_World/State_of_the_World_2013-Is_Sustainability_Still_Possible.pdf

Richards, J and Bradshaw, S (2017). Uprooted by Climate Change: Responding to the Growing Risk of Displacement. Oxfam International. https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/bp-uprooted-climate-change-displacement-021117-en.pdf

Rigaud, K, Kanta, de Sherbinin, A, Jones, B, Bergmann, J, Clement, V, Ober, K, Schewe, J, Adamo, S, McCusker, B, Heuser, S, and Midgley, A (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461

Robinson, C, Dilkina, B and Moreno-Cruz, J (2020). Modeling Migration Patterns in the USA Under Sea Level Rise. PLoS ONE, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227436

Robustelli, T and Panfil, Y (2022). What Are We Going to Do with More Than 200 Million Climate Refugees? Slate, March 26. https://slate.com/technology/2022/03/climate-refugees-un-designation-matt-bell.html

Rodriguez, S (2021). It’s Not a Border Crisis. It’s a Climate Crisis. Politico, Jul 19. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/07/19/guatemala-immigration-climate-change-499281

Rosa, Eugene A., Thomas Dietz, Richard H. Moss, Scott Atran and S. C. Moser (2012). Managing the Risks of Climate Change and Terrorism. Solutions, 3(2): 59-65. http://susannemoser.com/documents/Rosaetal_RiskAssessment_Solutions_Preformat.pdf

Salehyan, I and Hendrix, C (2014). Climate Shocks and Political Violence. Global Environmental Change, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.007

Santur, H (2019). Weather and War: How Climate Shocks are Compounding Somalia’s Problems. The New Humanitarian, Nov. 19. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2019/11/19/Climate-shocks-Somalia-problems

Saperstein, A (2015). Climate Change, Migration, and the Puget Sound Region: What We Know and How We Could Learn More. Report prepared for the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. The Daniel J. Evans School of Public Policy and Governance, University of Washington https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/10/Climate-Migration-Saperstein-Final-Aug-3-2015.pdf

Schleussner, C, Donges, J, Donner, R and Schellnhuber, H (2016). Armed-Conflict Risks Enhanced by Climate-related Disasters in Ethnically Fractionalized Countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33): 9216-9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601611113

Shapiro, A, Ozug, M and Davis, W (2022). The First Step to Preparing for Surging Climate Migration? Defining it. NPR, Feb. 23. https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082370619/migration-climate-change-disaster

Shepherd, A, Mitchell, T, Lewis, K, Lenhardt, A, Jones, L, Scott, L, and Muir-Wood, R (2013). The Geography of Poverty, Disasters and Climate Extremes in 2030. Overseas Development Institute. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8633.pdf

Sherwood, S and Huber, M (2010). An Adaptability Limit to Climate Change Due to Heat Stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(21). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913352107

Singh, H (20). Climate Induced Displacement/migration: An Overview. ActionAid International. https://climatemigrationforum.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Climate-induced-displacement-and-migration-an-overview.pdf [Pdf of presentation full of statistics and graphics.]

Spratt, D and Dunlop, I (2019a). The Third Degree: Evidence and Implications for Australia of Existential Climate-related Security Risk. Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration. Discussion Paper. https://52a87f3e-7945-4bb1-abbf-9aa66cd4e93e.filesusr.com/ugd/148cb0_c65caa20ecb342568a99a6b179995027.pdf

Sutter, J (2021). As People Flee Climate Change On the Coasts, this Midwest City is Trying to Become a Safe Haven. CNN, April 12. https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2021/04/12/opinions/climate-migration-in-america-california-duluth-sutter/index.html

Tempus, A (2020). Are We Thinking About Climate Migration All Wrong? Rolling Stone, Mar. 14. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/climate-migration-predicted-number-climate-refugees-962251/

Turrentine, J (2019). Climate Change Is Already Driving Mass Migration Around the Globe. Natural Resources Defense Council. https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/climate-change-already-driving-mass-migration-around-globe [Brief]

Ufberg, M (2022). ‘It’s Happening Now’: How Rising Sea Levels Are Causing a US Migration Crisis. The Guardian, April 7. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/07/its-happening-now-how-rising-sea-levels-are-causing-a-us-migration-crisis

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2019). Land and Human Security. https://www.unccd.int/issues/land-and-human-security

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2017). Overview Climate Change and Disaster Displacement: An Overview of UNHCR’S Role. https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/protection/environment/5975e6cf7/climate-change-disaster-displacement-overview-unhcrs-role.html

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2021a). Climate Change and Disaster Displacement. https://www.unhcr.org/climate-change-and-disasters.html [Leads to many reports and other resources.]

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2021b). Displaced on the Frontlines of the Climate Emergency. https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/065d18218b654c798ae9f360a626d903 [“Story Maps”]

UN Water (2019). Refugees and Forced Displacement Crises, in The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000367306

U.S. Government Accountability Office (2020). A Climate Migration Pilot Program Could Enhance the Nation’s Resilience and Reduce Federal Fiscal Exposure. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/707961.pdf

Van Lange, P, Rinderu, M and Bushman, B (2018). CLASH: Climate (Change) and Cultural Evolution of Intergroup Conflict. Group Process Intergroup Relations, 21(3). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30369830/

Von Lucke, F, Wellman, Z and Diez, T (2014). What’s at Stake in Securitising Climate Change? Towards a Differentiated Approach. Geopolitics, 19(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2014.913028

Wallace-Wells, D (2018). UN Says Climate Genocide is Coming. It’s Actually Worse than That. NY Mag., Oct. 10. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/un-says-climate-genocide-coming-but-its-worse-than-that.html

Walsh, B (2021). The Future Will Depend on Letting People Move. Axios, Oct. 13. https://www.axios.com/parag-khanna-mass-migration-climate-change-423c7c16-2a33-4f18-b5e8-3894dee843e5.html

Werrell, C and Femia, F (2013). The Arab Spring and Climate Change. The Center for Climate and Security. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/the-arab-spring-and-climate-change_2013_02.pdf

Werrell, C and Femia, F (2018). Climate Change Raises Conflict Concerns. The UNESCO Courier. https://en.unesco.org/courier/2018-2/climate-change-raises-conflict-concerns

Werz, M and Conley, L (2012). Climate Change, Migration, and Conflict: Addressing Complex Crisis Scenarios in the 21^st Century. Center for American Progress. https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2012/01/pdf/climate_migration.pdf

The White House of the United States of America (2021). Report on the Impact of Climate Change on Migration. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Report-on-the-Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Migration.pdf

Whitely Binder, L and Jurjevich, J (2016). The Winds of Change? Exploring Climate Change-driven Migration and Related Impacts in the Pacific Northwest: Symposium Summary. Portland State University Population Research Center and the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/11/climate-migration-symposium-summary.pdf

World Food Programme (2019). Climate Change and Conflict. https://www.wfp.org/publications/climate-change-and-conflict [2 page fact sheet format]

The World Staff (2020). Could Migration be a Solution to the Climate Crisis? The World, PRX. https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-08-21/could-migration-be-solution-climate-crisis [Podcast and written summary.]

Yawn, A (2020). As Gulf Swallows Louisiana Island, Displaced Tribe Fears the Future. The American South, USA Today Network, Feb. 27. https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/investigations/2020/02/27/isle-de-jean-charles-louisiana-climate-refugees-resettlement/4890004002/ [Personalizing sea level rise and climate migration. Very engaging, lots of graphics.]

Yayboke, E, Staguhn, J, Houser, T and Salma, T (2020). A New Framework for U.S. Leadership on Climate Migration. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/new-framework-us-leadership-climate-migration

D. Deforestation and Wildfire [back to subsections]

Abatzoglou, J and Williams, A (2016). Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire across Western US Forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(42): 11770–75. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607171113

Agence France-Presse (2019). Vast Wildfires in Siberia a Potential "Disaster" for Arctic, and the World's Climate. CBS News, July 30. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/siberia-wildfires-russia-potential-disaster-climate-change-both-feed-off-and-contribute-to-warming-greenpeace/

Bowlin, N (2019). The West’s Worst Fires aren’t Burning in Forests. High Country News, Jun 13. https://www.hcn.org/issues/51.11/wildfire-the-wests-worst-fires-arent-burning-in-forests

Brinkema, C, O’Shea, T and Paz y Mino, P (2019). Scorched Earth: Culture and Climate Under Siege. Climate One. https://climateone.org/events/scorched-earth-culture-and-climate-under-siege [video of panel discussion]

Bryson, D (2021). U.S. West Faces Little-known Effect of Raging Wildfires: Contaminated Water. Reuters, July 1. https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/us-west-faces-little-known-effect-raging-wildfires-contaminated-water-2021-07-01/

Burley, H and Thomson, E (2021). A Climate Wake-up; But Business Failing to Hear the Alarm on Deforestation. Global Canopy. https://forest500.org/sites/default/files/forest500_2022report_final.pdf

Canon, G (2022). ‘Urban Fire Storm’: Suburban Sprawl Raising Risk of Destructive Wildfires. The Guardian, Jan. 6. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/06/urban-fire-storm-suburban-sprawl-wildfires-colorado

Chow, D (2020). Australia Wildfires Unleash Millions of Tons of Carbon Dioxide. NBC News, Jan. 22. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/australia-wildfires-unleash-millions-tons-carbon-dioxide-n1120186

Climate Reality Project (2019). This is the New Normal: California and Constant Fire. https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/new-normal-california-and-constant-fire

Coogan, S, Robinne, F, Jain, P and Flannigan, M (2019). Scientists’ Warning on Wildfire — A Canadian Perspective. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources, 49. http://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/sw/files/Coogan2019.pdf

Coughlin, M, Ellison, A and Cavanaugh, A (2019). Social Vulnerability and Wildfire in the Wildland-Urban Interface: Literature Synthesis. Ecosystem Workforce Program Working Paper Series, Institute for a Sustainable Environment, University of Oregon. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337499719_Social_vulnerability_and_Wildfire_in_the_Wildland_Urban_Interface

Cushman, C (2020). Fanning the Flame: Amazon and Australia Fires. YSI Water Blogged, Aug. 4. https://www.ysi.com/ysi-blog/water-blogged-blog/2020/08/fanning-the-flame-amazon-and-australian-fires

Davies, I, Huago, R, Roberstons, J, and Levin, P (2018). The Unequal Vulnerability of Communities of Color to Wildfire. PLoS ONE, 13(11): e0205825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205825

Davis, K, Dobrowski, S, Higuera, P, Holden, Z, Veblen, T, Rother, M, Parks, S, Sala, A and Maneta, M (2019). Wildfires and Climate Change Push Low-elevation Forests Across a Critical Climate Threshold for Tree Regeneration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(110). https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/03/05/1815107116

De Place, E and DeStephano, P (2019). How Does Climate Change Affect Northwestern Wildfires? Sightline, Aug. 14. https://www.sightline.org/2019/08/14/climate-change-affect-wildfires-season-northwest/

Di Liberto, T (2020). Fire Fuels in High Northern Latitudes are Becoming More Flammable. NOAA Climate.Gov, Dec. 8. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/fire-fuels-high-northern-latitudes-are-becoming-more-flammable

Dowdy, A, Purcell, L, Boulter, S and Moura, L (2022). Wildfires Under Climate Change: A Burning Issue, in Frontiers 2022: Noise, Blazes and Mismatches. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/38061/Frontiers_2022CH2.pdf [Engaging graphics]

Elbein, S (2022). 'Double Hazards' Map Points To a Hidden Geography of Wildfire Risk. The Hill, Feb. 9. https://thehill.com/policy/equilibrium-sustainability/593508-double-hazards-map-points-to-areas-at-highest-risk-for

Flannigan, M, Amiro, B, Logan, K, Stocks, B and Wotton, B (2006). Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21st Century. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11(4): 847-859. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7

Gatti, L et al., (2021). Amazonia as a Carbon Source Linked to Deforestation and Climate Change. Nature, 595. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03629-6

Gleason, K, McConnell, J, Arienzo, M, Chellman, N and Calvin, W (2019). Four-fold Increase in Solar Forcing on Snow in Western U.S. Burned Forests Since 1999. Nature Communications, 10(2026). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09935-y

Goering, L (2020). New Research Warns Wildfires May Create Unmanageable Risks as Temperatures Continue to Rise. Thomson Reuters Foundation News, March 4. https://news.trust.org/item/20200304162337-lt61v/

Gomes, V, Vieira, I, Salomao, R and Steege, H (2019). Amazonian Tree Species Threatened by Deforestation and Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 9: 547–553. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0500-2

Goss, M, Swain, D, Abatzoflou, J, Sarhadi, A, Kolden, C, Williams, A, and Diffenbaugh, N (2020). Climate Change is Increasing the Likelihood of Extreme Autumn Wildfire Conditions Across California. Environmental Research Letters, 15(9). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab83a7

Gregory, M (2019). The Arctic Is on Fire, and It Might Be Creating a Vicious Climate 'Feedback Loop'. Vice, July 29. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/qv7g3m/the-arctic-is-on-fire-and-it-might-be-creating-a-vicious-climate-feedback-loop

Guzman, J (2020). Australia Wildfires Threaten to Upset the Earth's Carbon Balance. The Hill, Jan. 23. https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/479566-australia-wildfires-threaten-to-upset-the-earths

Halofsky, J, Peterson, D and Harvey, B (2020). Changing Wildfire, Changing Forests: The Effects of Climate Change on Fire Regimes and Vegetation in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fire Ecology, 16(4). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42408-019-0062-8

Harvey, C (2019). In “Vicious Cycle,” Snowmelt Fuels Wildfires and Wildfires Melt Snow. Scientific American, May 9. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-vicious-cycle-snowmelt-fuels-wildfires-and-wildfires-melt-snow/

Helbig, M et al., (2020). Increasing Contribution of Peatlands to Boreal Evapotranspiration in a Warming Climate. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0763-7 [Drying out of peat lands increases risk of fire and greenhouse gas emissions.]

Hickey, H (2021). Drier, Warmer Night Air is Making Some Western Wildfires More Active at Night. UW News, Aug. 5. https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/08/05/dry-air-wildfires/

Joshi, S (2020). Scientists Are Worried About ‘Zombie Fires’ Ravaging the Arctic. Vice, May 28. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/g5pg8q/scientists-are-worried-about-zombie-fires-ravaging-the-arctic

Littell, J, Peterson, D, Riley, K, Liu, Y and Luce, C (2016). A Review of the Relationships Between Drought and Forest Fire in the United States. Global Change Biology 22:2353-2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13275

Liu, Y, Goodrick, S and Stanturf, J (2012). Future U.S. Wildfire Potential Trends Projected Using a Dynamically Downscaled Climate Change Scenario. Forest Ecology and Management, 294: 120-135. , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.06.049

Ma, M (2021). New Report: State of the Science on Western Wildfires, Forests and Climate Change. University of Washington News, Aug. 2. https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/08/02/new-report-state-of-the-science-on-western-wildfires-forests-and-climate-change/

McKenzie, D. and Littell, J (2017). Climate Change and the Eco-hydrology of Fire: Will Area Burned Increase in a Warming Western USA? Ecological Applications, 27:26-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1420

Morgan, H, Bagley, A, McGill, L, and Raymond, C (2019). Managing Washington Wildfire Risk in a Changing Climate. Workshop summary report prepared by the Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and the Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. https://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/Managing-Western-Washington-Wildfire-Risk-in-a-Changing-Climate-1.pdf

Noble, C, Sampaio, G, Boma, L, Castilla-Rubio, J, Silva, J and Cardoso, M (2016). Land-use and Climate Change Risks in the Amazon and the Need of a Novel Sustainable Development Paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 113(39): 10759-10768. https://www.pnas.org/content/113/39/10759

Port, N et al., (2021). United States of Wildfire. NPR, Aug. 10. https://apps.npr.org/us-wildfires-impact-environment-climate-change/ [Interactive visualization.]

Prevedello, J, Winck, G, Weber, M, Nichols, E and Sinervo, B (2019). Impacts of Forestation and Deforestation on Local Temperature Across the Globe. PloS ONE, 14(3). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0213368

Prichard, S, Hagman, K and Hessburg, P (2021). How Years of Fighting Every Wildfire Helped Fuel the Western Megafires of Today. The Conversation, Aug. 2. https://theconversation.com/how-years-of-fighting-every-wildfire-helped-fuel-the-western-megafires-of-today-163165

Princing, M (2019). Wildfires Are the New PNW Summer Norm — and They’re Impacting Our Health. Right as Rain, UW Medicine, Aug.15. https://rightasrain.uwmedicine.org/well/health/wildfire-smoke-health-impact

Pyne, S (2021). Welcome to the Pyrocene. Grist, Aug. 18. https://grist.org/wildfires/welcome-to-the-pyrocene/

Ross, L, Gannon, C and Steinberg, N (2020). Climate Change and Wildfires: Projecting Future Wildfire Potential. Four Twenty Seven Report, Moody’s Corporation. http://427mt.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Projecting-Future-Wildfire-Potential_427_8.2020-3.pdf

Rott, N 92020). Fires Where They Are 'Not Supposed To Happen' In Australia's Ancient Rainforest. NPR, March 28. https://www.npr.org/2020/03/28/820294861/fires-where-they-are-not-supposed-to-happen-in-australia-s-ancient-rainforest

Sadegh, M, Abatzogoluo, J and Alizadeh, M (2021). Western Fires are Burning Higher in the Mountains at Unprecedented Rates In a Clear Sign of Climate Change. Science X, May 25. https://sciencex.com/news/2021-05-western-higher-mountains-unprecedented-climatechange.html

Schneider, L, Cooke, C, Stansell, N and Haberle, S (2020). Plants Safely Store Toxic Mercury. Bushfires and Climate Change Bring it Back into our Environment. The Conversation, Jan. 29. https://theconversation.com/plants-safely-store-toxic-mercury-bushfires-and-climate-change-bring-it-back-into-our-environment-129788

Sidik, S (2020). Feedback Loops of Fire Activity and Climate Change in Canada. EOS, Dec. 8. https://eos.org/articles/feedback-loops-of-fire-activity-and-climate-change-in-canada

Simon, M (2021). Oh Good, Now There's an Outbreak of Wildfire Thunderclouds. Wired, July 27. https://www.wired.com/story/oh-good-now-theres-an-outbreak-of-wildfire-thunderclouds/

Stephens, S et al., (2014). Temperate and Boreal Forest Mega-fires: Characteristics and Challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 12(2). https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2014_stephens_s001.pdf

Stevens-Rumann, C, Kemp, K, Higuera, P, Harvey, B, Rother, M, Donato, D, Morgan, P and Veblen, T (2018). Evidence for Declining Forest Resilience to Wildfires Under Climate Change. Ecology Letters, 21. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.12889

Struzik, E. (2020). The Age of Megafires: The World Hits a Climate Tipping Point. Yale Environment 360, Sept. 17. https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-age-of-megafires-the-world-hits-a-climate-tipping-point

Swain, D (2021). A Shorter, Sharper Rainy Season Amplifies California Wildfire Risk. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL092843

Technical University of Munich (2021). How Climate Change and Fires are Shaping the Forests of the Future. ScienceDaily, July 14. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/210714131921.htm

Tollefson, J (2020). Why Deforestation and Extinctions Make Pandemics More Likely. Nature: News, Aug. 7. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02341-1

Union of Concerned Scientists (2020). The Connection Between Climate Change and Wildfires. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/climate-change-and-wildfires

United Nations Environment Programme and GRID-Arendal (2022). Spreading like Wildfire: The Rising Threat of Extraordinary Landscape Fires. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/spreading-wildfire-rising-threat-extraordinary-landscape-fires

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2019). Chapter 3: Risk, in The UN Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2019. https://gar.unisdr.org/sites/default/files/reports/2019-05/full_gar_report.pdf [Includes a robust section on wildfire]

Van Mantgem, P, Nesmith, J, Keifer, M, Knapp, E, Flint A and Flint, L (2013). Climatic Stress Increases Forest Fire Severity Across the Western United States. Ecology Letters, 16(9): 1151–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12151

Webber, T (2020). As Forests Burn Around the World, Drinking Water is at Risk. ABC News, Jan. 31. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/forests-burn-world-drinking-water-risk-68656498

Well, E (2022). This Isn’t the California I Married. The New York Times, Jan. 3. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/03/magazine/california-widfires.html

Williams, A, Abatzoglou, J, Gershunov, A, Guzman-Morales, J, Biship, D, Balch, J and Lettenmaier, D (2019). Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California. Earth’s Future, 7(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EF001210

Wood, S and Ventimiglia, C (2020). Global Fires. Future Earth, Issue Brief. https://futureearth.org/publications/issue-briefs/global-fires/

Xu, X (2020). Climate Shift, Forest Loss and Fires — Scientists Explain How Amazon Forest Is Trapped In A Vicious Circle. Scienmag, July 22. https://scienmag.com/climate-shift-forest-loss-and-fires-scientists-explain-how-amazon-forest-is-trapped-in-a-vicious-circle/

Xu, X, Jia, G, Shang, X, Riley, W and Xue, Y (2020). Climate Regime Shift and Forest Loss Amplify Fire in Amazonian Forests. Global Change Biology, 26(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15279

Young, A, Higuera, P, Duffy, P and Hu, F (2016). Climatic Thresholds Shape Northern High‐latitude Fire Regimes and Imply Vulnerability to Future Climate Change. Ecography, 40(5). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ecog.02205

Zou, Y, Rasch, P, Wang, H, Xie, Z and Zhang, R (2021). Increasing Large Wildfires Over the Western United States Linked to Diminishing Sea Ice in the Arctic. Nature Communications, 12(6048). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26232-9

E. Drought and Desertification [back to subsections]

Abdulla, F, Gafrej, R, Nagy, Z, Palfi, G and Szabo, E (2017). Water Scarcity and Drought: A Good Practice Handbook. Regional Environmental Center, Szentendre, Hungary. http://documents.rec.org/publications/WaterScarcityandDrought_May2017.pdf

Alexander, K (2020). California, Rest of the West Sinking Into a Rare Mega-drought, Scientists Say. San Francisco Chronicle, April 16. https://www.sfchronicle.com/environment/article/California-rest-of-the-West-sinking-into-a-rare-15205514.php

Berardelli, J (2021). Western U.S. May Be Entering its Most Severe Drought in Modern History. CNN, April 12. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/drought-western-united-states-modern-history/

Carrington, D (2010). Desertification is Greatest Threat to Planet, Expert Warns. The Guardian, Dec. 16. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/dec/16/desertification-climate-change

Cheng, L, Hoerling, M, Liu, Z and Eischeid, J (2019). Physical Understanding of Human-Induced Changes in U.S. Hot Droughts Using Equilibrium Climate Simulations. Journal of Climate, 32(14). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0611.1

Cook,B, Ault, T and Smerdon, J (2015). Unprecedented 21st Century Drought Risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains. Science Advances, 1(1). http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400082.full

Dai, A (2012). Increasing Drought Under Global Warming in Observations and Models. Nature Climate Change, 3: 52-58. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1633

Dai, A, Zhao, T and Chen, J (2018). Climate Change and Drought: A Precipitation and Evaporation Perspective. Current Climate Change Reports, 4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40641-018-0101-6

Debeij, J (2019). When a Town Runs Dry. Global Oneness Project. https://www.globalonenessproject.org/library/films/when-town-runs-dry [8 minute film plus lesson plan]

Diffenbaugh, N, Swain, D and Touma, D (2015). Anthropogenic Warming has Increased Drought Risk in California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(13). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422385112

Gaind, N and Stoye, E (2019). How Climate Change is Melting, Drying and Flooding Earth — In Pictures. Nature, Covering Climate Now, Sept. 26. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02793-0

Global Oneness Project (2019). Living with Less Water. https://www.globalonenessproject.org/lesson-plans/living-less-water [Lesson Plan accompanying a short film on drought in the Central Valley in CA]

Gregg, R and Kershner, J (2019). Extremes to Ex-Streams: Ecological Drought Adaptation in a Changing Climate. EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island. https://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/EcoAdapt_Ecological%20Drought%20Adaptation%20Synthesis_Dec2019_0.pdf

Hohenthal, J and Minoia, P (2017). Social Aspects of Water Scarcity and Drought, in Eslamian, S and Eslamian, F (eds) Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity. Principle of Drought and Water Scarcity. CRC Press, Tailor & Francis LTD. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320172944_Social_Aspects_of_Water_Scarcity_and_Drought

Kelley, C, Mohtadi, S, Cane, M, Seager, R and Kushnir, Y (2015). Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112

Kelly, R, Chipman, M, Higuera, P, Stefanova, I, Brubaker, L and Hu, F (2013). Recent Burning of Boreal Forests Exceeds Fire Regime Limits of the Past 10,000 Years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, July. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305069110

Kesselen, B (2021). Drought is Here to Stay in the Western U.S. How Will States Adapt? NBC News, June 11. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/drought-here-stay-western-u-s-how-will-states-adapt-n1270248

Lane, T (2014). Desertification: Land Degradation Under a Changing Climate. Climatica. http://climatica.org.uk/desertification-land-degradation-changing-climate

Littell, J, Peterson, D, Riley, K, Liu, Y and Luce, C (2016). A Review of the Relationships Between Drought and Forest Fire in the United States. Global Change Biology, 22:2353-2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13275

Lustgarten, A (2021). 40 Million People Rely on the Colorado River. It’s Drying Up Fast. ProPublica, Aug. 27. https://www.propublica.org/article/40-million-people-rely-on-the-colorado-river-its-drying-up-fast

MacDonald, G (2010). Water, Climate Change, and Sustainability in the Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(50). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909651107

Martin, J et al., (2020). Increased Drought Severity Tracks Warming in the United States’ Largest River Basin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(21). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916208117

Mazdiyasni, O and AghaKouchak, A (2015). Substantial Increase in Concurrent Droughts and Heatwaves in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(37). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422945112

McKenzie, D (2019). 'If the Climate Stays Like This, We Won't Make It' Say Those on the Frontline of Africa's Drought. CNN, Dec. 14. https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/14/africa/climate-change-southern-africa-intl/index.html

McSweeney, R (2019). Explainer: ‘Desertification’ and the Role of Climate Change. Carbon Brief, June 8. https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change

Milman, O (2021). ‘We Live in a Desert. We Have to Act Like it’: Las Vegas Faces Reality of Drought. The Guardian, July 9. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jul/09/las-vegas-climate-change-drought-water-conservation

Mirzabaev, A, Wu, J, Evans, J, García-Oliva, F, Hussein, I, Iqbal, M, Kimutai, J, Knowles, T, Meza, F, Nedjraoui, D, Tena, F, Türkeş, M, Vázquez, R and Weltz, M (2019). Chapter 3: Desertification, in Climate Change and Land. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/2d.-Chapter-3_FINAL.pdf

NASA Earth Observatory (2007). Temporary Drought or Permanent Desert? https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Desertification/desertification2.php

Narang, S (2018a). Navajo Women Struggle to Preserve Traditions as Climate Change Intensifies. Public Radio International. https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-05-25/navajo-women-struggle-preserve-traditions-climate-change-intensifies [coping with a water crisis]

Narang, S (2018b). 360 Video: Climate Change on the Navajo Nation. Public Radio International. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GwSga9zzZ0

National Integrated Drought Information System (2019). U.S. Drought Portal. https://www.drought.gov/drought/

Nunez, C (2019). Desertification, Explained. National Geographic, May 31. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/habitats/desertification/

Overpeck, J and Udall, B (2020). Climate Change and the Aridification of North America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(22). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006323117

Park C, Jeong, S, Joshi, M, Osborn, T, Ho, C, Piao, S, Chen, D, Liu, J, Yang, H, Park, H, Kim, B, and Feng, S (2018). Keeping Global Warming Within 1.5 °C Constrains Emergence of Aridification. Nature Climate Change, 6:70-74. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-017-0034-4.epdf?referrer_access_token=mVbX1dh8Sw7mOTZqH60eMdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Md-_o5A1rhm4JzTytmIvTkmxaaT7siHGll-VC_gYGc84v3nksvK1cjixUa8ENnnTMpcRx_oEvlJeJVUz8srFCpCfAaOVEA7_oCRGLik75Tdv3CzOcp_srarRXMaJpYAZy8ITKISqkIU6OIMXpJ4iyEo-BgxwAb3GIburWpG65ks-lHT3khCIen7Iui3ihcH4g%3D&tracking_referrer=www.newsweek.com

Pierce, C (2018). The Term ‘Drought’ is Out of Date for the American Southwest. They Call It ‘Aridification’ Now. Esquire, Dec. 12. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/politics/a25560885/arizona-southwest-drought-aridification-colorado-river/

Pike, L (2021). The Megadrought Parching 77 Percent of the Western US, Explained. Vox, March 13. https://www.vox.com/2021/3/13/22324813/drought-california-snow-rain-west-colorado-wildfire-farms-water-climate-change

Pokhrel, Y et al., (2021). Global Terrestrial Water Storage and Drought Severity Under Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-00972-w

Real News Network (2018b). Global Warming will Increase Risks of Desertification. https://therealnews.com/stories/global-warming-will-increase-risks-of-desertification [video of interview]

Sarhadi, A, Concepcion Ausin, M, Wiper, M, Touma, D and Diffenbaugh, N (2018). Multidimensional Risk in a Nonstationary Climate: Joint Probability of Increasingly Severe Warm and Dry Conditions. Science Advances, 4(11): 3487. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487

Schreiner-McGraw, A and Ajami, H (2021). Delayed Response of Groundwater to Multi-year Meteorological Droughts in the Absence of Anthropogenic Management. Journal of Hydrology, 603(B). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126917

Science Direct (2019). Desertification. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/desertification [Links to many journal articles on desertification and drought.]

Singh, M (2021). ‘Potentially the Worst Drought in 1,200 years’: Scientists on the Scorching US Heatwave. The Guardian, June 18. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jun/18/us-heatwave-west-climate-crisis-drought

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2016). The Ripple Effect: A Fresh Approach to Reducing Drought Impacts and Building Resilience. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/documents/27072016_The%20ripple%20effect_ENG.pdf

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2017). Drylands, in Global Land Outlook. https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2018-06/GLO%20English_Ch12.pdf

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2019). Chapter 6: Special Section on Drought, in The UN Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2019. https://gar.unisdr.org/sites/default/files/reports/2019-05/full_gar_report.pdf

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (2010). Climate Change: Drought May Threaten Much of Globe Within Decades. NCAR & UCAR News, Oct. 19. https://news.ucar.edu/2904/climate-change-drought-may-threaten-much-globe-within-decades

U.S. Department of Agriculture (2019). Dealing with Drought. Climate Hubs. https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/dealing-drought [Leads to several resources]

Van der Voo, L (2021). Young Farmers Lose Hope as Drought Closes In: ‘It’s Like a Sad Country Song’. The Guardian, Aug. 5. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/05/drought-western-us-family-farms [About the Klamath water crisis.]

Williams, A et al., (2020). Large Contribution from Anthropogenic Warming to an Emerging North American Megadrought. Science, 368(6488). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6488/314.full

F. Economics and Politics (much, much more on this broad topic in section III) [back to subsections]

Alston, P (2019). Climate Change and Poverty: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. Human Rights Council, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. https://srpovertyorg.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/unsr-poverty-climate-change-a_hrc_41_39.pdf

Archer, D, Kite, E and Lusk, G (2020). The Ultimate Cost of Carbon. Climatic Change, 162. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-020-02785-4

Bank of Canada and Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (2021). Using Scenario Analysis to Assess Climate Transition Risk. https://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/BoC-OSFI-Using-Scenario-Analysis-to-Assess-Climate-Transition-Risk.pdf

Behnam, R, Gillers, D, Litterman, B, Martinex-Diaz, L, Keenan, J and Moch, S (2020). Managing Climate Risk in the U.S. Financial System. Subcommittee on Climate-Related Market Risk of the Market Risk Advisory Committee. https://www.cftc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-09/9-9-20%20Report%20of%20the%20Subcommittee%20on%20Climate-Related%20Market%20Risk%20-%20Managing%20Climate%20Risk%20in%20the%20U.S.%20Financial%20System%20for%20posting.pdf

Berardelli, J (2019). U.S. to Shatter Record for Billion-dollar Climate Disasters in 2020. CBS News, Dec. 10. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/climate-change-billion-dollar-disasters-2020/?ftag=CNM-00-10aac3a

Bergholt, D and Lujala, P (2012). Climate-related Natural Disasters, Economic Growth, and Armed Civil Conflict. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311426167

Brown, E (2021). Now is the Time to Prepare for the Economic Shocks of Battling Climate Change. Knowable Magazine, Sept. 30. https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/cost-of-climate-change

Burke, M, Hsiang, S and Miguel, E (2015). Global Non-linear Effect of Temperature on Economic Production. Nature, 527. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15725

Burke, M, Davis, M and Diffenbaugh, N (2018). Large Potential Reduction in Economic Damages Under UN Mitigation Targets. Nature, 557. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0071-9

Business Forward Foundation (2019). Michigan Companies Explain Climate Change and Severe Weather Risk. Issue Brief Q4 2019. https://www.businessfwd.org/wp-content/uploads/BFF-MI-Climate-Report-11.12.19.pdf [Thorough, alarming and well-presented]

Caldecott, B, Harnett, E, Cojoianu, T, Kok, I and Pfeiffer, A (2016). Stranded Assets: A Climate Risk Challenge (Summary). Inter-American Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/17164/stranded-assets-climate-risk-challenge-summary

Caldecott, B, Harnett, E, Cojoianu, T, Kok, I and Pfeiffer, A (2021). Stranded Assets: A Climate Risk Challenge. Inter-American Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Stranded-Assets-A-Climate-Risk-Challenge.pdf

Carelton, T and Hsiang, S (2016). Social and Economic Impacts of Climate. Science, 353(6304). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/353/6304/aad9837.full.pdf

Carleton, T et al., (2020). Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits. National Bureau of Economics Working Paper No. 27599. https://www.impactlab.org/research/valuing-the-global-mortality-consequences-of-climate-change-accounting-for-adaptation-costs-and-benefits/

C2ES – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (2021). Climate-Related Financial Risk. https://www.c2es.org/content/climate-related-financial-disclosures/

Chicago Booth (2019). Central Banking and Climate Change. The Initiative on Global Markets, Dec. 12. http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/central-banking-and-climate-change-2 [Survey results from CEOs regarding their estimation of the impact of climate change on financial stability]

Cho, R (2019). How Climate Change Impacts the Economy. State of the Planet blog, Earth Institute of Columbia University. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/06/20/climate-change-economy-impacts/

Climate Mirror (2019). https://climatemirror.org/ [An initiative to save and share public climate datasets – before they get deleted by governments in climate denial]

Colacito, R, Hoffman, B, Phan, T and Sablik, T (2018). The Impact of Higher Temperatures on Economic Growth. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Economic Brief No. 18-08. https://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_brief/2018/eb_18-08

Colman, Z and O’Donnell, K (2020). Borrowed Time: Climate Change Threatens U.S. Mortgage Market. Politico, June 8. https://www.politico.com/news/2020/06/08/borrowed-time-climate-changemortgage-market-304130?cid=apn

Cornwall, W (2019). Global Warming May Boost Economic Inequality. Science Magazine, April 22. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/global-warming-may-boost-economic-inequality

Curtis, F (2009). Peak Globalization: Climate Change, Oil Depletion and Global Trade. Ecological Economics, 69(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.020 [Supply chains will become shorter for most products]

Davidson, J (2020). Climate Crisis May Cause the Next Financial Crisis. EcoWatch, Jan. 24. https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-crisis-financial-crisis-2644906812.html

Davis, K, Rulli, M and D’Odorico, P (2015). The Global Land Rush and Climate Change. Earth’s Future, 3(8). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2014EF000281

DeFries, R et al., (2019). The Missing Economic Risks in Assessments of Climate Change Impacts. Grantham Institute. https://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/publication/the-missing-economic-risks-in-assessments-of-climate-change-impacts/

Delink, R, Lanzi, E, Chateau, J, Bosello, F, Parrado, R and de Bruin, K (2014). Consequences of Climate Change Damages for Economic Growth. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1135. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/consequences-of-climate-change-damages-for-economic-growth_5jz2bxb8kmf3-en

Dembicki, G (2019a). Can We Prepare for Climate Impacts Without Creating Financial Chaos? Ensia, May 9. https://ensia.com/features/climate-change-financial-crisis/

Dembicki, G (2019b). The Next Financial Crisis Could Be Caused by Climate Change. Vice, Jan. 27. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/59xpxa/the-next-financial-crisis-could-be-caused-by-climate-change

Dembicki, G (2019c). The $1 Trillion Storm: How a Single Hurricane Could Rupture the World Economy. Vice, March 2. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wjm78x/the-dollar1-trillion-storm-how-a-single-hurricane-could-rupture-the-world-economy

Dembicki, G and Fionda, F (2021). World’s ‘Greenest City’ Will Be Totally Unaffordable Because of Climate Change. Vice, Oct. 28. https://www.vice.com/en/article/7kbpv9/vancouver-climate-change-flooding-worsens-affordability-crisis [inequity, economics, PNW]

DePillis, L (2019). Climate Change Makes Poor Countries Poorer, Widening Global Inequality, Researchers Say. CNN Business, July 4. https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/22/economy/inequality-climate-change/index.html

Dietz, S, Rising, J, Stoerk, T and Wagner, G (2021). Economic Impacts of Tipping Points in the Climate System. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(34). https://www.pnas.org/content/118/34/e2103081118

Diffenbaugh, N and Burke, M (2019). Global Warming has Increased Global Economic Inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(20). https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2019/04/16/1816020116.full.pdf

Duke University, (2021). As Earth Warms, Safe Times for Outdoor Work Will Shrink. Phys.org, Dec. 15. https://phys.org/news/2021-12-earth-safe-outdoor.html [Focuses on lost labor productivity.]

Dukes, J (2020). Climate Change Threatens Not Just the Environment, But the U.S Financial System. The National Interest, Nov. 1. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/climate-change-threatens-not-just-environment-us-financial-system-171710

Elkins, P and Zenghelis, D (2021). The Costs and Benefits of Environmental Sustainability. Sustainability Science, 16. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11625-021-00910-5

Femia, F and Werrel, C (2017). Climate Change, the Erosion of State Sovereignty, and World Order, in Werrell, C and Femia, F, (eds) Epicenters of Climate and Security: The New Geostrategic Landscape of the Anthropocene. The Center for Climate and Security. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2017/06/1_eroding-sovereignty.pdf

Flavelle, C (2021). The Cost of Insuring Expensive Waterfront Homes Is About to Skyrocket. The New York Times, Sept. 24. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/climate/federal-flood-insurance-cost.html

Frame, D, Rosier, S, Noy, I, Harrington, L, Carey-Smith, T, Sparrow, S, Stone, D and Dean, S (2020). Climate Change Attribution and the Economic Costs of Extreme Weather Events: A Study on Damages from Extreme Rainfall and Drought. Climatic Change, 162 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02729-y

Funes, Y (2020). Sea Level Rise Alone Threatens to Crush the Global Economy. Gizmodo, July 30. https://earther.gizmodo.com/sea-level-rise-alone-threatens-to-crush-the-global-econ-1844557915

Geiling, N (2015). The Economic Cost of Climate Change. Think Progress, Oct. 22. https://thinkprogress.org/the-economic-cost-of-climate-change-20bd91b532f6/

German, B (2021). White House Vows to Treat Climate Change as "Systemic" Financial Risk. Axios, Oct. 15. https://www.axios.com/white-house-climate-change-systemic-risk-finance-caeac699-4f8d-460f-8d0f-d5ab691db1db.html

Gordon, K (2014). Risky Business: The Economic Risks of Climate Change in the United States. The Risky Business Project. https://riskybusiness.org/report/national/

Hertsgaard, M (2020). Does the Climate Crisis Threaten the End of Big Oil? Columbia Journalism Review, Feb. 12. https://www.cjr.org/covering_climate_now/climate-beat-newsletter-big-oil.php

High-End cLimate Impacts and eXtremes (HELIX) (2015). Characterisation of the Social Impacts and Economic Costs of Passing Tipping Points in the Climate System in 2C, 4C and 6C Scenarios Over Different Time Horizons with Different Levels of Adaptation. Seventh Framework Programme, Theme 6, Project 603864. https://www.helixclimate.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Deliverable-10.1-Characterisation-of-the-social-impacts-and-economic-costs-of-passing-tipping-points.pdf

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Hsiang, S et al., (2017). Estimating Economic Damage from Climate Change in the United States. Science, 356(6345): 1362-1369. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6345/1362

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Ivanova, I (2020). Sea Level Rise Could Destroy 20% of the World's GDP by 2100. CBS News, July 30. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/flooding-will-affect-20-of-the-worlds-gdp-in-80-years/

Jaeger, J and Saha, D (2020). 10 Charts Show the Economic Benefits of US Climate Action. World Resources Institute, July 28. https://www.wri.org/insights/10-charts-show-economic-benefits-us-climate-action

Jamet, S and Corfee-Morlot, J (2009). Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change: A Literature Review. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 691. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/assessing-the-impacts-of-climate-change_224864018517

Jay, A, Barrie, D, DeAngelo, B and Reidmiller, D (2018). What Specific Costs and Risks Do We Face from Climate Change? EOS, Nov. 23. https://eos.org/features/what-specific-costs-and-risks-do-we-face-from-climate-change [Concise summary of the 4^th National Climate Assessment, highlighting the risks, plus an overview of mitigation actions since the 3^rd assessment. Good for students.]

Johnson, J, Baldos, U, Hertel, T, Liu, J, Nootenboom, C, Polasky, S and Roxburgh, T (2020). Global Futures: Modelling the Global Economic Impacts of Environmental Change to Support Policy-making. World Wildlife Fund Technical Report. https://www.wwf.org.uk/globalfutures

Jones, A and Steffen, W (2019). Our Climate is Like Reckless Banking Before the Crash – It’s Time to Talk About Near-term Collapse. The Conversation, Dec. 6. https://theconversation.com/our-climate-is-like-reckless-banking-before-the-crash-its-time-to-talk-about-near-term-collapse-128374

Kanlic, D (2014). The Impacts of Climate Change on the World’s Economic, Political, and Demographic Structures. Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Washington University in St. Louis. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/art_sci_etds/14/

Karfakis, P, Lipper, L and Smulders, M (2012). The Assessment of the Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Change at Household Level and Policy Implications. Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/3/i3084e/i3084e11.pdf

KeyBer, L and Lenzen, M (2021). 1.5 °C Degrowth Scenarios Suggest the Need for New Mitigation Pathways. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22884-9

Kikstra, J et al., (2021). The Social Cost of Carbon Dioxide Under Climate-economy Feedbacks and Temperature Variability. Environmental Research Letters, 16(9). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1d0b

Kompas, T, Pham, V and Che, T (2018). The Effects of Climate Change on GDP by Country and the Global Economic Gains From Complying With the Paris Climate Accord. Earth’s Future, 6(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000922

Kopp, R, Scwom, R, Wagner, G and Yuan, J (2016). Tipping Elements and Climate–economic Shocks: Pathways Toward Integrated Assessment. Earth’s Future, 4(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000362

Kotz, M, Levermann, A and Wenz, L (2022). The Effect of Rainfall Changes on Economic Production. Nature, 601. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04283-8

Kramer, K and Ware, J (2019). Counting the Cost: 2019: A Year of Climate Breakdown. Christian Aid. https://www.christianaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/2019-12/Counting-the-cost-2019-report-embargoed-27Dec19.pdf

Lafakis, C, Ratz, L, Fazio, E, Cosma, M (2019). The Economic Implications of Climate Change. Moody’s Analytics. https://www.moodysanalytics.com/-/media/article/2019/economic-implications-of-climate-change.pdf

Lamontagne, J, Reed, P, Marangoni, G, Keller, K and Garner, G (2019). Robust Abatement Pathways to Tolerable Climate Futures Require Immediate Global Action. Nature Climate Change, 9: 290–294. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0426-8

Leichenko, R and Thomas, A (2012). Coastal Cities and Regions in a Changing Climate: Economic Impacts, Risks and Vulnerabilities. Geography Compass, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2012.00495.x

Lerner, L (2020). UChicago Study: ‘Ultimate Cost’ of Carbon 1,000 Times Greater than Cost to Current Generation. UChicago News, Sept. 9. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/climate-change-will-ultimately-cost-humanity-100000-ton-carbon-scientists-estimate

Leslie, J (2022). How Climate Change Is Disrupting the Global Supply Chain. Yale Environment 360, March 10. https://e360.yale.edu/features/how-climate-change-is-disrupting-the-global-supply-chain

Lo, YTE, Mitchell, D, Gasparrini, A, Vicedo-Cabrera, A, Ebi, K, Frumhoff, P, Millar, R, Roberts, W, Sera, F, Sparrow, S, Uhe, P and Williams, G (2019). Increasing Mitigation Ambition to Meet the Paris Agreement’s Temperature Goal Avoids Substantial Heat-related Mortality in U.S. Cities. Science Advances, 5(6). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaau4373

Marlon, J (2020). 7 Ways You’re Already Paying for Climate Change. Barrons, Sept. 13. https://www.barrons.com/articles/7-ways-youre-already-paying-for-climate-change-51599995430

Mercado, A (2022). Climate Change Disasters Cost the World Over $100 Billion this Year. Popular Science, Jan. 4. https://www.popsci.com/environment/climate-disaster-cost-2021/

Mercure, J et al., (2021). Reframing Incentives for Climate Policy Action. Nature Energy, 6. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00934-2 [“rapid depreciation and replacement of fossil-fuel-related physical and natural capital entail a profound reorganization of industry value chains, international trade and geopolitics.”]

Meyer, N (2018). Using Scenarios to Assess and Report Climate-Related Financial Risk. C2ES – Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. https://www.c2es.org/document/using-scenarios-to-assess-and-report-climate-related-financial-risk/

Meyer, R (2019). How Climate Change Could Trigger the Next Global Financial Crisis. The Atlantic, Aug. 1. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/08/how-fed-could-fight-climate-change-adam-tooze/595084/

Miller, C (2021). How Climate Change is Ruining Retirement Across America. Market Watch, Jan. 13. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-climate-change-is-ruining-retirement-across-america-11610141953

Moerman, J (2021). Sen. Manchin's Inaction on Climate Change is the Real 'Fiscal Insanity'. CNN, Oct. 24. https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/24/opinions/joe-manchin-west-virginia-climate-change-infrastructure-moerman/index.html

Moftakhari, H, AghKouchak, A, Sanders, B and Matthew, R (2017). Cumulative Hazard: The Case of Nuisance Flooding. Earth’s Future, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000494

Mufson, S (2019). Moody’s Analytics says Climate Change Could Cost $69 trillion by 2100. The Washington Post, July 8. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/moodys-analytics-says-climate-change-could-cost-69-trillion-by-2100/2019/07/02/f9fb94ac-99cb-11e9-916d-9c61607d8190_story.html

Munoz, S (2019). What Happens When a Country Drowns? The Conversation, July 1. https://theconversation.com/what-happens-when-a-country-drowns-118659

National Centers for Environmental Information (2019). Societal Impacts. NOAA. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/societal-impacts/ [Indicators highlighting weather and climate's effects on society and the economy.]

Naviaux, J and Steinberg, N (2020). Measuring What Matters: A New Approach to Assessing Sovereign Climate Risk. Four Twenty Seven Report, Moody’s Corporation. https://427mt.com/2020/12/03/measuring-what-matters-a-new-approach-to-assessing-sovereign-climate-risk/

Netto, M, Porto, R, Trabacchi, M, Schneider, S, Harb, S and Smallridge, D (2021). A Guidebook for National Development Banks on Climate Risk. Inter-American Development Bank. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/A-Guidebook-for-National-Development-Banks-on-Climate-Risk.pdf

Network of Central Banks and Supervisors for Greening the Financial System (2021). Adapting Central Bank Operations to a Hotter World: Reviewing Some Options. https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/media/2021/06/17/ngfs_monetary_policy_operations_final.pdf

Newkirk, V (2018). Climate Change is Already Damaging Democracy. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/10/climate-change-damaging-american-democracy/573769/

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2020). U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/

Noor, D (2021). Waiting to Address Climate Change Will Cost Trillions of Dollars. Gizmodo, Feb. 3. https://earther.gizmodo.com/waiting-to-address-climate-change-will-cost-trillions-o-1846191397

Norton, L (2020). The Man Who Called the Financial Crisis Has Another Warning for Investors. Barrons, Feb. 12. https://www.barrons.com/articles/jeremy-grantham-called-the-financial-crisis-he-has-another-warning-for-investors-51581532462

Nuccitelli, D (2019a). Climate Change Could Cost U.S. Economy Billions. Yale Climate Connections, Apr. 29. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/04/climate-change-could-cost-u-s-economy-billions/

Nuccitelli, D (2019b). New Report Finds Costs of Climate Change Impacts Often Underestimated. Yale Climate Connections, Nov. 18. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/11/new-report-finds-costs-of-climate-change-impacts-often-underestimated/

Nunn, R, O’Donnell, J, Shambaugh, J, Goulder, L, Kolstad, C and Long, X (2019). Ten Facts About the Economics of Climate Change and Climate Policy. The Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/research/ten-facts-about-the-economics-of-climate-change-and-climate-policy/ [Good graphs showing the variable impacts under different scenarios]

Obringer, R (2022). Implications of Increasing Household Air Conditioning Use Across the United States Under a Warming Climate. Earth’s Future, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002434

Olick, D (20119). The Mortgage Industry isn’t Ready for a Foreclosure Crisis Created by Climate Change. CNBC, Jan. 17. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/16/potential-for-foreclosure-crisis-because-of-climate-change-is-real.html

Oran, K and Panfil, Y (2020). Climate Change is Threatening to Create a New Housing Crisis in America. Business Insider, Aug. 29. https://www.businessinsider.com/coastal-flooding-climate-change-cause-new-american-housing-crisis-2020-8

Ospina, C (2018). Cooling Your Home but Warming the Planet: How We Can Stop Air Conditioning from Worsening Climate Change. Climate Institute, Aug. 7. https://climate.org/cooling-your-home-but-warming-the-planet-how-we-can-stop-air-conditioning-from-worsening-climate-change/

PA Media (2021). Climate Impact of a Transatlantic Flight Could Cost Global Economy $3,000. The Guardian, Sept. 6. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/06/climate-crisis-transatlantic-flight-global-economy-gdp

Park, C, Fujimori, S, Hasegawa, T, Takakura, J, Takahashi, K and Hijioka, Y (2018). Avoided Economic Impacts of Energy Demand Changes by 1.5 and 2 °C Climate Stabilization. Environmental Research Letters, 13(4). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aab724

Perrault, A (2021). Imperiled Cities, Mounting Costs: Facing the Big Climate Risk Blindspot. The Hill, March 29. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/545322-imperiled-cities-mounting-costs-facing-the-big-climate-risk?amp

Peters, A (2022). The Price Tag for a Net Zero Transition: $3.5 Trillion a Year. Fast Company, Jan. 25. https://www.fastcompany.com/90715350/the-price-tag-for-a-net-zero-transition-3-5-trillion-a-year

Pinto, T (2019). Experts Say Sea Level Rise May Kill the 30-year Mortgage in Florida. Miami Beach Times, May 30. https://miamibeachtimes.com/real-estate/experts-say-sea-level-rise-may-kill-the-30-year-mortgage-in-florida/

Rahman, M, Anbarci, N, Bhattacharya, P and Ulubasoglu, M (2017). Can Extreme Rainfall Trigger Democratic Change? The Role of Flood-induced Corruption. Public Choice, 171(3-4): 331-358. http://dro.dur.ac.uk/26026/1/26026.pdf?DDD2+gfzk42+d700tmt

Rappeport, A and Flavelle, C (2021). U.S. Warns Climate Poses ‘Emerging Threat’ to Financial System. New York Times, Oct. 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/21/us/politics/climate-change-cost-us.html

Riordan, R (2022). What is a Climate Stress Test? A Sustainable Finance Expert Explains. The Conversation, Jan. 23. https://theconversation.com/what-is-a-climate-stress-test-a-sustainable-finance-expert-explains-175313

Schlenker, W and Auffhammer, M (2018). The Cost of a Warming Climate. Nature, 557. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05198-7

Shindell, D (2015). The Social Cost of Atmospheric Release. Climatic Change, 130. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-015-1343-0

Spano, D et al., (2021). G20 Climate Risk Atlas. Impacts, Policy and Economics in the G20. CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change. https://www.g20climaterisks.org/

Spratt, D and Dunlop, I (2017). What Lies Beneath: The Scientific Understatement of Climate Risk. Breakthrough – National Centre for Climate Restoration. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Spratt3/publication/324528571_What_Lies_Beneath_The_scientific_understatement_of_climate_risks/links/5ad2e4120f7e9b2859343e58/What-Lies-Beneath-The-scientific-understatement-of-climate-risks.pdf?origin=publication_detail

Steinberg, N (2019). Anticipating Sea Level Rise Impacts on Real Estate Investments. Four Twenty Seven Newsletter, May 22. Moody’s Corporation. https://427mt.com/2019/05/22/anticipating-sea-level-rise-impacts-on-real-estate-investments/ [Focus on Florida.]

Stern, N (2006). The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. Her Majesty’s Treasury of the UK Government. http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_complete.pdf [Monster report]

Stern, N (2008). The Economics of Climate Change. American Economic Review, 98(2). https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.98.2.1

Stern, N (2016a). Economic Development, Climate and Values: Making Policy. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1812). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0820

Stern, N (2016b). Economics: Current Climate Models are Grossly Misleading. Nature, 530. https://www.nature.com/articles/530407a

Sterner, T (2015). Higher Costs of Climate Change. Nature, 527. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature15643

Timperley, J (2021). How Can People Harmed by Climate Change Be Compensated? Wired, Dec. 16. https://www.wired.com/story/climate-change-compensation/

Tooze, A (2019). Why Central Banks Need to Step Up on Global Warming. Foreign Policy, July 20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/20/why-central-banks-need-to-step-up-on-global-warming/

United Nations Environment Programme (2018). Emissions Gap Report Interactive. https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/emissions-gap-report/

UN Principles for Responsive Investment (2019a). Climate Change. https://www.unpri.org/esg-issues/environmental-issues/climate-change [Resource page]

UN Principles for Responsive Investment (2019b). Jerry Grantham: The Race of Our Lives. https://www.unpri.org/climate-change/jeremy-grantham-the-race-of-our-lives/4994.article [Video of an investment expert explaining how financing and investment has to adapt to climate change.]

Van Ruijven, B, De Cian, E and Wing, I (2019). Amplification of Future Energy Demand Growth Due to Climate Change. Nature Communications, 10(2762). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10399-3

Verner, D and Breisinger, C (eds.) (2013). Economics of Climate Change in the Arab World. The World Bank. https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/978-0-8213-9846-3

Vuocolo, A (2020). Climate Change a Problem for U.S. Banks' Investing Strategies, Finds Ceres. Entrepreneur, Oct. 30. https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/358791

Weise, E (2022). How Will Climate Change Impact American Companies? The SEC Unveils Landmark Proposal. USA Today, March 20. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/03/20/new-sec-rule-companies-disclose-climate-change-risks/7048413001/

The White House (2021). Executive Order on Climate Related Financial Risk. United States of America, May 20. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/05/20/executive-order-on-climate-related-financial-risk/

Woetzel, J, Krishnan, M, Pinner, D, Samandari, H, Engel, H, Boland, B and Powis, C (2020). Climate Risk and Response: Physical Hazards and Socioeconomic Impacts. McKinsey and Company, Jan. 16. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/climate-risk-and-response-physical-hazards-and-socioeconomic-impacts [A web-friendly summary of a longer report, with good graphics.] The full report - https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Climate%20risk%20and%20response%20Physical%20hazards%20and%20socioeconomic%20impacts/MGI-Climate-risk-and-response-Full-report-vF.pdf

Woetzel, J, Pinner, D, Samandari, H, Engel, H, Krishnan, M, Boland, B and Powis, C (2020). Climate Risk and Response: Physical Hazards and Socioeconomic Impacts. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/climate-risk-and-response-physical-hazards-and-socioeconomic-impacts

World Meteorological Organization (2014). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970-2012). WMO No. 1123. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BwdvoC9AeWjUd1RwQW5Ld2hqTDQ/view

Yoder, K (2019). Some Economics Nerds Just Realized How Much Climate Change Will Cost Us. Grist, Oct. 3. https://grist.org/article/some-economics-nerds-just-realized-how-much-climate-change-will-cost-us/

Zurich (2019). Rising Sea Levels Threaten Global Economy. Bloomberg, Sept.24. https://sponsored.bloomberg.com/news/sponsors/zurich/threat-to-infrastructure-means-businesses-must-prepare-to-navigate-rising-seas/

G. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods [back to subsections]

Belew, N (2018). Will Climate Change Cause More Glacial Lake Outburst Floods? State of the Planet, May 21. Earth Institute, Columbia University. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2018/05/21/climate-change-glacial-lake-outburst-floods/

Berwyn, B (2021). For a City Staring Down the Barrel of a Climate-Driven Flood, A New Study Could be the Smoking Gun. Inside Climate News, Feb. 4. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04022021/for-a-city-staring-down-the-barrel-of-a-climate-driven-flood-a-new-study-could-be-the-smoking-gun

Davidson, C (2019). Living in Hope and Fear Beside India's Retreating Himalayan Glaciers. DW, Nov. 15. https://www.dw.com/en/living-in-hope-and-fear-beside-indias-retreating-himalayan-glaciers/a-51048519

Dema, C (2019). Glacial Lakes in Himalayas Get Bigger, More Dangerous. The Third Pole, April 2. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2019/04/02/glacial-lakes-in-himalayas-get-bigger-more-dangerous/

Dombrov, M (2019). Powerful Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Himalayas. GlacierHub, Jan. 10. http://glacierhub.org/2019/01/10/powerful-glacial-lake-outburst-floods-himalayas/

German, L (2017). Measurement of Glacial Meltwater Outflow through Water Analysis for Geohazard Recognition. National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/articles/meltwater-outflow.htm?utm_source=article&utm_medium=website&utm_campaign=experience_more

Hadid, D (2019). 'Maybe It Will Destroy Everything': Pakistan's Melting Glaciers Cause Alarm. NPR, Nov. 21. https://www.npr.org/2019/11/21/779412377/maybe-it-will-destroy-everything-pakistan-s-melting-glaciers-cause-alarm

Harrison, S, Kargel, J, Huggel, C, Reynolds, J, Shugar, D, Betts, R, Emmer, A, Glasser, N, Haritashya, U, Klimeš, J, Reinhardt, L, Schaub, Y, Wiltshire, A, Regmi, D, and Vilímek, V (2018). Climate Change and the Global Pattern of Moraine-dammed Glacial Lake Outburst Floods. The Cryosphere, 12: 1195-1209. https://www.the-cryosphere.net/12/1195/2018/

Komori, J (2018). Recent Expansions of Glacial Lakes in the Bhutan Himalayas. Quaternary International, 184(1): 177-186. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618207002960

Meier, P (2016). Using Swimming Robots to Warn Villages of Himalayan Tsunamis. National Geographic Changing Planet. https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2016/09/08/using-swimming-robots-to-warn-villages-of-himalayan-tsunamis/

Overdorf, J (2013). Climate Change’s Nasty New Natural Disaster: ‘Himalayan Tsunamis’. Global Post.com, July 30. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/asia-pacific/india/130725/climate-change-s-nasty-new-natural-disaster-himalaya

Portocarrero Rodriguez, C and Engility Corporation (2014). The Glacial Lake Handbook: Reducing Risk from Dangerous Glacial Lakes in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. United States Agency for International Development. http://adaptationlearning.net/sites/default/files/resource-files/The-Glacial-Lake-Handbook-report.pdf

Seldon, C (2016). Surveying Bhutan’s Most Dangerous Glacial Lakes. The Third Pole. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2016/03/18/surveying-bhutans-most-dangerous-glacial-lakes/

Stuart-Smith, R, Roe, G, Li, S and Allen, M (2021). Increased Outburst Flood Hazard from Lake Palcacocha Due to Human-induced Glacier Retreat. Nature Geoscience, 14. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00686-4

Vallangi, N (2021). Glacial Lakes Threaten Millions with Flooding as Planet Heats Up. The Guardian, May 2. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/02/glacial-lakes-threaten-millions-with-floods-as-planet-heats-up

Wester, P, Mishra, A, Mukherji, A and Shrestha, A (eds) (2019). The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment—Mountains, Climate Change, Sustainability and People. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-92288-1.pdf [638 page online book.]

H. Human Health and Disease [back to subsections]

Adan, M and Mahfouz, B (2020). Climate Change Helped Coronavirus Spread — and Your AC Means it Probably Won't Die in Summer. Independent, March 20. https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/coronavirus-spread-climate-change-summer-trump-air-pandemic-sars-a9409171.html

American Public Health Association (2017). Differences in Heat-related Mortality by Citizenship Status: United States 2005-2014. https://www.apha.org/-/media/files/pdf/topics/climate/heat_related_deaths.ashx?la=en&hash=2C87CFBF6E38A710EC27E607675DDD1ECAA477F6

Anderson, B, Oleson, K, Jones, B and Peng, R (2016). Projected Trends in High-mortality Heatwaves Under Different Scenarios of Climate, Population, and Adaptation in 82 US Communities. Climatic Change, 146. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-016-1779-x

Barreca, A and Schaller, J (2019). The Impact of High Ambient Temperatures on Delivery Timing and Gestational Lengths. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0632-4

Bekkar, B, Pacheco, S, Basu, R and DeNicola, N (2020). Association of Air Pollution and Heat Exposure With Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Stillbirth in the US: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American Medical Association Network Open, 3(6). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767260

Bendell, J (2020). The Climate for Corona – Our Warming World is More Vulnerable to Pandemic. Bendell.com. https://jembendell.com/2020/03/23/the-climate-for-corona-our-warming-world-is-more-vulnerable-to-pandemic/

Blethen, R (2019). How Climate Change Threatens our Health in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle Times, Sept. 18. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/how-climate-change-threatens-our-health-in-the-pacific-northwest/?utm_source=Sightline%20Institute&utm_medium=web-email&utm_campaign=Sightline%20News%20Selections

Bowles, D, Butler, C and Friel, S (2013). Climate Change and Health in Earth's Future. Earth’s Future, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000177

Bressler, R (2021). The Mortality Cost of Carbon. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24487-w

Burke, M, Gonzalez, F, Baylis, P, Heft-Neal, S, Baysan, C, Basu, S and Hsiang, S (2018). Higher Temperatures Increase Suicide Rates in the United States and Mexico. Nature Climate Change, 8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0222-x.epdf

Butler, C (2016). Sounding the Alarm: Health in the Anthropocene. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(7). https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/7/665/htm

Calvin, W (2020). How Dangerous Heat Waves Can Kill. The Conversation, Aug. 18. https://theconversation.com/how-dangerous-heat-waves-can-kill-121727

Campbell, L (2022). North Carolina Hurricanes Linked to Increases in Gastrointestinal Illnesses in Marginalized Communities. Inside Climate News, March 7. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07032022/north-carolina-hurricanes-gastrointestinal-illnesses/

Carleton, T (2017). Crop-damaging Temperatures Increase Suicide Rates in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(33): 8746-8751. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701354114

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). Coastal Flooding, Climate Change, and Your Health: What You Can Do to Prepare. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/CoastalFloodingClimateChangeandYourHealth-508.pdf

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). CDC's Building Resilience Against Climate Effects (BRACE) Framework. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/BRACE.htm

Climate Central (2019). Extreme Heat: When Outdoor Sports Become Risky. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-when-outdoor-sports-become-risky-2019

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020). Climate Effects on Health. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm [Lots of information here.]

Crimmins, A, Balbus, J, Gamble, J, Beard, C, Bell, J, Dodgen, D, Eisen R, Fann, N, Hawkins, M, Herring, S, Jantarasami, L, Mills, D, Saha, S, Sarofim, M, Trtanj, J and Ziska, L (2016). The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. http://dx.doi.org/10.7930/J0R49N

Deschenes, O, Greenstone, M and Guryan, J (2009). Climate Change and Birth Weight. American Economic Review, 99(2): 211–217. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-economic-association/climate-change-and-birth-weight-jRKKoLMuiz

Dunk, J, Jones, D, Capon, A, and Anderson, W (2019). Human Health on an Ailing Planet — Historical Perspectives on Our Future. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMms1907455

Dunne, D (2019). Mosquito-borne Diseases Could Reach Extra ‘One Billion People’ as Climate Warms. Carbon Brief, March 28. https://www.carbonbrief.org/mosquito-borne-diseases-could-reach-extra-one-billion-people-as-climate-warms

Ebi, K (2014). Health in the New Scenarios for Climate Change Research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(1). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924435/

Ebi, K, Hess, J and Watkiss, P (2017). Health Risks and Costs of Climate Variability and Change, in Mock, C, Nugent, R, Kobusingye, O, and Smith K (eds) Injury Prevention and Environmental Health. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525226/

Ebi, K et al., (2021). Hot Weather and Heat Extremes: Health Risks. The Lancet, 398(10301). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01208-3

Ellison, J (2021). Deforestation, Climate Change Linked to More Worker Deaths and Unsafe Conditions. UW News, Nov. 11. https://www.washington.edu/news/2021/11/11/deforestation-climate-change-linked-to-more-worker-deaths-and-unsafe-conditions/

Environmental Health News Staff (2020). Coronavirus, Climate Change, and the Environment. Environmental Health News, March 20. https://www.ehn.org/coronavirus-environment-2645553060.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1

European Academies Science Advisory Council (2019). The Imperative of Climate Action to Protect Human Health in Europe. Policy Report 38. https://easac.eu/fileadmin/PDF_s/reports_statements/Climate_Change_and_Health/EASAC_Report_No_38_Climate_Change_and_Health.pdf

Gasparrini, A et al., (2017). Projections of Temperature-related Excess Mortality Under Climate Change Scenarios. The Lancet Planetary Health, 1(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30156-0

Goodell, J (2019). Can We Survive Extreme Heat? Rolling Stone, Aug. 27. https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/climate-crisis-goodell-survive-extreme-heat-875198/

Goudarzi, S (2016). What Lies Beneath: As Earth Warms, the Diseases That May Lie Within Permafrost Become a Bigger Worry. Scientific American, 315(5): 11-12. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-earth-warms-the-diseases-that-may-lie-within-permafrost-become-a-bigger-worry/

Grace, D (2020). How to Stop the Next Pandemic: U.N. Report Links Outbreaks to Climate Crisis & Industrial Farming. Open Democracy, July 9. https://www.democracynow.org/2020/7/9/delia_grace_zoonotic_diseases_un_report

Hasemyer, D (2019). As the World Grows Hotter, the Military Grapples with a Deadly Enemy it Can't Kill. NBC News and InsideClimate News, July 23. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/world-grows-hotter-military-grapples-deadly-enemy-it-can-t-n1033051

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2020). Coronavirus and Climate Change. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/subtopics/coronavirus-and-climate-change/

Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (2020). Coronavirus, Climate Change, and the Environment: A Conversation on COVID-19 with Dr. Aaron Bernstein, Director of Harvard Chan C-CHANGE. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/subtopics/coronavirus-and-climate-change/

Holden, E (2020). Climate Change Tied to Increased Pregnancy Risks, Analysis Finds. Yale Environment 360, June 19. https://e360.yale.edu/digest/climate-change-tied-to-increased-pregnancy-risks-analysis-finds

Huang, C, Barnett, A, Wang, X, Vaneckova, P, Fitzgerald, G and Tong, S (2011). Projecting Future Heat-Related Mortality under Climate Change Scenarios: A Systematic Review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(12). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103456

Im, E, Pal, J and Eltahir, E (2017). Deadly Heat Waves Projected in the Densely Populated Agricultural Regions of South Asia. Science Advances, 3(8). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/8/e1603322

Jeffrey-Wilensky, J (2019). Without Swift Action on Climate Change, Heat Waves Could Kill Thousands in U.S. Cities. NBC News, June 16. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/without-swift-action-climate-change-heat-waves-could-kill-thousands-ncna1017376

Jordan, R (2019). Stanford Researchers Explore the Effects of Climate Change on Disease. Stanford University News, March 15. https://news.stanford.edu/2019/03/15/effect-climate-change-disease/

Kaplan, S (2021). Climate Change Has Gotten Deadly. It Will Get Worse. The Washington Post, July 4. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/07/03/climate-change-heat-dome-death/

Karnauskas, K, Miller, S and Schapiro, A (2019). Fossil Fuel Combustion is Driving Indoor CO2 Toward Levels Harmful to Human Cognition. EarthArXiv, Dec. 3. https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/b8umq

Kleiman, G, Bouley, T, Meiro-Lorenzo, M and Wang, H (2017). Geographic Hotspots for World Bank Action on Climate Change and Health. World Bank https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/27810

Kroll, D (2020). In Phoenix, Rising Temperatures Day and Night Kill More People Each Year. The Arizona Republic, Aug. 27. https://www.azcentral.com/in-depth/news/2020/08/26/heat-killing-more-people-cities-sizzle-hotter-temperatures/4553439002/

Kusmer, A (2020). In the Face of Climate Change, Children Must Build Resilience to Cope with PTSD. The World, PRX. https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-12-03/face-climate-change-children-must-build-resilience-cope-ptsd

Lewis, S (2021). Canada is a Warning: More and More of the World Will Soon be Too Hot for Humans. The Guardian, June 30. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jun/30/canada-temperatures-limits-human-climate-emergency-earth

Li, D, Yuan, J and Kopp, R (2020). Escalating Global Exposure to Compound Heat-humidity Extremes with Warming. Environmental Research Letters, 15(6). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab7d04

Limaye, V, Max, W, Constible, J and Knowlton, K (2019). Estimating the Health‐Related Costs of 10 Climate‐Sensitive U.S. Events During 2012. GeoHealth, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GH000202

Lombrana, L (2021). Climate Change Linked to 5 Million Deaths a Year, New Study Shows. Bloomberg Green, July, 7. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-07/climate-change-linked-to-5-million-deaths-a-year-new-study-shows?sref=YK080Hgh

Lustgarten, A (2020). How Climate Change Is Contributing to Skyrocketing Rates of Infectious Disease. ProPublica, May 7. https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-infectious-diseases

Madge, G (2021). One Billion Face Heat-stress Risk from 2°C Rise. Met Office, Nov. 9. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2021/2c-rise-to-put-one-in-eight-of-global-population-at-heat-stress-risk

Marks, G (2018). Climate Change is Causing a Dangerous Uptick in Cases of Lyme Disease. Pacific Standard, April 16. https://psmag.com/environment/global-warming-increases-instances-of-lyme

McMahon, J (2022). Climate Action Could Avert Nearly Half the World’s Premature Deaths. Forbes, March 9. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2022/03/09/climate-action-could-avert-nearly-half-the-worlds-premature-deaths/?sh=b48de2f28b47

McMichael, A, Butler, C and Weaver, H (2018). Climate Change and AIDS: A Joint Working Paper. United Nations Environment Program, United Nations AIDS. http://data.unaids.org/pub/basedocument/2008/20081223_unep_unaids_joint_working_paper_on_cca_en.pdf

Mediate, E and Shah, N (2021). A Perfect Storm: Climate Disasters are Magnifying the U.S.’s Maternal Health Crisis. STAT, Aug. 30. https://www.statnews.com/2021/08/30/climate-change-disasters-magnifying-maternal-health-crisis/

Mellen, R and Neff, W (2021). Beyond Human Endurance: How Climate Change is Making Parts of the World Too Hot and Humid to Survive. The Washington Post, July 28. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/climate-change-humidity/

Mercado, A (2022). Climate Change Makes it Deadlier to Cross the US-Mexico Border. Popular Science, Jan. 22. https://www.popsci.com/environment/us-mexico-border-climate-change/

Merino, D (2020). The First Undeniable Climate Change Deaths. Grist, Aug. 18. https://grist.org/climate/the-first-undeniable-climate-change-deaths/

Milman, O (2021). Here’s Some Depressing Math: 3 Americans Create Enough Carbon Emissions to Kill 1 Person. Mother Jones, July 31. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2021/07/heres-some-depressing-math-3-americans-create-enough-carbon-emissions-to-kill-1-person/

Mishra, V, Mukherjee, S, Kumar, R and Stone, D (2017). Heat Wave Exposure in India in Current, 1.5 °C, and 2.0 °C Worlds. Environmental Research Letters, 12(12). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9388

Mitchell, D, et al., (2016). Attributing Human Mortality During Extreme Heat Waves to Anthropogenic Climate Change. Environmental Research Letters, 11(7). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074006/meta

Monaghan, A, Sampson, K, Steinhoff, D, Ernst, K, Ebi, K, Jones, B and Hayden, M (2018). The Potential Impacts of 21st Century Climatic and Population Changes on Human Exposure to the Virus Vector Mosquito Aedes aegypti. Climatic Change, 146(3-4). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-016-1679-0

Myers, S (2009). Global Environmental Change: The Threat to Human Health. Worldwatch Report 181. www.worldwatch.org/system/files/181%20Health%20and%20Environment.pdf

Naicker, P (2011). The Impact of Climate Change and Other Factors on Zoonotic Diseases. Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 2(2): 1-8. https://www.acmicrob.com/microbiology/the-impact-of-climate-change-and-other-factors-on-zoonotic-diseases.php?aid=220

Nelson, A, Maynard, V, Goodman, B and Richardson, J (2009). Health, Climate Change and Sustainability: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis of the Literature. Environmental Health Insights, 3: 63-88. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872568/

Noyes, P et al., (2009). The Toxicology of Climate Change: Environmental Contaminants in a Warming World. Environment International, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.02.006

Ospina, C (2018). Beyond Environmental Change: How Climate Change Affects Public Health. Climate Institute, June 4. http://climate.org/beyond-environmental-change-how-climate-change-affects-public-health/

Patz, J, Campbell-Lendrum, D, Holloway, T and Foley, J (2005). Impact of Regional Climate Change on Human Health. Nature, 438(17). http://www.precaution.org/lib/05/warming_harms_health.051117.pdf

Planetary Health Alliance (2019). Bibliography: Climate Change. https://www.planetaryhealthalliance.org/bibliography?group=CLIMATE%20CHANGE [Emphasis on impacts to human health]

Public Health England (2020). Guidance: Air Pollution: Applying All Our Health. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/air-pollution-applying-all-our-health/air-pollution-applying-all-our-health

Public Health & Environment Department (2011). Gender, Climate Change and Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/globalchange/GenderClimateChangeHealthfinal.pdf

Pugatch, T (2019). Tropical Storms and Mortality Under Climate Change. World Development, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.009

Ranniger, G (2020). Coronavirus, the Environment, and You. Environmental Health News, May 15. https://www.ehn.org/coronavirus-climate-change-environmental-2645973386.html?rebelltitem=1#rebelltitem1

Raymond, C, Matthews, T and Horton, R (2020). The Emergence of Heat and Humidity Too Severe for Human Tolerance. Science Advances, 6(19). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/19/eaaw1838.full

Reynolds, M (2022). A Project to Count Climate Crisis Deaths Has Surprising Results. Wired, Jan. 18. https://www.wired.com/story/uk-climate-change-deaths/

Romm, J (2015). Elevated CO2 Levels Directly Affect Human Cognition, New Harvard Study Shows. Think Progress. https://thinkprogress.org/exclusive-elevated-co2-levels-directly-affect-human-cognition-new-harvard-study-shows-2748e7378941/

Roston, E, Murray, P and Dottle, R (2020). Life and Death in Our Hot Future Will Be Shaped by Today’s Income Inequality. Bloomberg Green, Aug. 3. https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-climate-heat-inequality/?srnd=green&sref=H0KmZ7Wk[Excellent graphics.]

Rott, N (2021). Climate Change is Bad for Your Health. And Plans to Boost Economies May Make it Worse. NPR, Oct. 20. https://www.npr.org/2021/10/20/1047700783/climate-change-is-bad-for-your-health-and-plans-to-boost-economies-may-make-it-w

Rudolph, L (2016). A Physician’s Guide to Climate Change, Health and Equity. Public Health Institute. http://climatehealthconnect.org/resources/physicians-guide-climate-change-health-equity

Russell, D, Penney, V, Hickey, B, Gawthrop, E and Raj, A (2020). Climate Change is Killing Americans. Health Departments Aren’t Equipped to Respond. Center for Public Integrity. https://publicintegrity.org/environment/underfunded-unprepared-cdc-fight-against-climate-change-public-health-heat-death

Salas, R (2019). The Climate Crisis — Health and Care Delivery. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1906035 [Audio interview + an interesting interactive slideshow connecting human health to climate change with links to 13 key references.]

Salas, R, Knappenberger, P and Hess, J (2018). 2018 Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change Brief for the United States of America. The Lancet. https://www.apha.org/-/media/files/pdf/topics/climate/2018_us_lancet_countdown_brief.ashx?la=en&hash=99279F373B9F005C9EC364AB02EB7F636F1380CF

Salas, R, Lester, P and Hess, J (2021). Policy Brief for the United States of America. Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change, Oct. 21. https://www.lancetcountdownus.org/2021-lancet-countdown-us-brief/

Sherwood, S and Huber, M (2010). An Adaptability Limit to Climate Change Due to Heat Stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(21). https://10.1073/pnas.0913352107

Shindell, D. Faluvegi, G, Seltzer, K and Shindell, C (2018). Quantified, Localized Health Benefits of Accelerated Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reductions. Nature Climate Change, 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0108-y

Sinanian, A (2020). When Is Hot Too Hot? Fair Observer, Aug. 10. https://www.fairobserver.com/more/environment/arek-sinanian-climate-change-news-impact-global-warming-summer-heatwaves-hot-weather-world-news-95179/

Taylor, E, Vaidyanathan, A, Flanders, W, Murphy, M, Spencer, M and Noe, R (2018). Differences in Heat-Related Mortality by Citizenship Status: United States, 2005–2014. American Journal of Public Health, 108(S2): S131-S136. https://10.2105/AJPH.2017.304006

Tirado, M, et al., (2010). Climate Change and Food Safety: A Review. Food Research International, 43: 1745-1765. https://ucanr.edu/datastorefiles/608-149.pdf

Tollefson, J (2020). Why Deforestation and Extinctions Make Pandemics More Likely. Nature: News, Aug. 7. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02341-1

UNICEF (2021). The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis. https://www.unicef.org/reports/climate-crisis-child-rights-crisis

UN CC: e-Learn (2019). Understanding the Climate Change and Health Interface - Interactive Version. https://www.uncclearn.org/learning-resources/understanding-climate-change-and-health-interface-interactive-version [Leads to many reports]

United Nations Environment Programme (2016a). Poisoned Chalice: Toxin Accumulation in Crops in the Era of Climate Change, in UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/UNEP_Frontiers_2016_report_emerging_issues_of_environmental_concern.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme (2016b). Zoonoses: Blurred Lines of Emergent Disease and Ecosystem Health, in UNEP Frontiers 2016 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/assessments/UNEP_Frontiers_2016_report_emerging_issues_of_environmental_concern.pdf

U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit (2016). Health. https://toolkit.climate.gov/topics/human-health

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2018). Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Health Care Facilities Toolkit. https://toolkit.climate.gov/tool/sustainable-and-climate-resilient-health-care-facilities-toolkit

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2016). The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. https://health2016.globalchange.gov/

Vergunst, F, Berry, H and Orri, M (2019). Climate Change Will Increase Deaths by Suicide. The Conversation, Sept. 5. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-will-increase-deaths-by-suicide-102156

Vicedo-Cabrera, A et al., (2021). The Burden of Heat-related Mortality Attributable to Recent Human-induced Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01058-x

Wallace-Wells, D (2020). The Coronavirus Is a Preview of Our Climate-Change Future. New York Magazine, April 8. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/the-coronavirus-is-a-preview-of-our-climate-change-future.html

Wang, Y, Wang, A, Zhai, J, Tao, H, Jiang, T, Su, B, Yang, J, Wang, G, Liu, Q, Gao, C, Kundzewicz, Z, Zhan, M, Feng, Z and Fischer, T (2019). Tens of Thousands Additional Deaths Annually in Cities of China Between 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C Warming. Nature Communications, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11283-w

Watts, N, et al., (2018). The 2018 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Shaping the Health of Nations for Centuries to Come. The Lancet, 392 (10163): 2479-2514. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32594-7/fulltext

Watts, N, et al., (2019). The 2019 Report of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Ensuring that the Health of a Child Born Today is Not Defined by a Changing Climate. The Lancet, 394(10211). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6

Watts, N et al., (2020). The 2020 Report of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Responding to Converging Crises. The Lancet, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32290-X

Weber, G and Brink, S (2015). India’s Heat Wave: How Extreme Heat Ravages the Body. National Geographic, May 29. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150528-india-heat-wave-deaths-human-body-health-science/

The White House Office of the Press Secretary (2016). FACT SHEET: What Climate Change Means for Your Health and Family. The White House of President Barak Obama archives. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/04/fact-sheet-what-climate-change-means-your-health-and-family

Worland, J (2020). The Wuhan Coronavirus, Climate Change, and Future Epidemics. Time, March 23. https://time.com/5779156/wuhan-coronavirus-climate-change/

World Bank (2019). Climate Change and Health. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climatechangeandhealth

World Health Organization (2014a). Gender, Climate Change and Health. https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/reports/gender_climate_change/en/

World Health Organization (‎2014b)‎. Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/134014

World Health Organization (2018a). COP24 Special Report: Health & Climate Change. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/276405/9789241514972-eng.pdf

World Health Organization (2018b). Food Safety, Climate Change and the Role of WHO. https://www.who.int/foodsafety/_Climate_Change.pdf

World Health Organization (2021). Climate Change and Health. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health [Leads to many resources.]

World Meteorological Organization (2014). Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970-2012). WMO No. 1123. https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=16279#.Xmh_ZDJKipo

Wu, J, Zhou, Y, Gao, Y, Fu, J, Johnson, B, Huang, C, Kim, Y and Liu, Y (2014). Estimation and Uncertainty Analysis of Impacts of Future Heat Waves on Mortality in the Eastern United States. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122:10-16. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.1306670

I. Ice Loss [back to subsections]

Amos, J (2020). Thwaites: 'Doomsday Glacier' Vulnerability Seen in New Maps. BBC News, Sept. 9. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54079587

Aschwanden, A, Fahnestock, M, Truffer, M, Brinker, D, Hock,R, Khroulev, C, Mottram, R and Khan, S (2019). Contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet to Sea Level Over the Next Millennium. Science Advvances, 5(6). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaav9396.full

Asmelash, L (2020). This Giant Glacier in Antarctica is Melting, and it Could Raise Sea Levels by 5 Feet, Scientists Say. CNN, March 25. https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/25/world/denman-glacier-antarctica-melt-trnd/index.html

Baker, A (2020). 'A Climate Emergency Unfolding Before Our Eyes.' Arctic Sea Ice Has Shrunk to Almost Historic Levels. Time, Sept. 21. https://time.com/5890172/arctic-sea-ice-minimum-2020/

Balog, J (2009). Time-lapse Proof of Extreme Ice Loss. TED Global. https://www.ted.com/talks/james_balog_time_lapse_proof_of_extreme_ice_loss

Bamber, J, Oppenheimer, M, Kopp, R, Aspinall, W and Cooke, R (2019). Ice Sheet Contributions to Future Sea-level Rise from Structured Expert Judgment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(23): 11195-11200. https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/05/14/1817205116

Bjork, A et al., (2012). An Aerial View of 80 Years of Climate-related Glacier Fluctuations in Southeast Greenland. Nature Geoscience, 5. https://10.1038/NGEO1481

Borunda, A (2019). The World's Supply of Fresh Water is in Trouble as Mountain Ice Vanishes. National Geographic, Dec. 9. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/water-towers-high-mountains-are-in-trouble-perpetual/

Bosson, J, Huss, M and Osipova, E (2019). Disappearing World Heritage Glaciers as a Keystone of Nature Conservation in a Changing Climate. Earth’s Future, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001139

Brancato, V et al., (2020). Grounding Line Retreat of Denman Glacier, East Antarctica, Measured with COSMO‐SkyMed Radar Interferometry Data. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086291

Brigham-Grette, J and Dutton, A (2021). Antarctica is Headed for a Climate Tipping Point by 2060, with Catastrophic Melting if Carbon Emissions Aren’t Cut Quickly. The Conversation, May 17. https://theconversation.com/antarctica-is-headed-for-a-climate-tipping-point-by-2060-with-catastrophic-melting-if-carbon-emissions-arent-cut-quickly-160978

Bronselaer, B, et al., (2018). Change in Future Climate Due to Antarctic Meltwater. Nature, 564. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0712-z

Bush, E (2021). In North Cascades, Researchers, Climbers Watch Washington’s Snowpack Quickly Melt, Exposing Glaciers’ Retreat. Seattle Times, Sept. 5. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/washingtons-fast-shrinking-glaciers-under-watchful-eyes-of-researchers-climbers/

Chow, D (2019). An Island Imperiled: Climate Change Threatens Greenland — and Its Way of Life. NBC News, Sept. 22. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/island-imperiled-climate-change-threatens-greenland-its-way-life-ncna1055251

Christo, C (2021). Greenland is Crying — Can it be Saved from Mining and Climate Change? The Hill, Dec. 8. https://thehill.com/changing-america/opinion/584953-greenland-is-crying-can-it-be-saved-from-mining-and-climate-change

Ciraci, E, Velicogna, I and Swenson, S (2020). Continuity of the Mass Loss of the World's Glaciers and Ice Caps from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On Missions. Geophysical Research Letters, 47. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086926

Crespo, G (2020). Scientists Find Another Threat to Greenland's Glaciers Lurking Beneath the Ice. CNN, Feb. 3. https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/03/world/greenland-glaciers-melting-underwater/index.html

Cruickshank, A (2021). How Rivers in the Sky Melted Antarctic Ice. Hakai Magazine, Feb. 25. https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/how-rivers-in-the-sky-melted-antarctic-ice/

Davidson, J (2019). Antarctic Glacial Melt May Be Irreversible Causing Sea Rise, Research Says. EcoWatch, July 9. https://www.ecowatch.com/antarctic-glacial-melt-irreversible-2639142412.html

Dickens, W, Kuhn, G, Leng, M, Graham, A, Dowdeswell, J, Meredith, M, Hillenbrand, C, Hodgson, D, Roberts, S, Sloane, H and Smith, J (2019). Enhanced Glacial Discharge from the Eastern Antarctic Peninsula Since the 1700s Associated with a Positive Southern Annular Mode. Scientific Reports, 9(14606). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-50897-4

Dunne, D (2020). ‘Extreme’ Glacier Loss Events Linked to Human-caused Climate Change for First Time. Carbon Brief, Aug. 3. https://www.carbonbrief.org/extreme-glacier-loss-events-linked-to-human-caused-climate-change-for-first-time

EarthTime (2018c). Glaciers. https://earthtime.org/stories/glaciers (interactive maps)

Fogwill, C, Turney, C and Thomas, Z (2020). Ancient Antarctic Ice Melt Caused Extreme Sea Level Rise 129,000 years ago – and It Could Happen Again. The Conversation, Feb. 12. https://theconversation.com/ancient-antarctic-ice-melt-caused-extreme-sea-level-rise-129-000-years-ago-and-it-could-happen-again-131495

Funes, Y (2019). Witness the Rapid Demise of a Greenland Glacier in the Weather Channel’s Latest Immersive Visualization. Gizmodo, April 10. https://earther.gizmodo.com/witness-the-rapid-demise-of-a-greenland-glacier-in-the-1833943224

Funes, Y (2020). Ancient Ice Loss in Antarctica’s Most Stable Region Paints a Bleak Picture of What Could Come. Gizmodo, July 22. https://earther.gizmodo.com/ancient-ice-loss-in-east-antarctica-is-not-something-an-1844468011

Gaind, N and Stoye, E (2019). How Climate Change is Melting, Drying and Flooding Earth — In Pictures. Nature, Covering Climate Now, Sept. 26. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02793-0

Goodell, J (2021). Antarctica’s Doomsday Glacier: How Doomed Are We? Rolling Stone, May 12. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-how-fast-will-it-melt-1168437/

Gramling, C (2020). Global Warming May Lead to Practically Irreversible Antarctic Melting. Science News, Sept. 23. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/global-warming-practically-irreversible-antarctic-melting

Greenbaum, J, Blankenship, D, Young, D, Richter, R, Roberts, J, Aitken, A, Legresy, B, Schroeder, D, Warner, R, Ommen, T and Siegert, M (2015). Ocean Access to a Cavity Beneath Totten Glacier in East Antarctica. Nature Geoscience, 8: 294-298. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2388

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Hickey, H (2020). First Results from NASA’s ICESat-2 Map 16 Years of Melting Ice Sheets. UW News, April 30. https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/04/30/first-results-from-nasas-icesat-2-map-16-years-of-melting-ice-sheets/

Hofer, S, Lang, C, Amory, C, Kittel, C, Delhasse, A, Tedstone, A and Fettweis, X (2020). Greater Greenland Ice Sheet Contribution to Global Sea Level Rise in CMIP6. Nature Communications, 11(6289). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20011-8

Hofer, S, Tedstone, A, Fettweis, X and Bamber, J (2017). Decreasing Cloud Cover Drives the Recent Mass Loss on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Science Advances, 3(6). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/6/e1700584

Holland, T, Bracegirdle, T, Dutrieux, P, Jenkins, A and Steig, E (2019). West Antarctic Ice Loss Influenced by Internal Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Forcing. Nature Geoscience, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0420-9.epdf?referrer_access_token=NUZuu_ZulKjEuFZLneQNINRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0N-TFgsHQJPXcrGPWRIiGZTyLdrliLYttoXuD2kV6wXMyLt0AJuokwb0CpqynFuEoIgWS3hTx75CvH1YJyO8Bsg6kqsUbgO9Lv3rx-BbTCucTw48jdAOSj_I_eDSCfNu3zIDkT-Z-P5Y5vh8Rlf0Z3EGIMv-GHKZRj6K-LxMcPwIA%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.realclimate.org

Howard, J (2019). Alaskan Glaciers Melting 100 Times Faster than Previously Thought. National Geographic, July 25. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/07/alaskan-glaciers-melting-faster-than-previously-thought/ [Includes embedded video on Alaskan glacier melting.]

Hulbe, C (2020). How Close is the West Antarctic Ice Sheet to a ‘Tipping Point’? Carbon Brief, Feb. 14. https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-close-is-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-to-a-tipping-point

Huss, M et al., (2017). Toward Mountains Without Permanent Snow and Ice. Earth’s Future, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000514

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Irfan, U (2019). This Website Shows You Exactly How Guilty You Should Feel About Flying. Vox, Aug. 7. https://www.vox.com/business-and-finance/2019/8/7/20756833/climate-change-flying-calculator-arctic-ice

Jacobo, J (2021). Melting Arctic Ice Will Have Catastrophic Effects on the World, Experts Say. Here's How. ABC News, Dec. 24. https://abcnews.go.com/International/melting-arctic-ice-catastrophic-effects-world-experts/story?id=81588333

Joughin, I, Smith, B and Medley, B (2014). Marine Ice Sheet Collapse Potentially Under Way for the Thwaites Glacier Basin, West Antarctica. Science, 344(6185). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735

Joughin, I, Shapero, D, Smith, B, Dutrieux, P and Barham, M (2021). Ice-shelf Retreat Drives Recent Pine Island Glacier Speedup. Science Advances, 7(24). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/24/eabg3080

Just Have a Think (2020). Antarctica: What Happens if the 'Doomsday' Glacier Collapses? YouTube, Mar. 15. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hax7EPFysqY

Kacimi, S and Kwok, R (2022). Arctic Snow Depth, Ice Thickness, and Volume from ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2: 2018–2021. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097448

Kahn, B (2021). Satellite Images Reveal the Shocking Toll the Heat Wave Had on Pacific Northwest Snow and Ice. Gizmodo, July 15. https://gizmodo.com/satellite-images-reveal-the-shocking-toll-the-heat-wave-1847300445

Kaplan, S (2021). Climate Change has Destabilized the Earth’s Poles, Putting the Rest of the Planet in Peril. The Washington Post, Dec. 14. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/12/14/climate-change-arctic-antarctic-poles/

King, M et al., (2020). Dynamic Ice Loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet Driven by Sustained Glacier Retreat. Communications Earth & Environment, 1(1). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-0001-2

King, O (2020). How New Meltwater Lakes are Accelerating Shrinkage of Glaciers in the Himalaya. The Conversation, Jan. 22. http://theconversation.com/how-new-meltwater-lakes-are-accelerating-shrinkage-of-glaciers-in-the-himalaya-130090

Kluger, J (2019). These Charts Show How High Sea Levels Will Rise if Antarctica's Ice Continues to Melt. Time, Sept. 12. https://time.com/5669021/antarctica-ice-melt-sea-level-rise/ [Good graphics]

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Lhermitte, S et al., (2020). Damage Accelerates Ice Shelf Instability and Mass Loss in Amundsen Sea Embayment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(40). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912890117

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Maurer, J, Schaefer, J, Rupper, S and Corley, A (2019). Acceleration of Ice Loss Across the Himalayas Over the Past 40 years. Science Advances, 5(6). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/6/eaav7266

Menounos, B (2021). 2021 Was a Bad Year for Glaciers in Western North America — and it’s About to Get Much Worse. The Conversation, Nov. 7. https://theconversation.com/2021-was-a-bad-year-for-glaciers-in-western-north-america-and-its-about-to-get-much-worse-170847

Milillo, P, Rizzoli, P, Scheul, B, Mouginot, J, Bueso-Bello, J and Prats-Iraola, P (2019). Heterogeneous Retreat and Ice Melt of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica. Science Advances, 5(1). http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/1/eaau3433

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Rambourg, G (2019). As Paradise Melts and Crumbles. AFP Correspondent, Nov. 20. https://correspondent.afp.com/paradise-melts-and-crumbles [Lots of great photos in this tale of the melting of Mer de Glace glacier in France]

Randall, C (2021). This 50-year Project Follows the Impacts of the Cascades' Melting Glaciers. National Geographic, Oct. 13. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/this-50-year-project-follows-the-impacts-of-the-cascades-melting-glaciers

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World Glacier Monitoring Service (2020). Global Glacier State. https://wgms.ch/global-glacier-state/

Yumashev, D, Hope, C, Schaefer, K, Riemann-Campe, K, Iglesias-Suarez, F, Jafarov, E, Birke, E, Young, P, Elshorbany, Y and Whiteman, G (2019). Climate Policy Implications of Nonlinear Decline of Arctic land Permafrost and Other Cryosphere Elements. Nature Communications, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09863-x

Zekollari, H, Huss, M and Farinotti, D (2019). Modelling the Future Evolution of Glaciers in the European Alps Under the EURO-CORDEX RCM Ensemble. The Cryosphere, 13: 1125-1146. https://www.the-cryosphere.net/13/1125/2019/

Zemp, M, Huss, M, Thibert, E, Eckert, N, McNabb, R, Huber, J, Barandun, M, Machguth, H, Nussbaumer, S, Gartner-Roer, I, Thomson, L, Paul, F, Maussion, F, Kutuzov, S and Cogley, J (2019). Global Glacier Mass Changes and their Contributions to Sea-level Rise from 1961 to 2016. Nature, 568: 382-386. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1071-0

J. Inequities [back to subsections]

Actionaid International (2021). Avoiding the Climate Poverty Spiral: Social Protection to Avoid Climate-induced Loss & Damage. https://actionaid.org/publications/2021/avoiding-climate-poverty-spiral-social-protection-avoid-climate-induced-loss

Agarwal, B (2013). Gender and Environmental Change, in United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Social Science Report 2013: Changing Global Environments. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/world-social-science-report-2013_9789264203419-en

Alber, G (2011). Gender, Cities and Climate Change. Thematic report prepared for Cities and Climate Change Global Report on Human Settlements 2011. United Nations. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228969056_Gender_Cities_and_Climate_Change

Alber, G (2015). Gender and Urban Climate Policy. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit and United Nations Human Settlements Programme. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-files/Guidebook%20Gender%20and%20Urban%20Climate%20Policy_June%202015%20%281%29.pdf

Alston, P (2019). Climate Change and Poverty: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. United Nations Human Rights Council. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3810720?ln=en

Alvaredo, F, Chancel, L, Piketty, T, Saiz, E and Zucman, G (2018). World Inequality Report 2018. World Inequality Lab. https://wir2018.wid.world/

Ariza, M (2020). As Miami Keeps Building, Rising Seas Deepen Its Social Divide. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-miami-keeps-building-rising-seas-deepen-its-social-divide

Armbrecht, A (2015). Richest 10% are Causing Climate Change, Study Finds. World Economic Forum, Dec. 3. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/12/richest-10-percent-causing-climate-change/

Anzilotti, E (2019). Homelessness is Already a Crisis — But Climate Change Makes it Much Worse. Fast Company, Aug. 7. https://www.fastcompany.com/90386051/homelessness-is-already-a-crisis-but-climate-change-makes-it-much-worse

Ayazi, H and Elsheikh, E (2019). Climate Refugees: The Climate Crisis and Rights Denied. Othering & Belonging Institute. https://belonging.berkeley.edu/climaterefugees

Baptiste, N (2019). Climate Gentrification: Coming to a Community Near You. Grist, Sept. 7. https://grist.org/article/climate-gentrification-coming-to-a-community-near-you/

Bathiany, S, Dakos, V, Scheffer, M and Lenton, T (2018). Climate Models Predict Increasing Temperature Variability in Poor Countries. Science Advances, 4(5). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/5/eaar5809.full?intcmp=trendmd-adv

Bogdan, O, McPherlain, M, Chungu, C and Yoon, S (2019). Gendered Impacts of Weather and Climate: Evidence from Asia, Pacific and Africa. World Meteorological Organization. https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=21623#.XfmvINVKipp

Caney, S (2016). Climate Change, Equity, and Stranded Assets. Oxfam America Research Backgrounder series. https://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/climate_change_equity_and_stranded_assets_backgrounder.pdf

Casola, J, Roop, H, Fellows, K, Galaviz, V, Gruen, D, Jacobs, S and Seto, E (2018). An Unfair Share: Exploring the Disproportionate Risks from Climate Change Facing Washington State Communities. A report prepared for Seattle Foundation by the UW Climate Impacts Group, and the UW Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences. University of Washington, Seattle. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/08/AnUnfairShare_WashingtonState_August2018.pdf

Center for Foreign Relations (2022). Climate Change Inequality. https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/climate-change/climate-change-inequality

Chancel, L and Piketty, T (2015). Carbon and Inequality: From Kyoto to Paris. Paris School of Economics. http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ChancelPiketty2015.pdf

Climate Reality Project (2019). Climate Adaptation vs. Mitigation: What’s the Difference and Why Does it Matter? https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/climate-adaptation-vs-mitigation-why-does-it-matter

Cornwall, W (2019). Global Warming May Boost Economic Inequality. Science Magazine, April 22. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/global-warming-may-boost-economic-inequality

Crawford, I (2021a). Cascading Effects. Grist, March 6. https://grist.org/justice/will-race-and-income-inequalities-trip-up-cascadias-fight-against-climate-change/

Crawford, I (2021b). Cascadia’s Communities of Color Speak Out Against Climate Injustice. Grist, April 10. https://grist.org/equity/cascadias-communities-of-color-speak-out-against-climate-injustice/?amp

Das Gupta, M (2013). Population, Poverty, and Climate Change. The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 6631. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/116181468163465130/pdf/WPS6631.pdf

Davies, I, Huago, R, Roberstons, J, and Levin, P (2018). The Unequal Vulnerability of Communities of Color to Wildfire. PLoS ONE, 13(11): e0205825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205825

Eckstein, D, Hutfils, M and Winges, M (2019). Global Climate Risk Index 2019. Germanwatch. https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202019_2.pdf

Engelman, R (2010). Population, Climate Change, and Women’s Lives. Worldwatch Report 183. Worldwatch Institute. http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/183%20Population%20and%20climate.pdf

Flowers, C (2020). Battling America’s Dirty Secret. The Washington Post, Dec. 17. https://www.washingtonpost.com%2Fclimate-solutions%2F2020%2F12%2F17%2Fclimate-solutions-sewage%2F&usg=AOvVaw3qI6YgU6Sp3lyTVdWfs_Em [On the inequities of wastewater treatment and how climate change will exacerbate the sanitation challenge for low income and minority populations.]

Forbes, S and Hu, S (2020). What Is Climate Gentrification? NRDC, Aug. 27. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/what-climate-gentrification

Frosch, R, Pastor, M, Sadd, J and Shonkoff, S (2009). The Climate Gap: Inequalities in How Climate Change Hurts Americans & How to Close the Gap. PERE USC Program for Environmental & Regional Equity. https://dornsife.usc.edu/pere/climategap/ Executive Summary - https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/242/docs/ClimateGapExecSumm_10ah_small.pdf

Gardiner, B (2020a). Unequal Impact: The Deep Links Between Racism and Climate Change. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/unequal-impact-the-deep-links-between-inequality-and-climate-change

Gardiner, B (2020b). Ocean Justice: Where Social Equity and the Climate Fight Intersect. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/ocean-justice-where-social-equity-and-the-climate-fight-intersect

Ghosh, E, Gore, T, Kartha, S, Kemp-Benedict, E and Nazareth, A (2020). The Carbon Inequality Era: An Assessment of the Global Distribution of Consumption Emissions Among Individuals from 1990 to 2015 and Beyond. Oxfam and the Stockholm Environment Institute. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/the-carbon-inequality-era-an-assessment-of-the-global-distribution-of-consumpti-621049/

Gordijn, B (2012). Ethics of Mitigation, Adaptation and Geoengineering. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 15(1). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51983733_Ethics_of_mitigation_adaptation_and_geoengineering

Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (2018). Defining Vulnerable Communities in the Context of Climate Adaptation. State of California. https://opr.ca.gov/docs/20200720-Vulnerable_Communities.pdf

Green Growth Knowledge Platform (2021). Poverty and Equity. https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/themes/poverty-and-equity [Portal to many articles and reports.]

Hall, R (2019). In the Future, Only the Rich Will be Able to Escape the Unbearable Heat from Climate Change. In Iraq, it’s Already Happening. Independent, Aug. 10. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/climate-change-apartheid-poor-iraq-effects-heatwave-a9049206.html

Hallegatte, S, Bangalore, M, Bonzanigo, L, Fay, M, Kane, T, Narloch, U, Rozenberg, J, Treguer, D and Vogt-Schilb, A (2016). Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Climate Change and Development, World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22787 or https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/research/shock-waves-managing-impacts-climate-change-poverty

Hanson, J and 17 co-authors (2013). Assessing ‘‘Dangerous Climate Change’’: Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature. PLOS One, 8(12): e81648. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0081648

Harrington, L, Frame, D, Fischer, E, Hawkins, E, Joshi, M and Jones, C (2016). Poorest Countries Experience Earlier Anthropogenic Emergence of Daily Temperature Extremes. Environmental Research Letters, 11(5). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/11/5/055007

Hess, H, Wimberger, E and Young, M (2020). Climate Change and Inequality: Filling the Federal Research Void. Climate Impact Lab. https://www.impactlab.org/news-insights/climate-change-and-inequality-filling-the-federal-research-void/

Horn-Muller, A, Zoppo, A and Warren, M (2020). Barely Above Water. Climate Central, Dec. 9. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/barely-above-water [Affordable housing is at greater risk to sea level rise flooding.]

Houser, T (2020). Climate Convexity: The Inequality of a Warming World. Economic Strategy Group, Dec. 10. https://www.economicstrategygroup.org/publication/climate-convexity/

Howell, J and Elliott, J (2019). Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States. Social Problems, 66(3). https://academic.oup.com/socpro/article/66/3/448/5074453

Hubacek, K, Baiocchi, G, Feng, K, Muñoz Castillo, R, Sun, L, and Xue, J (2017). Global Carbon Inequality. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 2(6). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40974-017-0072-9

Human Rights Council (2019). Climate Change and Poverty. https://ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Poverty/A_HRC_41_39.pdf

ISSC, IDS and UNESCO (2016). World Social Science Report 2016: Challenging Inequalities: Pathways to a Just World. https://en.unesco.org/wssr2016

King, A and Harrington, L (2018). The Inequality of Climate Change From 1.5 to 2°C of Global Warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(10). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL078430

Law, T (2019). The Climate Crisis is Global, But These 6 Places Face the Most Severe Consequences. Time, Sept. 30. https://time.com/5687470/cities-countries-most-affected-by-climate-change/

Leichenko, R and Silva, J (2014). Climate Change and Poverty Vulnerability, Impacts, and Alleviation Strategies. WIRES Climate Change, 5(4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262025806_Climate_change_and_poverty_Vulnerability_impacts_and_alleviation_strategies

Levy, B and Patz, J (2015). Climate Change, Human Rights, and Social Justice. Annals of Global Health, 81(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.008

Mahlstein, I, Knutti, R, Solomon, S and Portmann, R (2011). Early Onset of Significant Local Warming in Low Latitude Countries. Environmental Research Letters, 6(3). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/6/3/034009/meta

McCoy, T (2022). Brazil Mudslides: Climate Change Turns Favelas into Disasters Waiting to Happen. The Washington Post, Feb. 24. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/02/24/brazil-landslide-petropolis-favela/

McFall-Johnsen, M (2019). The Climate Crisis is Inherently Unfair. These 9 Countries Will Get Hit Especially Hard as the Globe Heats Up. Business Insider, July. https://www.businessinsider.com/climate-change-will-hit-these-9-countries-especially-hard-2019-7

Milman, O (2018). Climate Gentrification: The Rich Can Afford to Move – What About the Poor? The Guardian, Sept. 25. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/sep/25/climate-gentrification-phoenix-flagstaff-miami-rich-poor

Monbiot, G (2021). Never Mind Aid, Never Mind Loans: What Poor Nations are Owed is Reparations. The Guardian, Nov. 5. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/05/the-climate-crisis-is-just-another-form-of-global-oppression-by-the-rich-world

Nugent, C (2019). The 10 Countries Most Vulnerable to Climate Change Will Experience Population Booms in the Coming Decades. Time. https://time.com/5621885/climate-change-population-growth/

O’Brien, K and Leichenko, R (2000). Double Exposure: Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change Within the Context of Economic Globalization. Global Environmental Change, 10. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378000000212

Parks, C (2019). The Rising Tide of Climate Injustice. UnDark, Feb. 14. https://undark.org/2019/02/14/the-rising-tide-of-climate-injustice/

Preudhomme, N (2020a). Racial Justice and Climate Change: Exposure. Four Twenty Seven Newsletter, Moody’s Corporation. https://427mt.com/2020/07/08/racial-justice-and-climate-change/

Preudhomme, N (2020b). Racial Justice and Climate Change: Adaptation. Four Twenty Seven Newsletter, Moody’s Corporation. https://427mt.com/2020/07/08/racial-justice-as-a-cornerstone-of-climate-justice/

Public Health & Environment Department (2011). Gender, Climate Change and Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/globalchange/GenderClimateChangeHealthfinal.pdf

Ramirez, R (2021). Scientists Looked at More Than 100,000 Studies and Found the World has a Giant Climate-crisis Blind Spot. CNN, Oct. 11. https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/11/world/climate-change-attribution-gap/index.html

Riederer, R (2019). The Stark Inequality of Climate Change. The New Yorker, Oct. 17. https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/the-stark-inequality-of-climate-change

Ritchie, E (2022). A New Year’s Resolution on the US’s Climate Hypocrisy. Jan. 7. Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/new-years-resolution-us-climate-hypocrisy

Rozenberg, J and Hallegatte, S (2018). Poor People on the Front Line: The Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty in 2030, in Kanbur, R and Shue, H (eds.) Climate Justice: Integrating Economics and Philosophy. Oxford Scholarship. https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.001.0001/oso-9780198813248-chapter-2

Rudolph, L (2016). A Physician’s Guide to Climate Change, Health and Equity. Public Health Institute. http://climatehealthconnect.org/resources/physicians-guide-climate-change-health-equity

Rueter, G (2021). Climate Change Hit Poorest Countries Hardest in 2019. DW.com, Jan. 25. https://www.dw.com/en/climate-change-hit-poorest-countries-hardest-in-2019/a-56334708

Schneider, L (2019). Fixing the Climate? How Geoengineering Threatens to Undermine the SDGs and Climate Justice. Development, 62(1-4). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057%2Fs41301-019-00211-6

Shindell, D (2015). The Social Cost of Atmospheric Release. Climatic Change, 130. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-015-1343-0

Skoufias, E, Rabassa, M, Olivieri, S and Brahmbhatt, M (2011). The Poverty Impacts of Climate Change. Economic Premise, 51. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/10102

Sneath, S (2020). 'Ticking Time Bombs': Residents Kept In The Dark About Risks To LA's Chemical Plants During Storms. New Orleans Public Radio, Dec. 7. https://www.wwno.org/post/ticking-time-bombs-residents-kept-dark-about-risks-las-chemical-plants-during-storms

Tan, M (2021). Why Every Second, and Every Fraction of a Degree of Global Warming, Matters. Gal-Dem, Nov. 6. https://gal-dem.com/global-warming-degree-mitzi-tan/ [First person call for climate justice.]

Thiery, W et al. (2021). Intergenerational Inequities in Exposure to Climate Extremes. Science, 374(6564). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi7339

Thomas, K, Hardy, R, Lazrus, H, Mendez, M, Orlove, B, Rivera-Collazo, I, Roberts, J, Rockman, M, Warner, B and Winthrop, R (2018). Explaining Differential Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Social Science Review. WIREs Climate Change, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.565

Thomas, K and Warner, B (2021). Weaponizing Vulnerability to Climate Change. Global Environmental Change, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101928 or https://www.academia.edu/39709604/Weaponizing_vulnerability_to_climate_change

Timperley, J (2021). How Can People Harmed by Climate Change Be Compensated? Wired, Dec. 16. https://www.wired.com/story/climate-change-compensation/

Tol, R, Downing, T, Kuik, O and Smith, J (2004). Distributional Aspects of Climate Change Impacts. Global Environmental Change, 14. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/distributional-aspects-of-climate-change-impacts-YN0F1OR8c1

UNICEF (2021). The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis. https://www.unicef.org/reports/climate-crisis-child-rights-crisis

UNICEF Bangladesh (2019). A Gathering Storm: Climate Change Clouds the Future of Children in Bangladesh. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/reports/gathering-storm

United Nations Climate Change (2016). Climate Change Mainly Impacting Vulnerable Children. https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-mainly-impacting-vulnerable-children

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2016). World Economic and Social Survey 2016: Climate Change Resilience – An Opportunity for Reducing Inequalities. https://wess.un.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/WESS_2016_Report.pdf

Volcovici, V (2020). A U.S. Tribe’s Uphill Battle Against Climate Change. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-usa-tribes-widerimage/a-u-s-tribes-uphill-battle-against-climate-change-idUSKCN21V0QK

Wing, O et al., (2022). Inequitable Patterns of US Flood Risk in the Anthropocene. Nature Climate Change, 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01265-6

World Health Organization (2014). Gender, Climate Change and Health. https://www.who.int/globalchange/publications/reports/gender_climate_change/en/

Zhang, M (2018). How the Rich Will Survive Climate Change Disaster. The Outline, Nov. 16. https://theoutline.com/post/6595/how-the-rich-will-survive-climate-change-disaster

K. Ocean Acidification [back to subsections]

Bednarsek, N, Pelletier, G, Ahmed, A and Feely, R (2020). Chemical Exposure Due to Anthropogenic Ocean Acidification Increases Risks for Estuarine Calcifiers in the Salish Sea: Biogeochemical Model Scenarios. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7(580). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00580

Brewer, P (2013). A Short History of Ocean Acidification Science in the 20th Century: A Chemist's View. Biogeosciences, 10. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7411-2013

Caldiera, K and Wickett, M (2003). Anthropogenic Carbon and Ocean pH. Nature, 425(365). https://www.nature.com/articles/425365a

Crowe, M (2021). Ocean Acidification: The Threat to Washington Shellfish, and How the Industry is Adapting. King5, Feb. 19. https://www.king5.com/article/tech/science/environment/ocean-acidification-washington-shellfish-industry/281-9f8f822d-f4b2-47be-8ce9-c69fb267459a

European Science Foundation (2009). Impacts of Ocean Acidification. Science Policy Briefing 37. http://archives.esf.org/fileadmin/Public_documents/Publications/SPB37_OceanAcidification.pdf

Feely, R, Alin, S, Newton, J, Sabine, C, Warner, M, Devol, A, Krembs, C and Maloy, C (2010). The Combined Effects of Ocean Acidification, Mixing, and Respiration on pH and Carbonate Saturation in an Urbanized Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 88: 442-449. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027277141000185X

Feely, R, Klinger, T, Newton, J and Chadsey, M [eds.] (2012). Scientific Summary of Ocean Acidification in Washington State Marine Waters. NOAA OAR Special Report. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201016.pdf

Gobler, C and Baumann, H (2016). Hypoxia and Acidification in Ocean Ecosystems: Coupled Dynamics and Effects on Marine Life. The Royal Society Biology Letters, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0976

IAEA Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre (2020). Ocean Acidification. International Atomic Energy Agency. http://ocean-acidification.net/ [Links to all sorts of resources]

Kahn, B (2019). California Waters Are Acidifying Twice as Fast as the Rest of the Oceans. Gizmodo, Dec. 16. https://earther.gizmodo.com/california-waters-are-acidifying-twice-as-fast-as-the-r-1840458411

Langston, J (2011). Northwest Ocean Acidification: The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuel Pollution. Sightline Institute. https://www.sightline.org/research_item/northwest-ocean-acidification/

Licker, R, Ekwurzel, B, Doney, S, Cooley, S, Lima, I, Heede, R and Frumhoff, P (2019). Tracing Fossil Fuel Companies’ Contribution to Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Union of Concerned Scientists. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/tracing-responsibility-climate-change-ocean-acidification

Lipuma, L (2020). Warming, Acidic Oceans May Nearly Eliminate Coral Reef Habitats by 2100. AGU News, Feb. 17. https://news.agu.org/press-release/warming-acidic-oceans-may-nearly-eliminate-coral-reef-habitats-by-2100/

PBS News Hour (2013). Trouble in the Water: Acidifying Oceans Hinder Health of Northwest Shellfish. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/acidifying-waters-corrode-northwest-shellfish [video report]

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2016). Ocean Acidification: A Wake-up Call in Our Waters. https://www.noaa.gov/ocean-acidification-high-co2-world-dangerous-waters-ahead [A short primer]

Olsen, A, Lauvset, S, Goris, N and Skjelvan, I (2018). Revisiting Ocean Acidification, Food Security and Our Earth System. Foresight Brief, 9. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25797/Foresight_Brief_009_July.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

State of Washington Ocean Acidification Center (2022). https://oceanacidification.uw.edu/

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2017). Ch. 13: Ocean Acidification and Other Ocean Changes, in Fourth National Climate Assessment, Vol. 1. https://science2017.globalchange.gov/

UW News Staff (2020). Ocean Acidification Impacts Oysters’ Memory of Environmental Stress. UW News, March 12. https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/03/12/ocean-acidification-impacts-oysters-memory-of-environmental-stress/

L. Other Impacts [back to subsections]

Adhikari, S and Ivins, E (2019). Climate-driven Polar Motion: 2003–2015. Science Advances, 2(4). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501693

American Geophysical Union (2021). Earth is Dimming Due to Climate Change. Phys.org, Sept. 30. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-earth-dimming-due-climate.html

Andrijevic, M, Cuaresma, J, Muttarak, R and Schleussner, C (2020). Governance in Socioeconomic Pathways and its Role for Future Adaptive Capacity. Nature Sustainability, 3. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0405-0

Arrobas, D, Hund, K, McCormick, M, Ningthoujam, J and Drexhage, J (2017). The Growing Role of Minerals and Metals for a Low Carbon Future. The World Bank, Working Paper 117581. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/207371500386458722/The-Growing-Role-of-Minerals-and-Metals-for-a-Low-Carbon-Future

Barras, C (2019). The Ocean’s Tallest Waves are Getting Taller. Science, 364(6438). https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/ocean-s-tallest-waves-are-getting-taller

Berardelli, J (2021). "When Temperatures Do Odd Things...": How This Map Reveals a Warning for the Climate. CBS News, May 13. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/climate-change-map-warning/ [On the weakening of the Atlantic Ocean circulation.]

Boers, N (2021). Observation-based Early-warning Signals for a Collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Nature Climate Change, 11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01097-4

Brito-Morales, et al., (2020). Climate Velocity Reveals Increasing Exposure of Deep-ocean Biodiversity to Future Warming. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0773-5 [The deep ocean is warming faster than the surface.]

Brooks, R (2014). 12 Views of a Warming World. Audubon Society. https://www.audubon.org/magazine/september-october-2014/12-views-warming-world [Photo gallery]

Cai, W, et al., (2021). Changing El Niño–Southern Oscillation in a Warming Climate. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, . https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00199-z

Campbell, S (2020). Key Readings About Climate Change and Coronavirus. Yale Climate Connections. https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/03/key-readings-about-climate-change-and-coronavirus/ [Annotated bibliography with links to all the articles.]

Caplan, J, Gimenez, D, Hirmas, D, Brunsell, N, Blair, J and Knapp, A (2019). Decadal-scale Shifts in Soil Hydraulic Properties as Induced by Altered Precipitation. Science Advances, 5(9). http://10.1126/sciadv.aau6635 [Increased precipitation can lead to decreased infiltration into the soil]

Cesar, L, Rahmstorf, S, Robinson, A, Feulner, G and Saba, V (2018). Observed Fingerprint of a Weakening Atlantic Ocean Overturning Circulation. Nature, 556: 191-196. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0006-5

Cheng, L, Zhu, J, Abraham, J, Trenberth, K, Fasullo, J, Zhang, B, Yu, F, Wan, L, Chen, X and Song, X (2019). 2018 Continues Record Global Ocean Warming. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 36(3). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00376-019-8276-x

Cheng, L et al., (2020). Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 37(2). https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00376-020-9283-7.pdf

Chow, D (2020). Climate Change Models Predicted Ocean Currents Would Speed Up — But Not This Soon. NBC Nightly News, Feb. 11. https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/climate-change-models-predicted-ocean-currents-would-speed-not-soon-n1135176

Chu, J (2021). Study Predicts the Oceans Will Start Emitting Ozone-depleting CFCs. Phys.Org, March 15. https://phys.org/news/2021-03-oceans-emitting-ozone-depleting-cfcs.amp

Climate Central (2016). When it Rains it Pours, and Sewage Hits the Fan. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/heavy-rain-sewage-overflows-20718

Crowther, T and 49 co-authors (2016). Quantifying Global Soil Carbon Losses in Response to Warming. Nature, 540: 104-108. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature20150

Davis, M (2020). North Atlantic Current Could Stop Within the Next Century. Big Think, Jan. 6. https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/north-atlantic-current-shutdown [Good for students]

Duniway, M, Pfennigwerth, A, Fick, S, Nauman, T, Belnap, J, and Barger, N (2019). Wind Erosion and Dust from US Drylands: A Review of Causes, Consequences, and Solutions in a Changing World. Ecosphere, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2650

Dzieza, J (2015). Climate Change Could Mean Massive Ocean Dead Zones. Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia, NOAA. https://gulfhypoxia.net/climate-change-could-mean-massive-ocean-dead-zones/

Gignac, J (2020). ‘Catastrophic’ Increase in Arctic Wave Heights Predicted Due to Melting Sea Ice. The Narwhal, July 22. https://thenarwhal.ca/increase-arctic-wave-heights-erosion-tuktoyaktuk/

Goodier, R (2018). How Climate Change Could Break the Internet. Popular Mechanics, July 19. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a22454576/climate-change-internet-damage/

Goudie, A (2006). Global Warming and Fluvial Geomorphology. Geomorphology, 79. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248513531_Global_warming_and_fluvial_geomorphology

Haskins, C (2019). Climate Change Could Erase Human History. These Archivists Are Trying to Save It. Vice, Sept. 17. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/j5yg3g/climate-change-could-erase-human-history-these-archivists-are-trying-to-save-it

Heilweil, R (2021). The US Power Grid Isn’t Ready for Climate Change. Vox, July 3. https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/7/3/22560691/power-grid-climate-change-heat-wave

Held, A (2017). It's Too Hot For Some Planes To Fly In Phoenix. NPR, June 20. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/20/533662790/its-too-hot-for-some-planes-to-fly-in-phoenix

Heinze, C et al., (2021). The Quiet Crossing of Ocean Tipping Points. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9). https://www.pnas.org/content/118/9/e2008478118

Hu, S, Sprintall, J, Guan, C, McPhaden, M, Wang, F, Hu, D and Cai, W (2020). Deep-reaching Acceleration of Global Mean Ocean Circulation Over the Past Two Decades. Science Advances, 6(6). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/6/eaax7727

Hummel, M, Berry, M and Stacey, M (2018). Sea Level Rise Impacts on Wastewater Treatment Systems Along the U.S. Coasts. Earth’s Future, 6(4). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017EF000805

International Panel on Climate Change (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/

Iovine, A (2019). Is Climate Change Impacting Cuffing Season? Mashable, Dec. 11. https://mashable.com/article/climate-change-cuffing-season/

Ise, T, Dunn, A, Wofsy, S and Moorcroft, P (2008). High Sensitivity of Peat Decomposition to Climate Change Through Water-table Feedback. Nature Geoscience, 1:763-766. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo331

Just Have a Think (2020). Is the Gulf Stream Collapsing? YouTube, April 19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Yz8nZbZPE8

Khan, B (2021). The 10 Weirdest Ways Climate Change Is Screwing with Our World. Gizmodo, Nov. 8. https://gizmodo.com/the-10-strangest-climate-change-impacts-1847875174

Keil, P, Mauritsen, T, Jungclaus, J, Hedemann, C, Olonscheck, O and Ghosh, R (2020). Multiple Drivers of the North Atlantic Warming Hole. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0819-8

Laffoley, D and Baxter, J (eds.) (2019). Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone’s Problem. International Union for Conservation of Nature. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48892

Lewkowicz, A and Way, R (2019). Extremes of Summer Climate Trigger Thousands of Thermokarst Landslides in a High Arctic Environment. Nature Communications, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09314-7

Lian, X, et al., (2020). Summer Soil drying Exacerbated by Earlier Spring Greening of Northern Vegetation. Science Advances, 6(1). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaax0255

Liu, M, Vecchi, G, Soden, B, Yang, W and Zhang, B (2021). Enhanced Hydrological Cycle Increases Ocean Heat Uptake and Moderates Transient Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01152-0

Lohmann, J and Ditlevsen, P (2021). Risk of Tipping the Overturning Circulation Due to Increasing Rates of Ice Melt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017989118

MacMillan, D and Englund, W (2021). Longer, More Frequent Outages Afflict the U.S. Power Grid as States Fail to Prepare for Climate Change. The Washington Post, Oct. 24. https://www.pressherald.com/2021/10/24/longer-more-frequent-outages-afflict-the-u-s-power-grid-as-states-fail-to-prepare-for-climate-change/

McMahon, J (2019). Climate Change Will Increase Violent Turbulence On Airline Flights. Forbes, Mar. 11. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/03/11/climate-change-will-increase-violent-turbulence-on-airline-flights/#158f0d8523cd

Meucci, A, Young, I, Hemer, M, Kirezci, E and Ranasinghe, R (2020). Projected 21st Century Changes in Extreme Wind-wave Events. Science Advances, 6(24). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7295

Moore, S, Johnstone, J, Banas, N and Salathé Jr., E (2015). Present-day and Future Climate Pathways Affecting Alexandrium Blooms in Puget Sound, WA, USA. Harmful Algae, 48: 1–11. https://atmos.uw.edu/~salathe/papers/full/Moore_2015.pdf

Morim, J et al., (2019). Robustness and Uncertainties in Global Multivariate Wind-wave Climate Projections. Nature Climate Change, 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0542-5

Morrison, J (2022). Backed-up Pipes, Stinky Yards: Climate Change is Wrecking Septic Tanks. The Washington Post, April 12. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/04/12/backed-up-pipes-stinky-yards-climate-change-is-wrecking-septic-tanks/

National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (2014). Climate Change Threatens to Worsen U.S. Ozone Pollution. ScienceDaily, May 5. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140505130528.htm

National Wildlife Federation (2009). Increased Flooding Risk: Global Warming’s Wake-Up Call for Riverfront Communities. https://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Global-Warming/NWF_FloodReport_optimized.ashx

Noyes, P et al., (2009). The Toxicology of Climate Change: Environmental Contaminants in a Warming World. Environment International, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.02.006

Obbard, R, Sadri, S, Wong, Y, Khitun, A, Baker, I and Thompson, R (2014). Global Warming Releases Microplastic Legacy Frozen in Arctic Sea Ice. Earth’s Future, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014EF000240

O’Callaghan, J (2021). What if Space Junk and Climate Change Become the Same Problem? The New York Times, May 12. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/12/science/space-junk-climate-change.html

Paul, M (2021). Dead Zones, a ‘Horseman’ of Climate Change, Could Smother Crabs in the West, Scientists Say. The Washington Post, July 30. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/07/29/oregon-hypoxic-dead-zone/

Pierre-Louis, K (2022). A Recipe for Climate Disaster. The Atlantic, March 29. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2022/03/climate-change-heavy-rain-landslides-flood/629404/ [About landslides]

Pruski, F and Nearing, M (2002). Climate-induced Changes in Erosion During the 21st Century for Eight U.S. Locations. Water Resources Research, 38. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2001WR000493

Real News Network (2018a). Global Warming’s Impact on Ocean Currents to Amplify Sea Level Rise. https://therealnews.com/stories/global-warmings-impact-on-ocean-currents-to-amplify-sea-level-rise [video of interview]

Ruijven, B, De Cian, E and Wing, I (2019). Amplification of Future Energy Demand Growth Due to Climate Change. Nature Communications, 10(2762). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10399-3

Scneider, L, Cooke, C, Stansell, N and Haberle, S (2020). Plants Safely Store Toxic Mercury. Bushfires and Climate Change Bring it Back into our Environment. The Conversation, Jan. 29. https://theconversation.com/plants-safely-store-toxic-mercury-bushfires-and-climate-change-bring-it-back-into-our-environment-129788

Simon, J (2021). Climate Change Is Killing Trees and Causing Power Outages. NPR, Sept. 21. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/21/1038078093/climate-change-is-killing-trees-and-causing-power-outages

Smith, J (2017). More Rain Means More Pollution. Science, 357(6349). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/357/6349/366.1?intcmp=trendmd-sci

Sneath, S (2020). 'Ticking Time Bombs': Residents Kept In The Dark About Risks To LA's Chemical Plants During Storms. New Orleans Public Radio, Dec. 7. https://www.wwno.org/post/ticking-time-bombs-residents-kept-dark-about-risks-las-chemical-plants-during-storms

Tayag, Y (2019). The 'Doomsday' Seed Vault Is Meeting Its Doom Sooner Than Expected. Inverse, March 27. https://www.inverse.com/article/54416-why-did-we-assume-the-permafrost-would-stay-permanently-frozen

Teirstein, Z (2022). There’s an Invisible Ecosystem in the Air — and Climate Change is Disrupting It. Grist, Feb. 14. https://grist.org/climate/theres-an-invisible-ecosystem-in-the-air-and-climate-change-is-disrupting-it/

University of Cambridge (2021). Climate Change Will Transform Cooling Effects of Volcanic Eruptions, Study Suggests. Phys.org, Aug. 12. https://phys.org/news/2021-08-climate-cooling-effects-volcanic-eruptions.html

University of East Anglia (2021). How Climate Change Could Impact Algae in the Global Ocean. Phys.org, Sept. 16. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-climate-impact-algae-global-ocean.html

Vinje Galaasen, E, Ninnemann, U, Kessler, A, Irvali, N, Rosenthal, Y, Tjiputra, J, Bouttes, N, Roche, D, Kleiven, H and Hodell, D (2020). Interglacial Instability of North Atlantic Deep Water Ventilation. Science, 367(6485). http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay6381

Vitousek, S, Barnard, P and Limber, P (2017). Can Beaches Survive Climate Change? Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface, 122(4): 1060-1067. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JF004308

Vousdoukas, M, Ranasinghe, R, Mentashi, L, Plomaritis, T, Athanasiou, P, Luijendijk, A and Feyen, L (2020). Sandy Coastlines Under Threat of Erosion. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0697-0

Walton, J (2019). Five Ways Climate Change Will Affect Your Flights. Lonely Planet, July. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/travel-tips-and-articles/five-ways-climate-change-will-affect-your-flights/40625c8c-8a11-5710-a052-1479d2750d73

Weise, E (2019). Climate Change Could Threaten Dogs with Diseases Pushing Into New Parts of the USA. USA Today, June 15. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/06/15/climate-change-could-hurt-your-dog-diseases-spread-into-new-areas/1414608001/

Yang, H, Lohmann, G, Wei, W, Dima, M, Ionita, M and Liu, J (2016). Intensification and Poleward Shift of Subtropical Western Boundary Currents in a Warming Climate. Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 121(7). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011513

M. Overviews and Advances in the Science (more in section V) [back to subsections]

Aengenheyster, M, Feng, Q, van der Ploeg, F and Dijkstra, H (2018). The Point of No Return for Climate Action: Effects of Climate Uncertainty and Risk Tolerance. Earth System Dynamics, 9: 1085–1095. https://www.earth-syst-dynam.net/9/1085/2018/

AghaKouchak, A, Huning, L, Chaing, F, Sadegh, M, Vahedifard, f, Mazdiyasni, O, Moftakhari, H and Mallakpour, I (2018). How Do Natural Hazards Cascade to Cause Disasters? Nature, Sept. 24. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-06783-6

Allison, I and 25 co-authors (2009). The Copenhagen Diagnosis, 2009: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. The University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre. http://www.copenhagendiagnosis.org/

Ahmed, N (2019). U.S. Military Could Collapse Within 20 Years Due to Climate Change, Report Commissioned By Pentagon Says. Vice, Oct. 24. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mbmkz8/us-military-could-collapse-within-20-years-due-to-climate-change-report-commissioned-by-pentagon-says

Aldous, P (2019). Here and Now: These Maps Show How Climate Change Has Already Transformed the Earth. BuzzFeed, April, 22. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/peteraldhous/climate-change-maps-ice-sea-level-rise?bfsource=relatedmanual [Good graphics]

Alley, R (2004). Implications of Abrupt Climate Change. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 115. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2263775/

American Association for the Advancement of Science (2014). What We Know: The Realities, Risks and Response to Climate Change. http://whatweknow.aaas.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/whatweknow_website.pdf

American Geophysical Union (2013). Human-Induced Climate Change Requires Urgent Action. https://www.agu.org/Share-and-Advocate/Share/Policymakers/Position-Statements/Human-induced-climate-change-requires-urgent-action

American Geophysical Union (2021). Earth is Dimming Due to Climate Change. Phys.org, Sept. 30. https://phys.org/news/2021-09-earth-dimming-due-climate.html

Anderson, J and Bausch, C (2009). Climate Change and Natural Disasters: Scientific Evidence of a Possible Relation Between Recent Natural Disasters and Climate Change. European Parliament's Environment, Public Health and Food Safety Committee. http://www.ecologic.eu/sites/files/project/2013/Brief_CC_and_natural_disasters_scientific_evidence_of_relation_Jan_2006_EP_version.pdf

Anderson, K and Bows, A (2011). Beyond ‘Dangerous’ Climate Change: Emission Scenarios for a New World. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 369. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0290

Andrews, E (2019). Will I be Able to Tell When We’ve Reached a Climate Tipping Point? Grist, Aug. 15. https://grist.org/article/will-i-be-able-to-tell-when-weve-reached-a-climate-tipping-point/

Arnell, N, Lowe, J, Brown, S, Lincke, D and Price, J (2016). The Global Impacts of Climate Change Under a 1.5°C Pathway: Supplement to Assessment of Impacts Under 2, 3 and 4°C Pathways. Report from AVOID2 project to the Committee on Climate Change. https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/The-global-impacts-of-climate-change-under-a-1.5C-pathway-supplement-to-assessment-of-impacts-under-2-3-and-4C-pathways.pdf

Arnell, N, Lowe, J, Challinor, A and Osborn, T (2019). Global and Regional Impacts of Climate Change at Different Levels of Global Temperature Increase. Climatic Change, 155. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-019-02464-z

Arneth, A et al., (2019). Climate Change and Land: Summary for Policy Makers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/4.-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf

Australian Academy of Science (2021). The Risks to Australia of a 3° C Warmer World. https://www.science.org.au/supporting-science/science-policy-and-analysis/reports-and-publications/risks-australia-three-degrees-c-warmer-world

Bastin J, Clark, E, Elliot, T, Hart, S, den Hoogen, J, Hordijk, I Ma, H, Majumder, S, Manoli, G, Maschler, J, Mo, L Routh, D, Yu, K and Crowther, T (2019). Understanding Climate Change from a Global Analysis of City Analogues. PLOS One, 14(7): e0217592. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217592

Beard, S (2017). Climate Change and the Worst-Case Scenario. Institute for Public Policy Research. https://www.ippr.org/juncture-item/climate-change-and-the-worst-case-scenario

Belcher, S, Boucher, O and Sutton, R (2019). Guest Post: Why Results from the Next Generation of Climate Models Matter. Carbon Brief, March 21. https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-results-from-the-next-generation-of-climate-models-matter

Bendell, J (2018). Deep Adaptation: Navigating Climate Tragedy. Institute for Leadership and Sustainability, Occasional Paper 2. http://www.lifeworth.com/deepadaptation.pdf

Bendell, J (2019). Compendium of Research Reports on Climate Chaos and Impacts. Institute for Leadership and Sustainability, July 7. https://iflas.blogspot.com/2019/07/compendium-of-research-reports-on.html

Berwyn, B (2019). What Does '12 Years to Act on Climate Change' (Now 11 Years) Really Mean? Inside Climate News, Aug. 27. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/27082019/12-years-climate-change-explained-ipcc-science-solutions

Berwyn, B (2021). New Research Explores the Costs of Climate Tipping Points, and How They Could Compound One Another. Inside Climate News, Aug. 16. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16082021/climate-tipping-points/

Betts, R, Collins, M, Hemming, D, Jones, C, Lowe, J and Sanderson, M (2011). When Could Global Warming Reach 4°C? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369(1934). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0292

Bohmelt, T (2017). Employing the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways to Predict CO2 Emissions. Environmental Science & Policy, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.002 [“None of the five SSP scenarios is linked to emission patterns that would suggest achieving the 2 °C goal is realistic.’]

Bonnet, R et al., (2021). Increased Risk of Near Term Global Warming Due to a Recent AMOC Weakening. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26370-0

Borunda, A (2021). These 6 Numbers Define the Climate Challenge in a Changing U.S. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2021/01/6-numbers-define-climate-challenge-in-changing-us/

Brannen, P (2021). The Terrifying Warning Lurking in the Earth’s Ancient Rock Record. The Atlantic, March. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/extreme-climate-change-history/617793/

Breakthrough - National Centre for Climate Restoration (2020). Climate Reality Check. https://online.flippingbook.com/view/68358/ [Concise flip book “presenting 20 critical observations, insights and understandings to help inform and guide the stark choices that now stand before us ]

Brosig, M, Frawley, P, Hill, A, Jahn, M,Mrsicek, M, Paris, A, Rose, M, Shambaljamts, A and Thomas, N (2019). Implications of Climate Change for the U.S. Army. U.S. Army War College. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/implications-of-climate-change-for-us-army_army-war-college_2019.pdf

Brown, D (2018). New Evidence That Climate Change Poses a Much Greater Threat to Humanity Than Recently Understood Because the IPCC has been Systematically Underestimating Climate Change Risks: An Ethical Analysis. Ethics and Climate, Sept. 21. https://ethicsandclimate.org/2018/09/21/new-evidence-that-climate-change-poses-a-much-greater-threat-to-humanity-than-recently-understood-because-the-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-has-been-systematically-underestimating-climate/

Buis, A (2018). A Degree of Concern: Why Global Temperatures Matter. NASA Global Climate Change. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2865/a-degree-of-concern-why-global-temperatures-matter/

Buis, A (2020). Study Confirms Climate Models are Getting Future Warming Projections Right. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2943/study-confirms-climate-models-are-getting-future-warming-projections-right/

Byers, E et al., (2018). Global Exposure and Vulnerability to Multi-sector Development and Climate Change Hotspots. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aabf45

Calma, J (2019). This was the Decade Climate Change Slapped Us in the Face. The Verge, Dec. 10. https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/10/21003596/climate-change-end-of-decade-2019-temperature-storms-wildfires-effects-emissions

Candell, P and Jackson, R (2020). Earth May Temporarily Pass Dangerous 1.5℃ Warming Limit by 2024, Major New Report Says. The Conversation, Sept. 9. https://theconversation.com/earth-may-temporarily-pass-dangerous-1-5-warming-limit-by-2024-major-new-report-says-145450

Carbon Brief (2018). The Impacts of Climate Change at 1.5C, 2C and Beyond. https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/impacts-climate-change-one-point-five-degrees-two-degrees/

Carelton, T and Hsiang, S (2016). Social and Economic Impacts of Climate. Science, 353(6304). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/353/6304/aad9837.full.pdf

Carrington, D (2022). Extreme Heat in Oceans ‘Passed Point of No Return’ in 2014. The Guardian, Feb. 1. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/feb/01/extreme-heat-oceans-passed-point-of-no-return-high-temperatures-wildlife-seas

CDP Worldwide (2018). Global Climate Change Analysis 2018. https://www.cdp.net/en/research/global-reports/global-climate-change-report-2018 [Web page overview that leads to reports.]

CDP Worldwide (2021). Cities Climate Hazards. https://data.cdp.net/Climate-Hazards/2021-Cities-Climate-Hazards/ht3d-86mm

CDP Worldwide (2021b). Cities Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessments. https://data.cdp.net/Climate-Hazards/2021-Cities-Climate-Risk-and-Vulnerability-Assessm/8ihd-6z76

Chaplin-Kramer, R, et al., (2019). Global Modeling of Nature’s Contributions to People. Science, 366(6462). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6462/255

Charles, K (2021). Tropical Rainforests May Begin Pumping Out Carbon Dioxide by 2050. New Scientist, Jan. 14. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2264787-tropical-rainforests-may-begin-pumping-out-carbon-dioxide-by-2050/#ixzz6jYWoVTKW

Cheng, L et al., (2020). Record-Setting Ocean Warmth Continued in 2019. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 37(2). https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00376-020-9283-7.pdf

Christensen, J. and Olhoff, A. (2019). Lessons from a Decade of Emissions Gap Assessments. United Nations Environment Programme. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30022/EGR10.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Ciscar, J, Rising, J, Kopp, R, and Feyen, L (2019). Assessing Future Climate Change Impacts in the EU and the USA: Insights and Lessons from Two Continental-scale Projects. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab281e

Climate Action Tracker (2019). Temperatures: Addressing Global Warming. https://climateactiontracker.org/global/temperatures/ [About a graphic of 2100 warming projections.]

Climate Change Data Center (n.d.). http://ccdatacenter.org/FactPages.aspx [Lots of resources - graphics, analysis, etc.]

The Climate Cinema Youtube Channel (2021). Lectures. https://theclimatecinema.org/category/lectures/

Climate Emergency Institute (2019). https://www.climateemergencyinstitute.com/

Climate Emergency Institute (2020). Amplifying Climate Feedbacks. https://www.climateemergencyinstitute.com/feedbacks.html [Lots of links]

Climate Nexus (2019). RCP 8.5: Business-As-Usual or Worst Case Scenario? https://climatenexus.org/climate-change-news/rcp-8-5-business-as-usual-or-a-worst-case-scenario/

The Climate Reality Project (2019). Blog. https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog [Many interesting articles to be found here]

Climate Signals (2020). https://www.climatesignals.org [Interactive map tool to explore how climate change affects the world by searching events, impacts, and related climate signals.]

Climate Transparency (2020). The Climate Transparency Report: 2020. https://www.climate-transparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Climate-Transparency-Report-2020.pdf

Committee on Climate Change (2019). https://www.theccc.org.uk/ [Many publications on the details here.]

Copernicus (2021). How Close are We to Reaching a Global Warming of 1.5°C? European Union. https://climate.copernicus.eu/how-close-are-we-reaching-global-warming-15degc [Short overview with access to the global temperature trend monitor application.]

Crawford. I (2021). Cascading Effects. Grist, March 6. https://grist.org/justice/will-race-and-income-inequalities-trip-up-cascadias-fight-against-climate-change/

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Diffenbaugh, N, Singh, D and Mankin, J (2018). Unprecedented Climate Events: Historical Changes, Aspirational Targets, and National Commitments. Science Advances, 4(2). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao3354.short?intcmp=trendmd-adv

Doyle, A (2019). Evidence for Man-made Global Warming Hits 'Gold Standard': Scientists. Reuters, Feb. 25. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-temperatures/evidence-for-man-made-global-warming-hits-gold-standard-scientists-idUSKCN1QE1ZU

Drijfhout, S, Bathiany, S, Beaulieu, C, Brovkin, V, Claussen, M, Huntingford, C, Scheffer, M, Sgubin, G and Swingedouw, D (2015). Catalogue of Abrupt Shifts in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Models. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(43). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511451112

Duffy, K et al., (2021). How Close are We to the Temperature Tipping Point of the Terrestrial Biosphere? Science Advances, 7(3). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/3/eaay1052

Dvorak. M, Armoiur, K, Frierson, D, Proistosescu, C, Baker, M and Smith, C (2022). Estimating the Timing of Geophysical Commitment to 1.5 and 2.0 °C of Global Warming. Nature Climate Change, . https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01372-y

Dyke, J, Watson, R and Knorr, W (2021). Climate Scientists: Concept of Net Zero is a Dangerous Trap. The Conversation, April 22. https://theconversation.com/climate-scientists-concept-of-net-zero-is-a-dangerous-trap-157368

The Earth League and Future Earth (2017). The 10 Science ‘Must Knows’ on Climate Change. Prepared for the UNFCCC 23rd Conference of the Parties, 2017. Web page summary- https://futureearth.org/2017/11/12/the-10-science-must-knows-on-climate-change/; PDF report - https://futureearth.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/the_10_science_must_knows_on_climate_change_november_2017.pdf

Earth Science Communications Team (2019). Evidence. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ [Also sections on Causes, Effects, Scientific Consensus and Vital Signs]

Eckstein, D, Hutfils, M and Winges, M (2019). Global Climate Risk Index 2019. Germanwatch. https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202019_2.pdf

Engelman, R (2010). Population, Climate Change, and Women’s Lives. Worldwatch Report 183. Worldwatch Institute. http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/183%20Population%20and%20climate.pdf

Environment and Climate Change Canada (2019). Canada’s Changing Climate Report. https://changingclimate.ca/CCCR2019/

European Commission (2020a). Publications: Environment and Climate Change. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publications-list?f%5B0%5D=im_field_research_areas%3A2209 [Links to > 4000 articles and reports.]

European Commission (2020b). Scientific Tools & Databases: Environment and Climate Change. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/scientific-tools?f%5B0%5D=im_field_research_areas%3A2209 [links to 76 tools and databases]

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Fitzpatrick, M and Dunn, R (2019a). Contemporary Climatic Analogs for 540 North American Urban Areas in the Late 21st Century. Nature Communications, 10(614). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08540-3

Fitzpatrick, M and Dunn, R (2019b). What Will Climate Feel Like in 60 Years? Interactive Map. University of Maryland. https://fitzlab.shinyapps.io/cityapp/

Flavelle, C (2020). How California Became Ground Zero for Climate Disasters. The New York Times, Sept. 20. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/20/climate/california-climate-change-fires.html

Franco, E (2020). Global Risk Report 2020. World Economic Forum. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risk_Report_2020.pdf

Frank, J (2015). Explaining How the Water Vapor Greenhouse Effect Works. Skeptical Science. https://www.skepticalscience.com/water-vapor-greenhouse-gas.htm

Friedlingstein, P, Andrew, R, Rogellj, J, Peters, G, Canadell, J, Knutti, R, Luderer, G, Raupach, M, Schaeffer, M, van Vuuren, D and Quere, C (2014). Persistent Growth of CO2 Emissions and Implications for Reaching Climate Targets. Nature Geoscience, 7: 709-715. https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/global/pdf/Friedlingstein_2014_Persistent%20growth%20of%20CO2%20emissions%20and%20implications%20for%20reaching%20climate%20targets.NatureG.pdf

Friedlengstein, P, et al., (2020). Global Carbon Budget 2020. Earth System Science Data, 12. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020

Fountain, H (2019). Climate Change Is Accelerating, Bringing World ‘Dangerously Close’ to Irreversible Change. New York Times, Dec. 5. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/04/climate/climate-change-acceleration.html

Freedman, A and Mooney, C (2020). Major New Climate Study Rules Out Less Severe Global Warming Scenarios. The Washington Post, July 22. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/07/22/climate-sensitivity-co2/

Fujimori, S, Hasegawa, T, Masui, T, Takahashi, K, Herran, D, Dai, H, Hijioka, Y and Kainuma, M (2017). SSP3: AIM Implementation of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. Global Environmental Change, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.06.009

Future Earth (2020). Our Future on Earth. https://futureearth.org/publications/our-future-on-earth/

Ganopolski, A, Winkelmann, R and Schellnhuber, H (2016). Critical Insolation–CO2 Relation for Diagnosing Past and Future Glacial Inception. Nature, 529. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature16494

Gergis, J (2019). The Terrible Truth of Climate Change. The Monthly, Aug. https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2019/august/1566136800/jo-lle-gergis/terrible-truth-climate-change

Gergis, J (2020). The Great Unravelling: 'I Never Thought I’d Live to See the Horror of Planetary Collapse'. The Guardian, Oct. 14. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/oct/15/the-great-unravelling-i-never-thought-id-live-to-see-the-horror-of-planetary-collapse

Gettelman, A, Lamboll, R, Bardeen, C, Forster, P and Watson-Parris, D (2020). Climate Impacts of COVID-19 Induced Emission Changes. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091805

Global Change.Gov (2019). USGCRP Indicator Platform. https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators [Climate indicators showing trends over time in key aspects of our environment.]

Global Energy Monitor (2021). The Gas Index. https://thegasindex.org/ [Monitors natural gas leaks in cities. Includes a report and case studies.]

Global Oneness Project (2020). Climate Change. https://www.globalonenessproject.org/library/collections/climate-change [Collection of journalistic case study articles, films and photo essays to “learn how climate change is impacting individuals, communities, and other resources on the planet.”]

Goldblatt, C and Watson, A (2012). The Runaway Greenhouse: Implications for Future Climate Change, Geoengineering and Planetary Atmospheres. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 370(1974). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0004

Grist (2018). We Broke Down What Climate Change Will Do, Region by Region. https://grist.org/article/we-broke-down-what-climate-change-will-do-region-by-region/

Grose, M and Arblaster, J (2020). Just How Hot Will it Get This Century? Latest Climate Models Suggest it Could be Worse Than We Thought. The Conversation, May 17. https://theconversation.com/just-how-hot-will-it-get-this-century-latest-climate-models-suggest-it-could-be-worse-than-we-thought-137281

Halstead, J (2019). Is Climate Change an Existential Risk? https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qmHh-cshTCMT8LX0Y5wSQm8FMBhaxhQ8OlOeRLkXIF0/edit

Hansen, J and 17 co-authors (2013). Assessing ‘‘Dangerous Climate Change’’: Required Reduction of Carbon Emissions to Protect Young People, Future Generations and Nature. PLOS One, 8(12): e81648. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0081648

Hansen, J and Sato, M (2016). Regional Climate Change and National Responsibilities. Climate Science Awareness and Solutions, Columbia University. http://csas.ei.columbia.edu/2016/02/29/regional-climate-change-and-national-responsibilities/

Hansen J, et al., (2016). Ice Melt, Sea Level Rise and Superstorms: Evidence from Paleoclimate Data, Climate Modeling, and Modern Observations that 2 °C Global Warming Could be Dangerous. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16:3761–3812. https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/3761/2016/acp-16-3761-2016.pdf

Harrington, L, Schleussner, C and Otto, F (2021). Quantifying Uncertainty in Aggregated Climate Change Risk Assessments. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27491-2

Harvey, F (2019). One Climate Crisis Disaster Happening Every Week, UN Warns. The Guardian, July 7. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/07/one-climate-crisis-disaster-happening-every-week-un-warns

Hassol, S, Ebi, K and Serkez, Y (2021). America in 2090: The Impact of Extreme Heat, in Maps. The New York Times, July 21. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/21/opinion/climate-change-heat-waves.html [Many good map visualizations.]

Hausfather, Z (2018). Explainer: How ‘Shared Socioeconomic Pathways’ Explore Future Climate Change. Carbon Brief, April 19. https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-how-shared-socioeconomic-pathways-explore-future-climate-change

Hausfather, Z (2020a). The State of the Climate: How the World Warmed in 2019. Carbon Brief. https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-how-the-world-warmed-in-2019 [Many key graphics]

Hausfather, Z (2020b). Analysis: When Might the World Exceed 1.5C and 2C of Global Warming? Carbon Brief, April 12. https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming

Hawkins, E (2019). Show Your Stripes. Institute for Environmental Analytics. https://showyourstripes.info/ [Visualizations of warming specific to different regions]

Heinze, C et al., (2021). The Quiet Crossing of Ocean Tipping Points. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9). https://www.pnas.org/content/118/9/e2008478118

Henley, B (2019). 2,000 Years of Records Show it’s Getting Hotter, Faster. The Conversation, July 24. https://theconversation.com/2-000-years-of-records-show-its-getting-hotter-faster-120882

Hirji, Z and Aldhous, P (2019). 6 Extremely Depressing Climate Records We Broke This Decade. BuzzFeed, Dec. 14. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/zahrahirji/depressing-climate-records-2010s-decade [Good graphics]

Hoegh-Guldberg, O, et al., (2019). The Human Imperative of Stabilizing Global Climate Change at 1.5°C. Science, 365(6459). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/365/6459/eaaw6974

Hood, M, Galey, P and MacNamara, K (2021). Crushing Climate Impacts to Hit Sooner than Feared: Draft UN Report. Phys.org, June 23. https://phys.org/news/2021-06-climate-impacts-sooner.html

How We Respond (2019). Report. American Association for the Advancement of Science. https://howwerespond.aaas.org/report/

Huntingford, C, Williamson, M and Nijsse, F (2020). CMIP6 Climate Models Imply High Committed Warming. Climatic Change, 162. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-020-02849-5

International Energy Agency (2018). World Energy Outlook 2018. https://www.iea.org/weo2018/

International Military Council on Climate and Security (2020). The World Climate and Security Report 2020. https://climateandsecurity.org/worldclimatesecurityreport2020/

International Panel on Climate Change (2007). Frequently Asked Question 8.1: How Reliable Are the Models Used to Make Projections of Future Climate Change? In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://aamboceanservice.blob.core.windows.net/oceanservice-prod/education/pd/climate/factsheets/howreliable.pdf

International Panel on Climate Change (2013). Summary for Policymakers, in Stocker, T, et al. (eds.) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/

International Panel on Climate Change (2014a). AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/

International Panel on Climate Change (2014b). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policy Makers. http://ar5-syr.ipcc.ch/topic_summary.php

International Panel on Climate Change (2018a). Global Warming of 1.5° C: Summary for Policy Makers. https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf

International Panel on Climate Change (2018b). Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC Approved by Governments. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/11/pr_181008_P48_spm_en.pdf

International Panel on Climate Change (2019a). Special Report: Climate Change and Land. https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/

International Panel on Climate Change (2019b). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/home/

International Panel on Climate Change (2021). Worlds Apart: A Story of Three Possible Warmer Worlds. https://www.ipcc.ch/static/infographic/worlds-apart/ [Visually compelling and concise.]

International Panel on Climate Change (2022). Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/

International Research Institute for Climate and Society (2019a). Climate: Analysis, Monitoring and Forecasts. http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/Global/index.html [Interactive maps and modeling tools]

International Research Institute for Climate and Society (2019b). IRI Climate and Society Map Room. http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/ [Interactive maps and modeling tools]

International Panel on Climate Change (2022). IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas: Regional Information. https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/regional-information [Get different impact results by region for different scenarios.]

Ipsos Global Trends (2020). The Fragile Planet. Global Trends 2020. https://www.ipsosglobaltrends.com/2020/02/the-fragile-planet/

Irfan, U (2021). What’s the Worst that Could Happen? Vox, Sept. 10. https://www.vox.com/22620706/climate-change-ipcc-report-2021-ssp-scenario-future-warming

Jarvis, A, Leedal, D and Hewitt, C (2012). Climate-society Feedbacks and the Avoidance of Dangerous Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, 2(9). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1586

Johnson, N (2020). Lessons from a Hotter Planet: Things Escalate Quickly. Grist, July 13. https://grist.org/climate/lessons-from-a-hotter-planet-things-escalate-quickly/ [Interview with Mark Lynas, author of Six Degrees of Climate Emergency.]

Kahn, B (2019). Four Things That Could Kill Us Before the Cloud Apocalypse Does. Gizmodo, Feb. 26. https://earther.gizmodo.com/four-things-that-could-kill-us-before-the-cloud-apocaly-1832899684

Kaplan, S (2021). Climate Change Has Gotten Deadly. It Will Get Worse. The Washington Post, July 4. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2021/07/03/climate-change-heat-dome-death/

Kaufman, M (2020). Even the 'Optimistic' Climate Change Forecast is Catastrophic. Mashable, Jan. 29. https://mashable.com/article/climate-change-business-as-usual-catastrophic

Kaufman, M (2022). Here's How Out of Whack Earth's Climate is Today. Mashable, April 16. https://mashable.com/article/earth-climate-change-co2-ice-age [3 good graphs and lots of links.]

Kharin, V, Flato, G, Zhang, X, Gillett, N, Zwiers, F and Anderson, K (2018). Risks from Climate Extremes Change Differently from 1.5°C to 2.0°C Depending on Rarity. Earth’s Future, 6(5). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2018EF000813

Kidder, D and Worsley, T (2012). A Human-induced Hothouse Climate? GSA Today, 22(2). https://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/22/2/article/i1052-5173-22-2-4.htm

King, A (2019b). Guest Post: How Will Climate Change’s Warming Pattern Look in the Future? Carbon Brief, April 24. https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-how-will-climate-changes-warming-pattern-look-in-the-future

Kolitz, D (2021). What's the Most Climate-Safe Place in the World? Gizmodo, March 8. https://earther.gizmodo.com/whats-the-most-climate-safe-place-in-the-world-1846409071/amp

Kopp, R, Scwom, R, Wagner, G and Yuan, J (2016). Tipping Elements and Climate–economic Shocks: Pathways Toward Integrated Assessment. Earth’s Future, 4(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000362

Knutti, R, Rogelj, J, Sedlacek, J and Fischer, E (2015). A Scientific Critique of the Two-degree Climate Change Target. Nature Geoscience, 9: 13–18. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2595

Leahy, S (2019). Dangerous Levels of Warming Locked in by Planned Jump in Fossil Fuels Output. National Geographic, Nov. 20. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/11/world-fossil-fuel-production-rise-guarantees-missing-paris-climate-goals/

Lelieveld, J, Klingmuller, K, Pozze, A, Burnett, R, Haines, A and Ramanathan, V (2019). Effects of Fossil Fuel and Total Anthropogenic Emission Removal on Public Health and Climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(15): 7192-7197. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819989116

Lenton, T and Ciscar, JC (2013). Integrating Tipping Points into Climate Impact Assessments. Climatic Change, 117. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-012-0572-8

Lenton, T, Rockstrom, J, Gaffney, O, Rahmstorf, S, Richardson, K, Steffen, W and Schellnhuber, H (2019). Climate Tipping Point — Too Risky to Bet Against. Nature, 575. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-03595-0

Leslie, T, Byrd, J and Hoad, N (2010). See How Global Warming has Changed the World Since Your Childhood. ABC News, Jan 2. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-06/how-climate-change-has-impacted-your-life/11766018 [Good graphics]

Levin, K (2018). Half a Degree and a World Apart: The Difference in Climate Impacts Between 1.5˚C and 2˚C of Warming. World Resources Institute. https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/10/half-degree-and-world-apart-difference-climate-impacts-between-15-c-and-2-c-warming [Good graphics, quick read for students]

Linden, E (2019). How Scientists Got Climate Change So Wrong. The New York Times, Nov. 8. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/opinion/sunday/science-climate-change.html

Lindvall, D (2021). Democracy and the Challenge of Climate Change. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/democracy-and-the-challenge-of-the-climate-change.pdf

Liu, P and Raferty, A (2021). Country-based Rate of Emissions Reductions Should Increase by 80% Beyond Nationally Determined Contributions to Meet the 2 °C Target. Communications Earth & Environment, 1(29). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00097-8

Locker, M (2019). 22 Ways that Climate Change May Ruin Your Summer. Fast Company, July 19. https://www.fastcompany.com/90378072/22-ways-that-climate-change-may-ruin-your-summer

Lowe, J, Thompson, E, Gambhir, A, Arnell, N and Warren, R (2014). Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change. AVOID2. http://www.avoid.uk.net/downloads/avoid2/AVOID-Policy-Brief-Dec-2014-v2.pdf

Lowrey, A (2020). The U.S. Is On the Path to Destruction. The Atlantic, Sept. 18. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/4-degrees-celsius-election/616393/

Luers, A and Sklar, L (2013). The Difficult, the Dangerous, and the Catastrophic: Managing the Spectrum of Climate Risks. Earth’s Future, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000192

Lyon, C et al., (2021). Our Climate Projections for 2500 Show an Earth that is Alien to Humans. The Conversation, Sept. 26. https://theconversation.com/our-climate-projections-for-2500-show-an-earth-that-is-alien-to-humans-167744

Mann, M (2014). Earth Will Cross the Climate Danger Threshold by 2036. Scientific American, April 1. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/

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Mapping Global Change (2019). Mapping the Stories of U.S. Global Change: the 5 Key Problems. https://www.mappingglobalchange.org/ [Interactive map leading to case studies]

Maslin, M (2021). Climate Change: How Bad Could the Future be if We Do Nothing? The Conversation, May 6. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-how-bad-could-the-future-be-if-we-do-nothing-159665

Matthews, H, et al., (2020). Opportunities and Challenges in Using Remaining Carbon Budgets to Guide Climate Policy. Nature Geoscience, 13. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-020-00663-3

Matthews, H and Tokarska, K (2021). New Research Suggests 1.5C Climate Target Will be Out of Reach Without Greener COVID-19 Recovery Plans. The Conversation, Jan. 18. https://theconversation.com/new-research-suggests-1-5c-climate-target-will-be-out-of-reach-without-greener-covid-19-recovery-plans-151527

Matthews, H, Tokarska, K, Rogelj, J, Smith, C, MacDougall, A, Haustein, K, Mengis, N, Sippel, P, Forster, P and Knutti, R (2021). An Integrated Approach to Quantifying Uncertainties in the Remaining Carbon Budget. Communications Earth & Environment, 2 (7). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-00064-9

McChrystal, K (2018). Climate Change: An Existential Threat. Summary of Current Literature. The Sustainable Living Institute. http://sustainablelivinginstitute.org/uploads/3/4/9/8/34985492/climate_change_summary_of_literature.pdf [Like an annotated bibliography that emphasizes the worst analyses.]

McDougall, A et al., (2020). Is There Warming in the Pipeline? A Multi-model Analysis of the Zero Emissions Commitment from CO2. Biogeosciences, 17. https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/17/2987/2020/

McKibben, B (2018). How Extreme Weather Is Shrinking the Planet. The New Yorker, Nov. 26. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/26/how-extreme-weather-is-shrinking-the-planet

Melillo, J, Richmond, T and Yohe, G (Eds.) (2014). Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program. https://data.globalchange.gov/report/nca3

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Schellnhuber, H, Hare, W, Serdeczny, O, Adams, S, Coumou, D, Frieler, K, Martin, M, Otto, I, Perrette, M, Robinson, A, Rocha, M, Schaeffer, M, Schewe, J, Wang, X and Warszawski, L (2012). Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/865571468149107611/Turn-down-the-heat-why-a-4-C-warmer-world-must-be-avoided

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Sehrsweeny, M (2020). Covid-19 Is Just the Warm-Up Act for Climate Disaster. The Chronicle of Higher Education, Oct. 8. https://www.chronicle.com/article/covid-19-is-just-the-warm-up-act-for-climate-disaster

Serkez, Y (2021). Every Country Has Its Own Climate Risk. What’s Yours? The New York Times, Jan. 28. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/28/opinion/climate-change-risks-by-country.html [Very engaging interactive map site.]

Sharpe, S (2019). Telling the Boiling Frog What He Needs to Know: Why Climate Change Risks Should be Plotted as Probability Over Time. Geoscience Communication, 2: 95–100. https://www.geosci-commun.net/2/95/2019/gc-2-95-2019.pdf

Shaw, A, Lustgarten, A and Goldsmith, J (2020). New Climate Maps Show a Transformed United States. ProPublica, Sept. 15. https://projects.propublica.org/climate-migration/

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Sommer, L, Buchele, M, Samuel, M, Wight, P, Sakas, M, Mayer, A and Herz, N (2020). How Warming Winters Are Affecting Everything. NPR, Feb. 18. https://www.npr.org/2020/02/18/803125282/how-warming-winters-are-affecting-everything

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Strauss, B (2021). The Carbon Skyscraper. Climate Central, Jan. 12. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-carbon-skyscraper [Good for putting rates of change in context.]

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Tisher, S (2021a). Climate Chronology. http://climatechronology.com/ [Interactive timeline.]

Tisher, S (2021b). A Climate Chronology. University of Maine. https://umaine.edu/climatechronology/wp-content/uploads/sites/575/2021/07/Climate-Chronology-January-2021-7262021.pdf

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United Nations Department of Global Communications (2019). Climate Change Threatens Progress Across Sustainable Development, Warns New UN Report. Sustainable Development Goals Blog, July 9. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/07/sdg-progress-report-2019/

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United Nations Environment Programme (2018). Emissions Gap Report Interactive. https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/emissions-gap-report/

United Nations Environment Programme (2021). World Environment Situation Room. https://wesr.unep.org/ [Access to statistics, global monitoring reports, foresight and early warning reports, assessments, multilateral agreements, etc.]

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2009). Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts.pdf

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Vahedifard, F and AghaKouchak, A (2020). Climate Change Increases Risk of 'Cascading' Natural Disasters. The National Interest, May 25. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/climate-change-increases-risk-cascading-natural-disasters-157236

Vanham, D, Leip, A, Galli, A, Kastner, T, Bruckner, M, Uwizeye, A, Van Dijk, K, Ercin, E, Dalin, C, Brandao, M, Bastianoni, S, Fang, K, Leach, A, Chapagain, A, Van Der Velde, M, Sala, S, Pant, R, Mancini, L, Monforti-Ferrario, F, Carmona Garcia, G, Penedo De Sousa Marques, A, Weiss, F and Hoekstra, A (2019). Environmental Footprint Family to Address Local to Planetary Sustainability and Deliver on the SDGs. Science of The Total Environment, 693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133642

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Voosen, P (2019). New Climate Models Predict a Warming Surge. Science Magazine, April 16. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/new-climate-models-predict-warming-surge

Wagner, G and Weitzman, M (2018). Potentially Large Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity Tail Uncertainty. Economics Letters, 168: 144-146. https://scholar.harvard.edu/weitzman/publications/potentially-large-equilibrium-climate-sensitivity-tail-uncertainty-0

Walker, R (2019). Australia May be the Canary in the Climate Change Coal Mine. The Hill, Dec. 13. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/474392-australia-may-be-the-canary-in-the-climate-change-coal-mine

Wallace-Wells, D (2017). The Uninhabitable Earth. New York Magazine, July. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2017/07/climate-change-earth-too-hot-for-humans.html

Wallace-Wells, D (2019). Disaster Upon Disaster. New York Magazine, June, 21. http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/06/multiple-climate-driven-disasters-in-the-midwest-and-globally.html

Wallace-Wells, D (2020a). The Coronavirus Is a Preview of Our Climate-Change Future. New York Magazine, April 8. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/04/the-coronavirus-is-a-preview-of-our-climate-change-future.html

Wallace-Wells, D (2020b). Welcome to the End of the ‘Human Climate Niche’. New York Magazine, May 19. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/05/welcome-to-the-end-of-the-human-climate-niche.html

Wallace-Wells, D (2020c). Global Warming Is Melting Our Sense of Time. New York Magazine, June 27. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/06/global-warming-is-melting-our-sense-of-time.html

Wallace-Wells, D (2021). After Alarmism. The War on Climate Denial has Been Won. And That’s Not the Only Good News. New York Magazine, Jan. 19. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/amp/article/climate-change-after-pandemic.html

Wanless, J (2021). How Warming Oceans Are Accelerating the Climate Crisis. The Nation, April 13. https://www.thenation.com/article/environment/ocean-climate-change/tnamp/

Warren, R and Brown, S (2019). Not Convinced on the Need for Urgent Climate Action? Here's What Happens to Our Planet Between 1.5°C and 2°C of Global Warming. The Conversation, Sept. 24. https://theconversation.com/amp/not-convinced-on-the-need-for-urgent-climate-action-heres-what-happens-to-our-planet-between-1-5-c-and-2-c-of-global-warming-123817

Wilcox, P, Honiat, C, Trussel, M, Edwards, R and Spotl, C (2020). Exceptional Warmth and Climate Instability Occurred in the European Alps During the Last Interglacial period. Communications Earth & Environment, 1(57). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-00063-w

Wing, T (2017). Submerging Paradise: Climate Change in the Pacific Islands. Climate Institute, Dec. 28. http://climate.org/submerging-paradise-climate-change-in-the-pacific-islands/

Wintour, P (2021). ‘Apocalypse Soon’: Reluctant Middle East Forced to Open Eyes to Climate Crisis. The Guardian, Oct. 29. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/29/apocalypse-soon-reluctant-middle-east-forced-to-open-eyes-to-climate-crisis

Wisebrod, K (2021). The Repercussions of a Changing Climate, in 5 Devastating Charts. Inside Climate News, Aug. 15. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15082021/climate-change-ipcc-charts/

Woetzel, J, Krishnan, M, Pinner, D, Samandari, H, Engel, H, Boland, B and Powis, C (2020). Climate Risk and Response: Physical Hazards and Socioeconomic Impacts. McKinsey Global Institute. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/climate-risk-and-response-physical-hazards-and-socioeconomic-impacts [A web-friendly summary of a longer report, with good graphics.] The full report - https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/Sustainability/Our%20Insights/Climate%20risk%20and%20response%20Physical%20hazards%20and%20socioeconomic%20impacts/MGI-Climate-risk-and-response-Full-report-vF.pdf

World Meteorological Organization (2018). WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017. WMO-No. 1212. https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=20220#.XFZih1VKipq

World Meteorological Organization (2019a). WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2018. WMO-No. 1233. https://gallery.mailchimp.com/daf3c1527c528609c379f3c08/files/82234023-0318-408a-9905-5f84bbb04eee/Climate_Statement_2018.pdf

World Meteorological Organization (2019b). 2019 Concludes a Decade of Exceptional Global Heat and High-impact Weather. Press Release Number: 03122019. https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/2019-concludes-decade-of-exceptional-global-heat-and-high-impact-weather

World Meteorological Organization (2019c). WMO Provisional Statement of the State of the Global Climate in 2019. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10108

World Meteorological Organization (2020). Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update. https://hadleyserver.metoffice.gov.uk/wmolc/WMO_GADCU_2019.pdf

World Meterological Organisation (2021). Global Annual to Decadal Climate Update. https://www.insurancejournal.com/app/uploads/2021/05/World_Meteorological_Organization_Global_Annual_Decadal_Climate_Update_2020.pdf [Observations over the past ten years and forecasts to 2025.]

Wunderling, N, Donges, J, Kurths, J and Winkelmann, R (2021). Interacting Tipping Elements Increase Risk of Climate Domino Effects Under Global Warming. Earth System Dynamics, 12. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-601-2021

Wursten, F (2021). Warmer and Wetter Climates Amplify Carbon Release. Phys.org, Feb. 24. https://phys.org/news/2021-02-warmer-wetter-climates-amplify-carbon.html

Xu,Y, Ramanathan,V and Victor, D (2019). Global Warming Will Happen Faster than We Think. Nature, 564: 30-32. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07586-5

Yohe, G, Lasco, R, Ahmad, Q, Arnell, N, Cohen, S, Hope, C, Janetos A and Perez, R (2007). Perspectives on Climate Change and Sustainability, in Parry, M, Canziani, O, Palutikof, J, van der Linden, P and Hanson, C (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Pp: 811-841. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg2-chapter20-1.pdf

Yokohata, T et al., (2019). Visualizing the Interconnections Among Climate Risks. Earth’s Future, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000945

Zaelke, D and Dreyfus, G (2021). The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of Climate Change in 2021 — But it's Not Too Late to Act. The Hill, Dec. 29. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/587652-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-climate-change-in-2021-but-its

Zanna, L, Khatiwala, S, Gregory, JM, Ison J and Heimbach, P (2019). Global Reconstruction of Historical Ocean Heat Storage and Transport. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(4): 1126-1131. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808838115

Zelinka, M et al., (2020). Causes of Higher Climate Sensitivity in CMIP6 Models. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(1). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2019GL085782 [We appear to be underestimating the heating we will get from diminished clouds.]

N. Pacific Northwest Specific [back to subsections]

Adaptation Partners (2019). Climate Change Adaptation Library for the Western United States. http://adaptationpartners.org/library.php

Adelsmen, H and Ekram, J (2012). Preparing for a Changing Climate: Washington State’s Integrated Climate Response Strategy. WA State Dept. of Ecology. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201004.pdf

Balk, G (2018). Washington Warmed Slowest of All States Over Past 30 years — But What Does it Mean for Climate Change? The Seattle Times, June 18. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/washington-warmed-slowest-of-all-states-over-past-30-years-but-what-does-it-mean-for-climate-change/

Benton, H (2018). In a Changing Climate, Will Fire Make a Bigger Run in Western Washington Forests? Seattle Times, Sept. 4. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/in-a-changing-climate-will-fire-make-a-bigger-run-in-washingtons-west-side-forests/

Binder, L (2017). Planning for Climate Change in the Puget Sound Region. University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. https://www.psrc.org/sites/default/files/climate_impacts_group.pdf [Spiffy presentation]

Chang, H, Jones, J, Gannett, M, Tullos, D, Moradkhani, H, Vache, K, Parandvash, H, Shandas, V, Nolin, A, Fountain, A, Johnson, S, Jung, IW, House-Peters, L, Steele, M and Copeland, B (2010). Climate Change and Freshwater Resources in Oregon, in Dello, KD and Mote, PW (Eds.) Oregon Climate Assessment Report. Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=iss_pub

Chang, H, Jung, I, Steele, M and Gannet, M (2012). Spatial Patterns of March and September Streamflow Trends in Pacific Northwest Streams, 1958–2008. Geographical Analysis, 44(3). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1538-4632.2012.00847.x

Climate Impacts Group (2009). The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment. University of Washington. https://www.cakex.org/sites/default/files/documents/wacciareport681.pdf

Crawford, I (2021a). Cascading Effects. Grist, March 6. https://grist.org/justice/will-race-and-income-inequalities-trip-up-cascadias-fight-against-climate-change/

Creighton, J,.Strobel, M, Hardegree, S, Steele, R, Van Horne, B, Gravenmier, B, Owen, W, Peterson, D, Hoang, L, Little, N, Bochicchio, J, Hall, W, Cole, M, Hestvik, S and Olson, J (2015). Northwest Regional Climate Hub Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.climatehubs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/Northwest%20Vulnerability%20Assessment%20Final.pdf

Cuo, L, Lettenmaier, D, Alberti, M and Richey, J (2009). Effects of a Century of Land Cover and Climate Change on the Hydrology of the Puget Sound basin. Hydrological Processes, 23(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7228

Dalton, M, Mote, P, and Snover, A [Eds.] (2013). Climate Change in the Northwest: Implications for Our Landscapes, Waters, and Communities. Washington, DC: Island Press. http://cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/daltonetal678.pdf

Elsner, M, Cuo, L, Voison, N, Deems, J, Hamlet, A, Vano, J, Mickelson, K, Lee, S and Lettenmaier, D (2010). Implications of 21st Century Climate Change for the Hydrology of Washington State. Climatic Change, 102. https://cig.uw.edu/news-and-events/publications/implications-of-21st-century-climate-change-for-the-hydrology-of-washington-state/

Farley, G (2022). Work Underway to Prepare Washington for the Loss of its 'Sixth Reservoir.' King5.com, Feb. 22. https://www.king5.com/amp/article/tech/science/environment/preparing-for-the-loss-of-mountain-snowpack/281-761da6f8-3271-499d-9f04-4616a29b8602

Fyfe, J et al., (2017). Large Near-term Projected Snowpack Loss Over the Western United States. Nature Communications, 8. https://10.1038/ncomms14996

Gamage, M (2021). What Will It Take to ‘Future Proof’ BC? The Tyee, Nov. 17. https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/11/17/What-To-Future-Proof-BC/

Hohner, A and Boll, J (2019). Washington Wildfires Disrupt Water Quality: Are Drinking Water Systems Resilient to Climate change? State of Washington Water Research Center, Washington State University. https://s3.wp.wsu.edu/uploads/sites/354/2018/01/2018WA434B_Hohner_Boll_final-report.pdf [A research proposal.]

Johnson, S (2021). Pacific Northwest Heatwave “Virtually Impossible” Without Climate Change. Ars Technica, July 7. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/pacific-northwest-heatwave-virtually-impossible-without-climate-change/

Krosby, M, Morgan, H, Case, M and Binder, L (2016). Stillaguamish Tribe Natural Resources Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. https://www.cakex.org/documents/stillaguamish-tribe-natural-resources-climate-change-vulnerability-assessment

Kuharic, M, Stroble, J and Whitely Binder, L (2021). King County 2020 Strategic Climate Action Plan. King County. https://kingcounty.gov/services/environment/climate/actions-strategies/strategic-climate-action-plan.aspx

Kunjkler, A (2019). On the West Coast, Washington is Most Prone to Sea Level Rise Damage. Seattle Weekly, June 20. https://www.seattleweekly.com/news/on-the-west-coast-washington-is-most-prone-to-sea-level-rise-damage/

Lawler, J (2016). Climate Change and Biodiversity in King County. King County. https://www.kingcounty.gov/services/environment/animals-and-plants/biodiversity/threats/ClimateChange.aspx

Lee, S, Mauger, G and Won, J (2018). Effect of Climate Change on Flooding in King County Rivers: Using New Regional Climate Model Simulations to Quantify Changes in Flood Risk. Report prepared for King County. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/10/UW-CIG_KingCounty_ClimateAndFlooding_FINAL-compressed_v10192018.pdf

Littell, J, McGuire Elsner, M, Whitely Binder, L and Snover, A (2009). The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment: Evaluating Washington's Future in a Changing Climate - Executive Summary. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. http://www.cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/wacciaexecsummary638.pdf

MacArthur, J, Mote, P, Ideker, J, Figliozzi, M and Lee, M (2012). Climate Change Impact Assessment for Surface Transportation in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Washington State Department of Transportation, OTREC-RR-12-01. https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/772.1.pdf

Mapes, L (2021). This Tribe has Lived on the Coast of Washington for Thousands of Years. Now Climate Change is Forcing it Uphill. The Spokesman, Aug. 10. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2021/aug/10/this-tribe-has-lived-on-the-coast-of-washington-fo/

Markoff, M and Cullen, A (2007). Impact of Climate Change on Pacific Northwest Hydropower. Climatic Change, 87. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-007-9306-8

Markstrom, S, Hay, L, Ward-Garrison, C, Risley, J, Battaglin, W, Bjerklie, D, Chase, K, Christiansen, D, Dudley, R, Hunt, R, Koczot, K, Mastin, M, Regan, R, Viger, R, Vining, K and Walker, J (2012). Integrated Watershed-scale Response to Climate Change for Selected Basins Across the United States. U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5077. https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2011/5077/SIR11-5077_508.pdf [Includes a chapter on the Naches River in WA state.]

Marlier, M, et al. (2017). The 2015 Drought in Washington State: A Harbinger of Things to Come? Environmental Research Letters, 12(11). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8fde

Mauger, G, Casola, J, Morgan, H, Strauch, R, Jones, B, Curry, B, Busch Isaksen, T, Whitely Binder, L, Krosby, M and Snover, A (2015). State of Knowledge: Climate Change in Puget Sound. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. https://cig.uw.edu/resources/special-reports/ps-sok/

Mauger, G, Hegewisch, K, Miller, I, Won, J and Lynch, C (2018a). Global Climate Projections, Sea Level Rise, and Extreme Precipitation: Final report to the Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/11/Final_Report_CIG-PGSK_2018-07-13.compressed.pdf

Mauger, G and Vogel, J (2020). PSP Climate Literature Review: A Tailored Review of Climate Change Science to Inform Recovery. Report prepared for the Puget Sound Partnership. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/Literature_Review_FINAL_20201001.pdf [Concise literature review and annotated bibliography with links to key articles and reports.]

Mauger, G and Won, J (2020). Projecting Future High Flows on King County Rivers: Phase 2 Results. Report prepared for King County. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. https://cig.uw.edu/publications/projecting-future-high-flows-on-king-county-rivers-phase-2/ or https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/10/TechMemo_KCflood2_20200923.pdf

Mauger, G, Won, J, Hegewisch, K and Lynch, C (2017). New Projections of Changing Heavy Precipitation for the City of Everett. Report prepared for the City of Everett. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/01/Final_Report_EverettPrecip_2018-01-20.pdf

Mauger, G, Won, J, Hegewisch, K, Lynch, C, Lorente Plazas, R and Salathé Jr., E (2018). New Projections of Changing Heavy Precipitation in King County. Report prepared for the King County Department of Natural Resources. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. https://cig.uw.edu/publications/new-projections-of-changing-heavy-precipitation-for-the-city-of-everett-2/

Miles, E, Elsner, M, Little, J, Whitely Binder, L and Lettenmaier, D (2010). Assessing Regional Impacts and Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change: The Washington Climate Change Impacts Assessment. Climatic Change, 102. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-010-9853-2

Miller, C (2021). Farewell, Fall: Climate Change Snuffing Out Much of Western Washington’s Autumn Foliage. King 5 News, Oct. 4. https://www.king5.com/article/news/local/fall-foliage-climate-change-western-washington/281-8b941795-1a93-46d5-b1ff-008026d8d4da

Miller, I, Morgan, H, Mauger G, Newton, T, Weldon, R, Schmidt, D, Welch, M and Grossman, E (2018). Projected Sea Level Rise for Washington State: A 2018 Assessment. The Washington Coastal Resilience Project. A collaboration of Washington Sea Grant, University of Washington Climate Impacts Group, Oregon State University, University of Washington, and US Geological Survey. https://cig.uw.edu/resources/special-reports/sea-level-rise-in-washington-state-a-2018-assessment/

Mote, P et al., (2003). Preparing for Climatic Change: The Water, Salmon, and Forests of the Pacific Northwest. Climatic Change, 61. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1026302914358.pdf

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (2019). State Climate Summary: Washington. North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies. https://statesummaries.ncics.org/chapter/wa/

North Coast and Cascades Inventory & Monitoring Network (2021). Glaciers Monitoring. https://www.nps.gov/im/nccn/glaciers.htm [Includes yearly reports of the glacier mass in the North Cascades.]

PBS News Hour (2013). Trouble in the Water: Acidifying Oceans Hinder Health of Northwest Shellfish. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/acidifying-waters-corrode-northwest-shellfish [video report]

Petersen, A (2007). Anticipating Sea Level Rise Response in Puget Sound. Thesis for Master of Marine Affairs. University of Washington, Seattle. http://www.cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/petersenthesis559.pdf

Pitz, C (2016). Predicted Impacts of Climate Change on Groundwater Resources of Washington State. WA State Department of Ecology, Publication No. 16-03-006. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1603006.pdf

Porter, L (2019). Straight Talk: Climate Change in the Northwest. KGW, Oct. 24. https://www.kgw.com/article/entertainment/television/programs/straight-talk/straight-talk-climate-change-in-the-northwest/283-77bd551e-ce00-4e6c-a029-b915f7c02205

Rath, J, Roy, S and Butcher, J (2107). Intensity Duration Frequency Curves and Trends for the City of Seattle. Technical Memorandum prepared for Seattle Public Utilities. http://climatechange.seattle.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Seattle-IDF-Curve-Update-TM_12-29-2017.pdf

Raymond, C, Faghin, N, Morgan, H, and Roop, H (2020.) How to Choose: A Primer for Selecting Sea Level Rise Projections for Washington State. A collaboration of Washington Sea Grant and University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. https://cig.uw.edu/publications/how-to-choose-a-primer-for-selecting-sea-level-rise-projections-for-washington-state/

Roberts, M, Mohamedali, T, Sackmann, B, Khangaonkar, T and Long W (2014). Puget Sound and the Straits Dissolved Oxygen Assessment: Impacts of Current and Future Nitrogen Sources and Climate Change Through 2070. Washington State Department of Ecology, Publication No. 14-03-007. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/SummaryPages/1403007.html

Ryan, J (2019). Rising Northwest Waters Bring Tough Choice: Fight or Flight. KUOW, Oct. 26. https://www.kuow.org/stories/rising-waters-bring-tough-choices-fight-or-flight

Safeeq, M, Grant, G, Lewis, S, Kramer, M and Staab, B (2014). A Hydrogeologic Framework for Characterizing Summer Streamflow Sensitivity to Climate Warming in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266081329_A_hydrogeologic_framework_for_characterizing_summer_streamflow_sensitivity_to_climate_warming_in_the_Pacific_Northwest_USA

Safeeq, M, Mauger, G, Grant, G Arismendi, I, Hamlet, A and Lee, S (2014). Comparing Large-Scale Hydrological Model Predictions with Observed Streamflow in the Pacific Northwest: Effects of Climate and Groundwater. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 15. https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0198.1

Salathé Jr., E, Hamlet, A, Mass, C, Lee, S, Stumbaugh, M and Steed, R (2014). Estimates of Twenty-First-Century Flood Risk in the Pacific Northwest Based on Regional Climate Model Simulations. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 15: 1881–1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-13-0137.1

Siemann, D. and L. Whitely Binder. 2017. Preliminary Climate Change Assessment for Puget Sound Partnership. Puget Sound Partnership and the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. https://cig.uw.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/08/Preliminary-Climate-Assessment-for-PS-Partnership-FINAL.pdf

Simpson, D (2011). City of Olympia Engineered Response to Sea Level Rise. Coast & Harbor Engineering. http://olympiawa.gov/community/sustainability/~/media/Files/PublicWorks/Sustainability/Sea%20Level%20Rise%20Response%20Technical%20Report.ashx

Snover, A, Mauger, G, Whitely Binder, L, Krosby, M and Tohver. I (2013). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in Washington State: Technical Summaries for Decision Makers. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. http://cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/snoveretalsok816.pdf or go to this web site: https://www.cakex.org/documents/climate-change-impacts-and-adaptation-washington-state-technical-summaries-decision-makers

Snover, A, Raymond, C, Roop, H and Morgan, H (2019). No Time to Waste. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C and Implications for Washington State. The Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington. https://cig.uw.edu/resources/special-reports/no-time-to-waste/

Tohver, I, Hamlet, A, & Lee, S (2014). Impacts of 21st‐Century Climate Change on Hydrologic Extremes in the Pacific Northwest Region of North America. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(6): 1461-1476. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12199

Turner, N (2022). What New Projections of Sea Level Rise Mean for Puget Sound and the WA Coast. The Seattle Times, Feb. 26. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/what-new-projections-of-sea-level-rise-mean-for-puget-sound-and-the-wa-coast/

U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit (2017). Quinault Indian Nation Plans for Village Relocation. https://toolkit.climate.gov/case-studies/quinault-indian-nation-plans-village-relocation

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2017). Climate Impacts in the Northwest. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-northwest_.html

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2018b). Chapter 24: Northwest, in Fourth National Climate Assessment, V II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States. https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/24/

Vano, J, Scott, M, Voisin, N, Stockle, C, Hamlet, A, Mickelson, K, Elsner, M and Lettenmaier, D (2010). Climate Change Impacts on Water Management and Irrigated Agriculture in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, USA. Climatic Change, 102. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-010-9856-z

Vano, J, Voisin, N, Cuo, L, Hamlet, A, Elsner, M, Palmer, R, Polebitski, A and Lettenmaier, D (2020). Climate Change Impacts on Water Management in the Puget Sound Region, Washington State, USA. Climatic Change, 102. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-010-9846-1

Washington Ocean Acidification Center (2019). https://environment.uw.edu/research/major-initiatives/ocean-acidification/washington-ocean-acidification-center/

Washington State Department of Ecology (2008). Leading the Way on Climate Change: The Challenge of Our Time. Ecology Publication #08-01-008. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/0801008a.pdf

O. Permafrost, Hydrates and Methane [back to subsections]

Anthony, K, von Deimling, T, Nitze, I, Frolking, S, Emond, A, Daanen, R, Anthony, P, Lindgren, P Jones, B and Grosse, G (2018). 21st-century Modeled Permafrost Carbon Emissions Accelerated by Abrupt Thaw Beneath Lakes. Nature Communications, 9(3262). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05738-9

Bao, T, Jia, G and Xu, X (2021). Wetland Heterogeneity Determines Methane Emissions: A Pan-Arctic Synthesis. Environmental Science and Technology, 55(14). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01616

Best, A, et al., (2006). Shallow Seabed Methane Gas Could Pose Coastal Hazard. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 87(22). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006EO220001

Cairns, S (2020). Methane Emergency. Scientists Warning.com. https://www.scientistswarning.org/2020/06/04/methane-emergency/

Chognot, J (2020). As Permafrost Melts It's Unleashing Ancient Viruses, Carbon - And Now Fuel Spills. Science Alert, June 7. https://www.sciencealert.com/as-permafrost-melts-ancient-viruses-and-now-fuel-spills-are-being-unleashed

Christensen, T, Arora, V, Glauss, M, Hoglund Isaksson, L and Parmentier, F (2019). Tracing the Climate Signal: Mitigation of Anthropogenic Methane Emissions Can Outweigh a Large Arctic Natural Emission Increase. Scientific Reports, 9(1): e1146. http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/15736

Chuvilin, E et al., (2022). In-situ Temperatures and Thermal Properties of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf Sediments: Key Input for Understanding the Dynamics of Subsea Permafrost. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105550

Cockburn, H (2022). Thawing Permafrost Peatlands ‘On the Precipice’ of Releasing Billions of Tonnes of Carbon. Independent, March 15. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/permafrost-peatlands-siberia-europe-tipping-point-b2035569.html

Dean, J, Middleburg, J, Rockmann, T, Aerts, R, Blauw, L, Egger, M, Jetten, M, de Jong, A, Meisel, O, Rasigraf, O, Slomp, C, Zandt, M, and Dolman, A (2018). Methane Feedbacks to the Global Climate System in a Warmer World. Reviews of Geophysics, 56, 207–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017RG000559

Derouin, S (2021). Researchers Zero In On Methane Released from Reservoirs. Phys.org, Oct. 20. https://phys.org/news/2021-10-methane-reservoirs.html

Farquharson, L, Romanovsky, V, Cable, W, Walker, D, Kokelj,S and Nicolsky, D (2019). Climate Change Drives Widespread and Rapid Thermokarst Development in Very Cold Permafrost in the Canadian High Arctic. Geophysical Research Letters, 46. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082187

Ferreira, B (2022). The Arctic Seafloor Is Degrading and Could Be a Climate Time Bomb. Vice, March 3. https://www.vice.com/en/article/7kbmzb/the-arctic-seafloor-is-degrading-and-could-be-a-climate-time-bomb

Froitzheim, N, Majka, J and Zastrozhnov, D (2021). Methane Release from Carbonate Rock Formations in the Siberian Permafrost Area During and After the 2020 Heat Wave. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(32). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2107632118

Future Earth (2020). Global Methane Emissions Have Risen Nearly 10 Percent Over Last 20 Years. https://futureearth.org/2020/07/15/global-methane-emissions-have-risen-nearly-10-percent-over-last-20-years/

Global Energy Monitor (2021). The Gas Index. https://thegasindex.org/ [Monitors natural gas leaks in cities. Includes a report and case studies.]

Goudarzi, S (2016). What Lies Beneath: As Earth Warms, the Diseases That May Lie Within Permafrost Become a Bigger Worry. Scientific American, 315(5): 11-12. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/as-earth-warms-the-diseases-that-may-lie-within-permafrost-become-a-bigger-worry/

Gray, R (2020). The Mystery of Siberia’s Exploding Craters. BBC Futures, Nov. 30. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201130-climate-change-the-mystery-of-siberias-explosive-craters

Hernandez, M and Robles, P (2019). What is Permafrost and Why Might it Be the Climate Change Time Bomb? South China Morning Post, Feb. 19. https://multimedia.scmp.com/news/world/article/3000839/permafrost/index.html (great animated graphics)

Herr, A (2020). Peatlands Could Become a Climate Feedback Loop We Definitely Don’t Want to Trigger. Grist, Aug. 3. https://grist.org/climate/peatlands-could-become-a-climate-feedback-loop-we-definitely-dont-want-to-trigger/

Hickey, H (2022). Bubbles of Methane Rising from Seafloor in Puget Sound. Phys.org, Jan 19. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-methane-seafloor-puget.amp

Hmiel, B et al., (2020). Preindustrial ¹⁴CH₄ Indicates Greater Anthropogenic Fossil CH₄ Emissions. Nature, 578. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-1991-8

Hunt, K (2022). Holes the Size of City Blocks are Forming in the Arctic Seafloor. CNN, March 14. https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/03/14/world/arctic-seafloor-holes-permafrost-scn/index.html

Joosten, H (2019). Permafrost Peatlands: Losing Ground in a Warming World, in United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP Frontiers 2018/19 Report: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/frontiers-201819-emerging-issues-environmental-concern

Knoblauch, C, Beer, C, Liebner, S, Grigoriev, M and Pfeiffer, E (2018). Methane Production as Key to the Greenhouse Gas Budget of Thawing Permafrost. Nature Climate Change, 8(4): 309-312. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0095-z

Lamarche-Gagnon, G, et al (2019). Greenland Melt Drives Continuous Export of Methane from the Ice-sheet Bed. Nature, 565: 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0800-0

Mikaloff Fletcher, S and Schaefer, H (2019). Rising Methane: A New Climate Challenge. Science, 364(6444). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/364/6444/932.full.pdf?casa_token=YgVIyaUuQbwAAAAA:Hza5FE5Ec4Plw6GQXkwxnLxwWj6x6V1zEV4-sKtT8djbGio_0zRk56muMPIyNcGV63eo-V74AxUhzA

Mingle, J (2019). The Methane Detectives: On the Trail of a Global Warming Mystery. UnDark.org, May 13. https://undark.org/article/methane-global-warming-climate-change-mystery/

Mooney, C (2019). Scientists Have Long Feared this ‘Feedback’ to the Climate system. Now They Say it’s Happening. Washington Post, Nov. 30. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/11/30/the-ground-beneath-our-feet-is-poised-to-make-global-warming-much-worse-scientists-find/?utm_term=.e4c76b00ba8e

Mufson, S (2021). Scientists Expected Thawing Wetlands in Siberia’s Permafrost. What they Found is ‘Much More Dangerous.’ The Washington Post, Aug. 2. https://www.chron.com/news/article/Scientists-expected-thawing-wetlands-in-Siberia-s-16358493.php

Natali, S et al., (2021). Permafrost Carbon Feedbacks Threaten Global Climate Goals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(32). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100163118

Neumann, R, Moorberg, C, Lundquist, J, Turner, J, Waldrop, M, McFarland, J, Euskirchen, E, Edgar, C and Turetsky, M (2019). Warming Effects of Spring Rainfall Increase Methane Emissions From Thawing Permafrost. Geophysical Research Letters, 46. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL08127

Nisbet, E, et al. (2019). Very Strong Atmospheric Methane Growth in the Four years 2014-2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 3(33): 318-342. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006009

Paul, C, et al., (2022). Rapid Seafloor Changes Associated with the Degradation of Arctic Submarine Permafrost. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 119(12). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2119105119

Pearce, F (2019). Trees Emit a Surprisingly Large Amount of Methane. Wired, July 9. https://www.wired.com/story/trees-emit-a-surprisingly-large-amount-of-methane/

Pearce, F (2022). Climate Negotiators Are Seriously Underestimating Methane’s Warming Power. Mother Jones, March 2. https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2022/03/climate-negotiators-underestimating-methane-warming-power-study-greenhouse-gas-warming/

Powell, T (2019). Methane's 20- and 100-Year Climate Effect is Like 'CO2 on Steroids.' Sightline Institute. Feb., 12. https://www.sightline.org/2019/02/12/methane-climate-change-co2-on-steroids/

Ramm, E et al., (2020). The Forgotten Nutrient — The Role of Nitrogen in Permafrost Soils of Northern China. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-0027-5

Resnick, B (2109). Scientists Feared Unstoppable Emissions from Melting Permafrost. They May Have Already Started. Vox, Dec. 12. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/12/12/21011445/permafrost-melting-arctic-report-card-noaa

Ruppel, C and Kessler, J (2016). The Interaction of Climate Change and Methane Hydrates. Reviews of Geophysics, 55(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000534

Schadel, C (2020). The Irreversible Emissions of a Permafrost ‘Tipping Point’. Carbon Brief, Feb. 12. https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-the-irreversible-emissions-of-a-permafrost-tipping-point

Simon, M (2020). Permafrost Is Thawing So Fast, It’s Gouging Holes in the Arctic. Wired, Feb. 3. https://www.wired.com/story/abrupt-permafrost-thaw/

Sinclair, P (2019). Polar Melting: 'Methane Time Bomb' Isn't Actually a 'Bomb'. Yale Climate Connections, Jan. 29. https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/01/methane-time-bomb-isnt-actually-a-bomb/

Tran, L (2022). Satellites Don’t Lie: Methane Emissions are 70% Higher than Reported. Grist, Feb. 24. https://grist.org/climate-energy/the-world-is-underestimating-methane-emissions-iea-report/

Turetsky, M et al., (2017). A Synthesis of Methane Emissions from 71 Northern, Temperate, and Subtropical Wetlands. Global Change Biology, 20(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12580

Turetsky, M et al., (2019). Permafrost Collapse is Accelerating Carbon Release. Nature, 569. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01313-4

Turetsky, M, et al., (2020). Carbon Release Through Abrupt Permafrost Thaw. Nature Geoscience, 13. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0526-0

University of Birmingham (2021). Trees are Biggest Methane 'Vents' in Wetland Areas – Even When They're Dry. Phys.org, Dec. 6. https://phys.org/news/2021-12-trees-biggest-methane-vents-wetland.html

Watts, J (2020). 'Sleeping Giant' Arctic Methane Deposits Starting to Release, Scientists Find. The Guardian, Oct. 27. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/oct/27/sleeping-giant-arctic-methane-deposits-starting-to-release-scientists-find

Welch, C and Orlinsky, K (2019). Climate Change has Finally Caught Up to this Alaska Village. National Geographic, Oct. 22. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/climate-change-finally-caught-up-to-this-alaska-village/

Wilkerson, J, et.al. (2019). Permafrost Nitrous Oxide Emissions Observed on a Landscape Scale Using the Airborne Eddy-covariance Method. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 19: 4257-4268. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4257-2019

Zhu, Y, et al., (2020). Disproportionate Increase in Freshwater Methane Emissions Induced by Experimental Warming. Nature Climate Change, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0824-y

P. Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding [back to subsections]

Almar, R et al., (2021). A Global Analysis of Extreme Coastal Water Levels with Implications for Potential Coastal Overtopping. Nature Communications, 12(3775). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24008-9

Anderson, T, Fletcher, C, Barbee, M, Romine, B, Lemmo, S and Delevaux, J (2018). Modeling Multiple Sea Level Rise Stresses Reveals Up to Twice the Land at Risk Compared to Strictly Passive Flooding Methods. Scientific Reports, 8(14484). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32658-x

Bittermann, K, Rahmstorf, S, Kopp, R and Kemp, A (2017). Global Mean Sea-level Rise in a World Agreed Upon in Paris. Environmental Research Letters, 12(12). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9def

Brown, S, Nicholls, R, Goodwin, P, Haigh, I, Lincke, D, Vafeidis, A and Hinkel, J (2018). Quantifying Land and People Exposed to Sea‐Level Rise with No Mitigation and 1.5°C and 2.0°C Rise in Global Temperatures to Year 2300. Earth’s Future, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000738

Buchanan, M, Oppenheimer, M and Kopp, K (2017). Amplification of Flood Frequencies with Local Sea Level Rise and Emerging Flood Regimes. Environmental Research Letters, 12. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa6cb3/pdf

Caffey, M, Beavers, R and Hoffman, C (2018). Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Projections for the National Park Service. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/subjects/climatechange/upload/2018-NPS-Sea-Level-Change-Storm-Surge-Report-508Compliant.pdf

Cazenave, A and Cozannet, G (2013). Sea Level Rise and its Coastal Impacts. Earth’s Future, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000188

The Center for Climate and Security (2017). Military Expert Panel Report: Sea Level Rise and the U.S. Military’s Mission. https://climateandsecurity.org/militaryexpertpanel/

Climate Central (2019a). Mapping Choices: Which Sea Level Will We Lock In? https://choices.climatecentral.org/#12/40.7117/-74.0008?compare=temperatures&carbon-end-yr=2100&scenario-a=warming-4&scenario-b=warming-2 (interactive maps)

Climate Central (2019b). Surging Seas Risk Finder. https://riskfinder.climatecentral.org/

Climate Central (2019c). Report: Flooded Future: Global Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise Worse than Previously Understood. https://www.climatecentral.org/news/report-flooded-future-global-vulnerability-to-sea-level-rise-worse-than-previously-understood

Climate Central and Zillow (2018). Ocean at the Door: New Homes and the Rising Sea. http://assets.climatecentral.org/pdfs/Nov2018_Report_OceanAtTheDoor.pdf?pdf=OceanAtTheDoor-Report

Cusik, D (2021). Miami Is the “Most Vulnerable” Coastal City Worldwide. Scientific American, Feb. 24. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/miami-is-the-most-vulnerable-coastal-city-worldwide/

Dahl, K Spanger-Siegfried, E, Caldas, A and Udvardy, S (2017). Effective Inundation of Continental United States Communities with 21st Century Sea Level Rise. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.234

Daigle, K and Gramling, C (2019). Explainer: Why Sea Levels Aren’t Rising at the Same Rate Globally. Science News for Students, Jan. 10. https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-why-sea-level-rise-rate-varies-globally

Data.Gov (2019). Climate - Coastal Flooding: Tools. https://www.data.gov/climate/coastalflooding/coastalflooding-tools

Duensing, R (2022). Sea-level Rise Creating ‘Ghost Forests' in North Carolina. WNCN Raleigh, March 15. https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/sea-level-rise-creating-ghost-forests-in-north-carolina/ar-AAV6qC1?ocid=entnewsntp

EarthTime (2018d). Sea Level Rise. https://earthtime.org/stories/sea_level_rise (interactive maps)

Ensor, C and Eby, M (2019). Environmental Science Behind Increasing Flood Trends. First Street Foundation, March 21. https://firststreet.org/research/environmental-science-behind-increasing-flood-trends/

Fasullo, J, Neremi, R and Hamlington, B (2016). Is the Detection of Accelerated Sea Level Rise Imminent? Nature Scientific Reports, 6(3124). https://www.nature.com/articles/srep31245

Flavelle, C (2018). Miami Will Be Underwater Soon. Its Drinking Water Could Go First. Bloomberg, Aug. 29. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-08-29/miami-s-other-water-problem

FloodiQ (2020). What’s Your Flood Risk? https://www.floodiq.com/ [Interactive map that considers different coastal flooding events and projects up to 15 years in the future.]

Funes, Y (2020). Sea Level Rise Alone Threatens to Crush the Global Economy. Gizmodo, July 30. https://earther.gizmodo.com/sea-level-rise-alone-threatens-to-crush-the-global-econ-1844557915

Garner, A, Weiss, J, Parris, A, Kopp, R, Horton, R, Overpeck, J and Horton, B (2018). Evolution of 21st Century Sea Level Rise Projections. Earth’s Future, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000991

Gilbert, L (2021). Sea Level Data Confirms Climate Modeling Projections were Right. Phys.org, Feb. 15. https://phys.org/news/2021-02-sea-climate.html

Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). Global Sea-level Budget 1993–present. Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10: 1551-1590. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018

Goodier, R (2018). How Climate Change Could Break the Internet. Popular Mechanics, July 19. https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a22454576/climate-change-internet-damage/

Grabowski, M (2021). Sea-level Rise Drives Wastewater Leakage to Coastal Waters. Phys.org, March 12. https://phys.org/news/2021-03-sea-level-wastewater-leakage-coastal.html

Gupta, J (2018). Rising Sea Consumes Bengal Coast. The Third Pole, Dec. 24. https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/2018/12/24/best-of-2018-rising-sea-consumes-bengali-coast/

Hailye, T and Stark, K (2021). Maps: See Which Bay Area Locations Are at Risk from Rising Seas. KQED, April 22. https://www.kqed.org/science/1973624/maps-see-which-bay-area-locations-are-at-risk-from-rising-seas

Hall, J, Gill, S, Obeysekera, J, Sweet, W, Knuuti, K and Marburger, J (2016). Regional Sea Level Scenarios for Coastal Risk Management: Managing the Uncertainty of Future Sea Level Change and Extreme Water Levels for Department of Defense Coastal Sites Worldwide. U.S. Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program. https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1013613.pdf

Hallegatte, S, Green, C, Nicholls, R and Corfee-Morlot, J (2013). Future Flood Losses in Major Coastal Cities. Nature Climate Change, 3: 802-806. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1979

Hauer, M (2017). Migration Induced by Sea-level Rise Could Reshape the US Population Landscape. Nature Climate Change, 7: 321–325. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3271

Hauer, M, Hardy, D, Kulp, S, Mueller, V, Wrathall, D and Clark, P (2021). Assessing Population Exposure to Coastal Flooding Due to Sea Level Rise. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27260-1

Herrera-Garcia, G et al., (2021). Mapping the Global Threat of Land Subsidence. Science, 371(6524). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6524/34

Hino, M, Belanger, S, Field, C, Davies, A and Mach, K (201). High-tide Flooding Disrupts Local Economic Activity. Science Advances, 5(2). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/2/eaau2736.full

Hino, M, Field, C and Mach, K (2017). Managed Retreat as a Response to Natural Hazard Risk. Nature Climate Change, 7: 364–370. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate3252

Hooijer, A and Vernimmen, R (2021). Global LiDAR Land Elevation Data Reveal Greatest Sea-level Rise Vulnerability in the Tropics. Nature Communications, 12(3592). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23810-9

Horton, B, Kopp, R, Garner, A, Hay, C, Khan, N, Roy, K and Shaw, T (2018). Mapping Sea-Level Change in Time, Space, and Probability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025826

Huang, T and Maghsadi, N (2020). Runways Underwater: Maps Show Where Rising Seas Threaten 80 Airports Around the World. Resource Watch, Feb. 5. https://blog.resourcewatch.org/2020/02/05/runways-underwater-maps-show-where-rising-seas-threaten-80-airports-around-the-world/

Ivanova, I (2020). Sea Level Rise Could Destroy 20% of the World's GDP by 2100. CBS News, July 30. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/flooding-will-affect-20-of-the-worlds-gdp-in-80-years/

Jackson, L, Grinsted, A and Jevrejeva, S (2018). 21st Century Sea‐Level Rise in Line with the Paris Accord. Earth’s Future, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000688

Johnson, S (2021). Sea Level Rise Uncertainties: Why All Eyes Are On Antarctica. Ars Technica, May 6. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/meeting-paris-agreement-ambition-could-save-a-lot-of-sea-level-rise/

Khanna, P Droxler, A, Nittrouer, J, Tunnell, J and Shirley, T (2017). Coralgal Reef Morphology Records Punctuated Sea-level Rise During the Last Deglaciation. Nature Communications, 8(1). https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/5648809

Kidwell, D, Dietrich, J, Hagen, S and Medeiros, S (2017). An Earth's Future Special Collection: Impacts of the Coastal Dynamics of Sea Level Rise on Low‐gradient Coastal Landscapes. Earth’s Future, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000493

Kirezci, E, Young, I, Ranasinghe, R, Muis, S, Nichols, R, Lincke, D and Hinkel, J (2020). Projections of Global-scale Extreme Sea Levels and Resulting Episodic Coastal Flooding Over the 21st Century. Scientific Reports, 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-67736-6

Kopp, R, Horton, R, Little, C, Mitrovica, J, Oppenheimer, M, Rasmussen, J, Strauss, B and Tebaldi, C (2014). Probabilistic 21st and 22nd Century Sea‐level Projections at a Global Network of Tide‐gauge Sites. Earth’s Future, 2(8). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014EF000239

Kozak, C (2020). Sea Level Rise Puts Septic, Sewers At Risk. Coastal Review Online, June 18. https://www.coastalreview.org/2020/06/sea-level-rise-puts-septic-sewers-at-risk/

Kulp, S and Strauss, B (2019). New Elevation Data Triple Estimates of Global Vulnerability to Sea-level Rise and Coastal Flooding. Nature Communications, 10(4844). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12808-z

Legresy, B (2014). Sea Level: Understanding the Past – Improving Projections for the Future. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) of Australia. https://research.csiro.au/slrwavescoast/sea-level/

LeRoy, S and Wiles, R (2019). High Tide Tax: The Price to Protect Coastal Communities from Rising Seas. The Center for Climate Integrity. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/cd8b5217-ae9e-4883-bfe9-eca0ae80b14e/downloads/ClimateCosts2040_Report-v5.pdf

Love, R, Milne, G, Tarasov, L, Engelhart, S, Hijma, M, Latychev, K, Horton, B, Tornqvist, T (2016). The Contribution of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment to Projections of Sea‐level Change Along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America. Earth’s Future, 4(10). https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016EF000363

Lu, D and Flavelle, C (2019). Rising Seas Will Erase More Cities by 2050, New Research Shows. New York Times, Oct. 29. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/29/climate/coastal-cities-underwater.htm

Mahoney, A (2021). Toxic Tides: Climate Change Expected to Cause 400 Toxic California Sites to Flood by 2100. Dec. 3. https://grist.org/cities/toxic-tides-project-maps-what-could-happen-to-people-living-near-industry-on-california-coastline/

McGrath, M (2020). Climate Change: Dams Played Key Role in Limiting Sea Level Rise. BBC News, Aug. 19. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-53836018

Morrison, J (2018). Flooding Hot Spots: Why Seas Are Rising Faster on the U.S. East Coast. Yale Environment 360. https://e360.yale.edu/features/flooding-hot-spots-why-seas-are-rising-faster-on-the-u.s.-east-coast

NASA (2020a) Rising Tides: Understanding Sea Level Rise. https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/199/rising-tides-understanding-sea-level-rise/ [Video]

NASA (2020b). Rising Waters: How NASA is Monitoring Sea Level. https://www.nasa.gov/specials/sea-level-rise-2020/ [Engaging, features animated visuals]

NASA (2022). Interagency Sea Level Rise Scenario Tool. https://sealevel.nasa.gov/task-force-scenario-tool

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (2019a). Coastal Flood Exposure Mapper. https://www.coast.noaa.gov/floodexposure/@-10575352,4439107,5z

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (2019b). Sea Level Rise Viewer. NOAA Office for Coastal Management. https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/#/layer/slr

National Ocean Service (2022). 2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/sealevelrise/sealevelrise-tech-report.html

Nauels, A Gutschow, J, Mengel, M, Meinshausen, M, Clark, P and Schleussner, C (2019). Attributing Long-Term Sea-level Rise to Paris Agreement Emission Pledges. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(47). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907461116

Nerem, R, Beckley, B, Fasullo, J, Hamlington, B, Masters, D and Mitchum, G (2018). Climate-change–Driven Accelerated Sea-level Rise Detected in the Altimeter Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 115(9): 2022-2025. https://www.pnas.org/content/115/9/2022

Parker, L (2021). Miami Condo Collapse Highlights Urgent Need to Adapt to Rising Seas. National Geographic, July 21. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/miami-condo-collapse-highlights-urgent-need-to-adapt-to-rising-seas

Petek, G (2020). What Threat Does Sea-Level Rise Pose to California? Legislative Analyst’s Office, The California Legislature’s Nonpartisan Fiscal and Policy Advisor. https://lao.ca.gov/reports/2020/4261/sea-level-rise-081020.pdf [Good one]

Prange, M, Wilke, T and Wesselingh, F (2020). The Other Side of Sea Level Change. Communications Earth & Environment, 1(69). https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-020-00075-6 [Water levels in inland seas and lakes globally will drop in response to climate change.]

Rmao, M (2021). Coastal Californians, Prepare for the Ocean to Rise 10 feet by Century’s End. Grist, Nov. 15. https://grist.org/climate/california-coast-towns-warned-of-rising-seal-level/

Robinson, C, Dilkina, B and Moreno-Cruz, J (2020). Modeling Migration Patterns in the USA Under Sea Level Rise. PLoS ONE, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227436

Rush, E (2020). Buy High, Sell Low. Anthropocene, 5. https://www.anthropocenemagazine.org/2020/08/buy-high-sell-low/

Schinko, T, Drouet, L, Vrontisi, Z, Hof, A, Hinkel, J, Mochizuki, J, Bosetti, V, Fragkiadakis, K, van Vuuren, D and Lincke, D (2020). Economy-wide Effects of Coastal Flooding Due to Sea Level Rise: A Multi-model Simultaneous Treatment of Mitigation, Adaptation, and Residual Impacts. Environmental Research Communications, 2(1). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2515-7620/ab6368

Shamsuddoha, M (2005). Climate Change, Disaster and Coastal Vulnerabilities in Bangladesh. Coastbd.org. https://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/4032

Siegert, M, Alley, R, Rignot, E, Englander, J and Corell, R (2020). Twenty-First Century Sea-Level Rise Could Exceed IPCC Projections for Strong-Warming Futures. One Earth, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.002

Siegle, E and Costa, M (2017). Nearshore Wave Power Increase on Reef‐Shaped Coasts Due to Sea‐Level Rise. Earth’s Future, 5(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000624

Simon, M (2022). Sea Level Rise Will Be Catastrophic—and Unequal. Wired, Feb. 24. https://www.wired.com/story/sea-level-rise-will-be-catastrophic-and-unequal/

Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact Sea Level Rise Work Group (2020). Unified Sea Level Rise Projection Southeast Florida: 2019 Update. https://southeastfloridaclimatecompact.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Sea-Level-Rise-Projection-Guidance-Report_FINAL_02212020.pdf

Steinberg, N, Gannon, C and Turner, J (2019). Demystifying Climate Scenario Analysis for Financial Stakeholders. Four Twenty Seven Report, Moody’s Corporation. http://427mt.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Demystifying-Scenario-Analysis_427_2019.pdf

Storlazzi, C, Gingerich, S, Dongeren, A, Cheriton, O, Swarzenski, P, Quatert, E, Voss, C, Field, D, Annamalai, H, Piniak, G and McCall, R (2018). Most Atolls Will be Uninhabitable by the Mid-21st century Because of Sea-level Rise Exacerbating Wave-driven Flooding. Science Advances, 4(4). https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70196699

Strauss, B, Kopp, R, Sweet, W and Bitterman, K (2016). Unnatural Coastal Floods: Sea Level Rise and the Human Fingerprint on U.S. Floods Since 1950. Climate Central Research Report. http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/uploads/research/Unnatural-Coastal-Floods-2016.pdf

Strauss, B, Kulp, S and Levermann, A (2015). Carbon Choices Determine US Cities Committed to Futures Below Sea Level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(44): 13508-13513. https://www.pnas.org/content/112/44/13508

Strauss, B, Kulp, S, Rasmussen, D and Levermann, A (2021). Unprecedented Threats to Cities from Multi-Century Sea Level Rise. Environmental Research Letters, Oct. 11. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac2e6b

Strauss, B et al., (2021). Economic Damages from Hurricane Sandy Attributable to Sea Level Rise Caused by Anthropogenic Climate Change. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22838-1

Sweet, W, Dusek, G, Obeysekera, J and Marra, J (2018). Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the U.S. Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 086. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt86_PaP_of_HTFlooding.pdf

Sweet, W, Kopp, R, Weaver, C, Obeysekera, J, Horton, R, Thieler, R and Zervas, C (2017). Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 083. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt83_Global_and_Regional_SLR_Scenarios_for_the_US_final.pdf

Sweet, W, Marra, J and Dusek, G (2017). 2016 State of U.S. High Tide Flooding and a 2017 Outlook. NOAA. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-content/sotc/national/2017/may/2016_StateofHighTideFlooding.pdf

Sweet, W, Park, J. Marra, J, Zervas, C and Gill, S (2014). Sea Level Rise and Nuisance Flood Frequency Changes around the United States. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 073. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/NOAA_Technical_Report_NOS_COOPS_073.pdf

Timmer, J (2021). Climate-driven Coastal Flooding in the US Likely to Get Worse Suddenly. Ars Technica, June 22. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/06/climate-driven-coastal-flooding-in-the-us-likely-to-get-worse-suddenly/

Union of Concerned Scientists (2018). Underwater: Rising Seas, Chronic Floods, and the Implications for US Coastal Real Estate. https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/global-warming-impacts/sea-level-rise-chronic-floods-and-us-coastal-real-estate-implications [includes interactive map and data by state or community]

University of Exeter (2020). Sea-level Rise Will Have Complex Consequences: Study. Physics.org, Nov. 4. https://phys.org/news/2020-11-sea-level-complex-consequences.html

U.S. Global Change Research Program (2017). Ch. 12: Sea Level Rise, in Fourth National Climate Assessment, Vol. 1. https://science2017.globalchange.gov/

Vitousek, S, Barnard, P, Fletcher, C, Frazer, N, Erikson, L and Storlazzi, C (2017). Doubling of Coastal Flooding Frequency within Decades Due to Sea-level Rise. Scientific Reports, 7(1399). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01362-7

Vousdoukas, M, Mentaschi, L, Voukouvalas, E, Verlaan, M and Feyen, L (2017). Extreme Sea Levels on the Rise along Europe's Coasts. Earth’s Future, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000505

Walker, J, Kopp, R, Little, C and Horton, B (2022). Timing of Emergence of Modern Rates of Sea-level Rise by 1863. Nature Communications, 13. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28564-6

Watts, J (2017). From Miami to Shanghai: 3C of Warming Will Leave World Cities Below Sea Level. The Guardian, Nov. 3. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/nov/03/miami-shanghai-3c-warming-cities-underwater

Wing, T (2017). Submerging Paradise: Climate Change in the Pacific Islands. Climate Institute, Dec. 28. http://climate.org/submerging-paradise-climate-change-in-the-pacific-islands/

World Health Organization (‎2014)‎. Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/134014

Yesudian, A and Dawson, R (2021). Global Analysis of Sea Level Rise Risk to Airports. Climate Risk Management, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2020.100266

Q. Tropical Cyclones [back to subsections]

Berardelli, J (2019). How Climate Change is Making Hurricanes More Dangerous. Yale Climate Connections, July 8. https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/07/how-climate-change-is-making-hurricanes-more-dangerous/

Bhatia, K et al., (2018). Projected Response of Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Intensification in a Global Climate Model. Journal of Climate, 31(20). https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article/31/20/8281/92614/Projected-Response-of-Tropical-Cyclone-Intensity

Bhatia, K, Vecchi, G, Knutson, T, Murakami, H, Kossin, J, Dixon, K and Whitlock, C (2019). Recent Increases in Tropical Cyclone Intensification Rates. Nature Communications, 10(635). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-08471-z

Bruggers, J (2021). Six Takeaways About Tropical Cyclones and Hurricanes from The New IPCC Report. Inside Climate News, Aug. 13. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13082021/six-takeaways-about-tropical-cyclones-and-hurricanes-from-the-new-ipcc-report/

Casella, C (2020). 40 Years of Data Confirm Hurricanes Are Getting Stronger. Climate Models Were Right. Science Alert, May 23. https://www.sciencealert.com/hurricanes-really-are-getting-stronger-and-there-s-a-likely-human-fingerprint

Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (2021). Hurricanes and Climate Change. https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/

Climate Council (2017). Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change: Fact Sheet. https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/uploads/3cf983377b8043ff1ecf15709eebf298.pdf

Dembicki, G (2019). The $1 Trillion Storm: How a Single Hurricane Could Rupture the World Economy. Vice, March 2. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wjm78x/the-dollar1-trillion-storm-how-a-single-hurricane-could-rupture-the-world-economy

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (2019). Global Warming and Hurricanes. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/

Grinsted, A, Ditlevsen, P and Christensen, J (2019). Normalized US Hurricane Damage Estimates Using Area of Total Destruction, 1900−2018. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(48). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912277116 [Area of total destruction is getting bigger]

Guzman, O and Jiang, H (2021). Global Increase in Tropical Cyclone Rain Rate. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25685-2

Hall, T and Kossin, J (2019). Hurricane Stalling Along the North American Coast and Implications for Rainfall. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 2(17). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-019-0074-8

Holland, G and Bruyere, C (2014). Recent Intense Hurricane Response to Global Climate Change. Climate Dynamics, 42. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-013-1713-0

Januta , A (2021). North Atlantic Hurricanes Have Become More Frequent Amid Warming – Study. Reuters, Dec. 3. https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/north-atlantic-hurricanes-have-become-more-frequent-amid-warming-study-2021-12-03/

Kelley, A (2021). Scientists Blow Up Decades of Thinking on Why Hurricanes are Becoming More Deadly. The Hill, Changing America, March 9. https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/climate-change/542298-scientists-blow-up-decades-of-thinking-on-why

Knutson, T (2021). Global Warming and Hurricanes. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/global-warming-and-hurricanes/ [Overview of the topic with links to many resources.]

Knutson, T, McBride, J, Bruyere, C, Chan, J, Elsner, J, Emanuel, K, Held, I, Holland, G, Landsea, C, Kossin, J, Srivastava, A, Sugi, M and Walsh, K (2010). Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change: A Review of Recent Research and Assessments. World Meteorological Organization. https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/tmr/otherfileformats/documents/3.3TKnutson.pdf

Knutson, T, McBride, J, Chan, J, Emanuel, K, Holland, G, Landsea, C, Held, I, Kossin, J, Srivastava, A, and Sugi, M (2010). Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Nature Geoscience, 3: 157-163. https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo779

Kossin, J (2018). A Global Slowdown of Tropical-cyclone Translation Speed. Nature, 558. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0158-3

Kossin, J, Emanuel, K and Vecchi, G (2014). The Poleward Migration of the Location of Tropical Cyclone Maximum Intensity. Nature, 509: 349-352. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature13278

Kossin, J, Knapp, K, Olander, T and Velden, C (2020). Global Increase in Major Tropical Cyclone Exceedance Probability Over the Past Four Decades. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(22). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1920849117

Meyer, R (2021). We’re Hitting the Limits of Hurricane Preparedness. The Atlantic, Aug. 29. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/08/hurricane-ida-end-of-hurricane-preparedness/619926/

Mooney, C and Freeman, A (2020. Hurricane Laura’s Rapid Intensification is a Sign of a Warming Climate, Scientists say. The Washington Post, Aug. 27. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/08/27/hurricane-laura-rapid-intensification/

Morford, S (2021). Hurricane Ida: 4 Essential Reads About New Orleans’ High Hurricane Risk and What Climate Change Has to Do With the Storms. The Conversation, Aug. 30. https://theconversation.com/hurricane-ida-4-essential-reads-about-new-orleans-high-hurricane-risk-and-what-climate-change-has-to-do-with-the-storms-166954

Oldenborgh, G, et al., (2017). Attribution of Extreme Rainfall from Hurricane Harvey, August 2017. Environmental Research Letters, 12(12). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa9ef2

Pugatch, T (2019). Tropical Storms and Mortality Under Climate Change. World Development, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.01.009

Reed, K, Stansfield, A, Wehner, M and Zarzycki, C (2020). Forecasted Attribution of the Human Influence on Hurricane Florence. Science Advances, 6(1). https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/1/eaaw9253.full

Rubiano, M (2021). Ida Left Behind a Water Crisis in the Gulf. Grist, Sept. 8. https://grist.org/equity/ida-left-behind-a-water-crisis-in-the-gulf/

Shelton, J (2022). Future Hurricanes Will Roam Over More of the Earth, Study Predicts. Phys.org, Jan 3. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-future-hurricanes-roam-earth.html

Siegel, E (2021). Yes, Global Warming Is Changing How Hurricanes Work. Forbes, Aug. 31. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/08/31/yes-global-warming-is-changing-how-hurricanes-work/ [Surprisingly thorough overview of variables in hurricane formation and the impacts of climate change.]

Studholme, J, Fedorov, A, Gulev, S, Emmanuel, K and Hodges, K (2021). Poleward Expansion of Tropical Cyclone Latitudes in Warming Climates. Nature Geoscience, . https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00859-1

Sugi, M, Murakimi, H and Yoshida, K (2017). Projection of Future Changes in the Frequency of Intense Tropical Cyclones. Climate Dynamics, 49(1-2): 619-632. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-016-3361-7

Ting, M, Kossin, J, Camargo, S and Li, C (2019). Past and Future Hurricane Intensity Change along the U.S. East Coast. Scientific Reports, 9(7795). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44252-w

Vano, J, Dettinger, M, Cifelli, R, Curtis, D, Dufour, A, Miller, K, Olsen, R and Wilson, A (2018). Hydroclimatic Extremes as Challenges for the Water Management Community: Lessons from Oroville Dam and Hurricane Harvey. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, December. http://www.ametsoc.net/eee/2017a/ch3_EEEof2017_Vano.pdf

Vosper, E (2020). Hurricanes Could Be Up To Five Times More Likely In The Caribbean If Tougher Targets Are Missed. Scienmag, Aug. 27. https://scienmag.com/hurricanes-could-be-up-to-five-times-more-likely-in-the-caribbean-if-tougher-targets-are-missed/

Weisberger, M (2018). Climate Change Made Recent Hurricanes Wetter. And They May Get Worse. Space.com, Nov. 16. https://www.space.com/42464-wetter-storms-climate-change.html

Wright, D, Knutson, T and Smith, J (2015). Regional Climate Model Projections of Rainfall from U.S. Landfalling Tropical Cyclones. Climate Dynamics, 45(11-12): 3365-3379. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00382-015-2544-y

R. Water Supplies and Systems [back to subsections]

Adelsmen, H and Ekram, J (2012). Chapter 7: Water Resources, in Preparing for a Changing Climate: Washington State’s Integrated Climate Response Strategy. WA State Dept. of Ecology. https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1201004.pdf

Alcamo, J, Florke, M and Marker, M (2007). Future Long-term Changes in Global Water Resources Driven by Socio-economic and Climatic Changes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 52(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248953029_Future_Long-Term_Changes_in_Global_Water_Resources_Driven_by_Socio-Economic_and_Climate_Changes

Alcamo, J, Märker, M, Flörke, M, and Vassolo, S (2003). Water and Climate: A Global Perspective. Kassel World Water Series 6, Center for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242137435_Water_and_Climate_A_Global_Perspective

Barlow, M (2021). The Water Cycle is Intensifying as the Climate Warms, IPCC Report Warns – That Means More Intense Storms and Flooding. The Conversation, Aug. 9. https://theconversation.com/the-water-cycle-is-intensifying-as-the-climate-warms-ipcc-report-warns-that-means-more-intense-storms-and-flooding-165590

Berwyn, B (2020). New Study Projects Severe Water Shortages in the Colorado River Basin. Inside Climate News, Feb. 20. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/20022020/severe-water-shortages-colorado-river-basin-snowpack-albedo

Brown, T, Mahat, V and Ramirez, J (2019). Adaptation to Future Water Shortages in the United States Caused by Population Growth and Climate Change. Earth’s Future, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF001091

Cassella, C (2020). It May Be Too Late to Save The World's Largest Lake from Climate Change. Science Alert, Dec. 26. https://www.sciencealert.com/climate-change-is-making-most-seas-rise-but-it-s-shrinking-this-one

Cheng, L, Trenberth, K, Gruber, N, Abraham, J, Fasullo, J, Li, G, Mann, M, Zhao, X and Zhu, J (2020). Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle. Journal of Climate, 1. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0366.1

Climate One (2017. Water Whiplash. https://www.climateone.org/events/water-whiplash [Summary, transcript, and recording of a panel discussion on the impacts of climate change on weather, water and agriculture in California.]

Colman, Z (2019). The Toxic Waste Threat that Climate Change is Making Worse. Politico, Aug. 26. https://www.politico.com/story/2019/08/26/toxic-waste-climate-change-worse-1672998

Cruickshank, A (2021). How Rivers in the Sky Melted Antarctic Ice. Hakai Magazine, Feb. 25. https://www.hakaimagazine.com/news/how-rivers-in-the-sky-melted-antarctic-ice/

Doell, P, Trautmann, T, Gerten, D, Muller-Schmied, H, Ostberg, S, Saeed, F and Schleussner, C (2018). Risks for the Global Freshwater System at 1.5 °C and 2 °C Global Warming. Environmental Research Letters, 13(044038). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aab792

Denchak, M (2019). Flooding and Climate Change: Everything You Need to Know. NRDC, April 10. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flooding-and-climate-change-everything-you-need-know

Dorfman, M and Mehta, M (2011). Thirsty for Answers: Preparing for the Water-related Impacts of Climate Change in American Cities. National Resource Defense Council. https://www.nrdc.org/resources/thirsty-answers-preparing-water-related-impacts-climate-change-american-cities

Famiglietti, J (2019). A Map of the Future of Water. Trend Magazine, The Pew Charitable Trusts. https://trend.pewtrusts.org/en/archive/spring-2019/a-map-of-the-future-of-water

Fecht, S (2019). How Climate Change Impacts Our Water. State of the Planet, Sept. 23. Earth Institute, Columbia University. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2019/09/23/climate-change-impacts-water/ [Good one for students]

Filipelli, G and Ortiz, J (2020). Climate Change Threatens Drinking Water Quality Across the Great Lakes. The Conversation, April 29. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-threatens-drinking-water-quality-across-the-great-lakes-131883

Flavelle, C (2018). Miami Will Be Underwater Soon. Its Drinking Water Could Go First. Bloomberg, Aug. 29. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-08-29/miami-s-other-water-problem

Fung, F, Lopez, A and New, M (2011). Water Availability in +2°C and +4°C Worlds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369(1934). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0293

Furniss, M et al., (2010). Water, Climate Change, and Forests: Watershed Stewardship for a Changing Climate. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-812. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr812.pdf

Furniss, M, Roby, K, Cenderelli, D, Chatel, J, Clifton, C, Clingenpeel, A, Hays, P, Higgins, D, Hodges, K, Howe, C, Jungst, L, Louie, J, Mai, C, Martinez, R, Overton, K, Staab, B, Steinke, R, and Weinhold, M (2013). Assessing the Vulnerability of Watersheds to Climate Change: Results of National Forest Watershed Vulnerability Pilot Assessments. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-884. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr884.pdf

Gosling, S and Arnell, N (2016). A Global Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Water Scarcity. Climatic Change, 134. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10584-013-0853-x

Grabowski, M (2021). Sea-level Rise Drives Wastewater Leakage to Coastal Waters. Phys.org, March 12. https://phys.org/news/2021-03-sea-level-wastewater-leakage-coastal.html

Gronewold, D and Rood, R (2019). Climate Change is Driving Rapid Shifts Between High and Low Water Levels on the Great Lakes. The Conversation, June 4. https://theconversation.com/climate-change-is-driving-rapid-shifts-between-high-and-low-water-levels-on-the-great-lakes-118095

Gudmundsson, L et al., (2021). Globally Observed Trends in Mean and Extreme River Flow Attributed to Climate Change. Science, 371(6534). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6534/1159

Hanjra, M and Qureshi, M (2010). Global Water Crisis and Future Food Security in an Era of Climate Change. Food Policy, 35(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006

He, C, Liu, Z, Wu, J, Pan, X, Fang, Z, Li, J and Bryan, B (2021). Future Global Urban Water Scarcity and Potential Solutions. Nature Communications, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25026-3

Hersher, R (2021). NYC's Subway Flooding Isn't A Fluke. It's The Reality For Cities In A Warming World. NPR, Sept. 2. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/02/1021185475/climate-change-means-more-subway-flooding-worldwide-like-new-york-just-experienc

Ho, S (2019). India Among The 17 Countries Running Out Of Water Because Of Climate Change. Green Queen, Sept. 11. https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/india-among-the-17-countries-running-out-of-water-because-of-climate-change/

International Hydrological Programme (2011). The Impact of Global Change on Water Resources: the Response of UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000192216

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (2015). Water and Climate Change. Issues Brief. https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/water-and-climate-change

Kelley, M (2022). California's 'Climate Whiplash' has been Worsening for 50 Years and Will Continue. Phys.org, Jan. 11. https://phys.org/news/2022-01-california-climate-whiplash-worsening-years.html

Koutroulis, A, Papadimitriou, L, Grillakis, M, Tsanis, I, Warren, R and Betts, R (2019). Global Water Availability Under High-end Climate Change: A Vulnerability Based Assessment. Global and Planetary Change, 175. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921818118305393

Kraemer, B et al., (2021). Climate Change Drives Widespread Shifts in Lake Thermal Habitat. Nature Climate Change, 11. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01060-3

Kumar, S, Lawrence, D, Dirmeyer, P and Sheffield, J (2014). Less Reliable Water Availability in the 21st Century Climate Projections. Earth’s Future, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000159

Leahy, S (2019a). Billions Face Food, Water Shortages Over Next 30 Years as Nature Fails. National Geographic, Oct. 10. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/billions-face-water-food-insecurity/

Leahy, S (2019b). Thirsty Future Ahead as Climate Change Explodes Plant Growth. National Geographic, Nov. 4. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/plants-consume-more-water-climate-change-thirsty-future/

Liu, M, Vecchi, G, Soden, B, Yang, W and Zhang, B (2021). Enhanced Hydrological Cycle Increases Ocean Heat Uptake and Moderates Transient Climate Change. Nature Climate Change, . https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01152-0

MacDonald, G (2010). Water, Climate Change, and Sustainability in the Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(50). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909651107

Mankin, J, Seager, R, Smerdon, J, Cook, B and Williams, A (2019). Mid-latitude Freshwater Availability Reduced by Projected Vegetation Responses to Climate Change. Nature Geoscience, 12. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0480-x?draft=collection

Mankin, J, Viviroli, D, Singh, D, Hoekstra, A and Diffenbaugh, N (2015). The Potential for Snow to Supply Human Water Demand in the Present and Future. Environmental Research Letters, 10(11). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/11/114016

Martinez, G and Bastemeijer, T (2011). Climate Change Adaptation and Water Integrity: A Global Challenge, in Transparency International (ed.), Global Corruption Report: Climate Change. Earthscan, London. https://www.transparency.org/en/publications/global-corruption-report-climate-change

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First Street Foundation (2020b). Why Flood Risks are Increasing. FloodFactor.com. https://floodfactor.com/environmental-changes [Concise, basic overview with good graphics.]

First Street Foundation (2021). The Cost of Climate: America’s Growing Flood Risk. https://assets.firststreet.org/uploads/2021/02/The_Cost_of_Climate_FSF20210219-1.pdf

Fitzlab (2019). What Will Climate Feel Like in 60 Years? University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. https://fitzlab.shinyapps.io/cityapp/ [Interactive map]

Funes, Y (2019). Climate Change Has Made Our Stormwater Infrastructure Obsolete. Gizmodo, Aug. 2. https://earther.gizmodo.com/climate-change-has-made-our-stormwater-infrastructure-o-1836909668

Gaind, N and Stoye, E (2019). How Climate Change is Melting, Drying and Flooding Earth — In Pictures. Nature, Covering Climate Now, Sept. 26. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02793-0

Galey, P (2021). Flood-prone Populations Up Nearly 25% Since 2000: Study. Phys.org, Aug. 4. https://phys.org/news/2021-08-flood-prone-populations.html

Greaves, M (2021). Arctic Rain May Soon Be More Common than Snowfall. UCL News, University College London, Dec. 3. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2021/dec/arctic-rain-may-soon-be-more-common-snowfall

Handmer, J, Honda, Y, Kundzewicz, Z, Arnell, N, Benito, G, Hatfield, J, Mohamed, I, Peduzzi, P, Wu, S, Sherstyukov, B, Takahashi, K and Yan, Z (2012). Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and Ecosystems, in Field, C., Barros, V, Stocker, T, Qin, D, Dokken, D, Ebi, K, Mastrandrea, M, Mach, K, Plattner, G, Allen, S, Tignor, M and Midgley P (eds.) Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX-Chap4_FINAL-1.pdf

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Heilweil, R (2021). The US Power Grid Isn’t Ready for Climate Change. Vox, July 3. https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/7/3/22560691/power-grid-climate-change-heat-wave

Hersher, R (2019). Small Towns Fear They Are Unprepared For Future Climate-Driven Flooding. KNKX, July 25. https://www.knkx.org/post/small-towns-fear-they-are-unprepared-future-climate-driven-flooding

Hersher, R (2021). NYC's Subway Flooding Isn't A Fluke. It's The Reality For Cities In A Warming World. NPR, Sept. 2. https://www.npr.org/2021/09/02/1021185475/climate-change-means-more-subway-flooding-worldwide-like-new-york-just-experienc

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Kahn, B (2020b). It Hit 80 Degrees in the Arctic This Week. Gizmodo, May 22. https://earther.gizmodo.com/it-hit-80-degrees-in-the-arctic-this-week-1843606717

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Kelley, M (2021b). Changing Ocean Currents are Driving Extreme Winter Weather. Phys.org, Oct. 21. https://phys.org/news/2021-10-ocean-currents-extreme-winter-weather.html

Khan, B (2021). Last Year Was the Hottest in Human History, Despite Record Carbon Emissions Drop. Gizmodo, Jan. 8. https://earther.gizmodo.com/last-year-was-the-hottest-in-human-history-despite-rec-1846017595

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