Submitted, in review:
Defining Scales of Field Experiments to Assess Solar Radiation Modification, with Application to Marine Cloud Brightening Studies. Sarah J. Doherty, Michael S. Diamond, Robert Wood and Haruki Hirasawa, AGU Advances, in review, preprint: https://doi.org/10.22541/essoar.175579033.31203983/v1, 2026.
G6-1.5K-MCB: Marine Cloud Brightening Scenario design for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) in CESM2.1, E3SMv2.0, and UKESM1.1. Haruki Hirasawa, Matthew Henry, Philip J. Rasch, Robert Wood, Sarah J. Doherty, James Haywood, Alex Wong, Jean-Francois Lamarque, Ezra Brody, and Hailong Wang, Geoscientific Model Development, in review, preprint: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2025/egusphere-2025-4810/, 2026.
Published:
Forcing Susceptibility and Climate Sensitivity to Midlatitude Marine Cloud Brightening. Haruki Hirasawa, Matthew Henry, Alex M. Mason, Philip J. Rasch, Sarah J. Doherty, Robert Wood, James Haywood, and Knut von Salzen, Journal of Climate, 39(2), https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-25-0337.1, 2026.
Extensive Decline of Reflective Clouds over the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. Knut von Salzen, Ayodeji Akingunola, Jason N. S. Cole, Ruth A. R. Digby, Sarah J. Doherty, Luke Fraser-Leach, Edward Gryspeerdt, Michael Sigmond, Robert Wood. Nature Communications, 16, 9433, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-65127-x, 2025.
Marine Cloud Brightening to Cool the Arctic : an Earth System Model Comparison. Matthew Henry, Haruki Hirasawa, Jim M. Haywood and Philip J. Rasch, Earth’s Future, 13(12), e2025F006508 https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF006508, 2025.
Investigation of Ship-Induced Mesoscale Circulation Mechanics and Plume Spreading Rates. Lucas A. McMichael, Peter N. Blossey, Robert Wood and Sarah J. Doherty, Geophysical Research Letters, 52(20), e2025GL116904, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116904, 2025.
Evaluation of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds over the Northeast Pacific during the CSET Campaign in E3SM version 2. Kyoung Ock Choi, Philip J. Rasch, Robert Wood, Sarah J. Doherty, Hui Wan, Hailong Wang, Shuixuan Zhang, Kai Zhang, Mingxuan Wu, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 130(19), e2024JD042673, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042673, 2025.
Building a comprehensive library of observed Lagrangian trajectories for testing modeled cloud evolution, aerosol-cloud interactions, and marine cloud brightening. Ehsan Erfani, Robert Wood, Peter N. Blossey, Sarah J. Doherty and Ryan Eastman, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 25, 8743-8768. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-8743-2025, 2025.
Key Gaps in Models’ Physical Representation of Climate Intervention and Its Impacts. Sebastian D. Eastham, Amy H. Butler, Sarah J. Doherty, Blaž Gasparini, Simone Tilmes, Ewa M. Bednarz, Ulrike Burkhardt, Gabriel Chiodo, Daniel J. Cziczo, Michael S. Diamond, David W. Keith, Thomas Leisner, Douglas G. MacMartin, Johannes Quaas, Philip J. Rasch, Odran Sourdeval, Isabelle Steinke, Chelsea Thompson, Daniele Visioni, Robert Wood, Lili Xia, Pengfei Yu, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 17, e2024MS004872. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004872, 2025.
The impact of the interaction of cloud microphysics and macrophysics with large-scale circulation on stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition. Je-Yun Chun, Robert Wood, Peter N. Blossey, and Sarah J. Doherty, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 25(10), 5251-5271, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-5251-2025, 2025.
Sensitivities of Large Eddy Simulations of Aerosol Plume Transport and Cloud Response. Chandru Dhandapani, Colleen M Kaul, Kyle G Pressel, Peter N. Blossey, Robert Wood, Gourihar Kulkarni, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 17(2), https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004546, 2025.
A protocol for model intercomparison of impacts of Marine Cloud Brightening Climate Intervention. Philip J. Rasch, Haruki Hirasawa, Mingxuan Wu, Sarah J. Doherty, Robert Wood, Hailong Wang, Andy Jones, James Haywood, Hansi Singh, Geoscientific Model Development, 17, 7963–7994, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7963-2024, 2024.
Exploring ship track spreading rates with a physics-informed Langevin particle parameterization. Lucas A. McMichael, Michael J. Schmidt, Robert Wood, Peter N. Blossey, and Lekha Patel, Geoscientific Model Development, 17, 7867–7888, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7867-2024, 2024.
G6-1.5K-SAI: a new Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) experiment integrating recent advances in solar radiation modification studies. Daniele Visioni, Alan Robock, Jim Haywood, Matthew Henry, Simone Tilmes, Douglas G. MacMartin, Ben Kravitz, Sarah J. Doherty, John Moore, Chris Lennard, Shingo Watanabe, Helene Muri, Ulrike Niemeier, Olivier Boucher, Abu Syed, Temitope S. Egbebiyi, and Ilaria Quaglia, Geoscientific Model Development, 17, 2583-2596, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2583-2024, 2024.
Physical science research needed to evaluate the viability and risks of marine cloud brightening. Graham Feingold, Virendra P. Ghate, Lynn M. Russell, Peter Blossey, Will Cantrell, Matthew W. Christensen, Michael S. Diamond, Andrew Gettelman, Franziska Glassmeier, Edward Gryspeerdt, James Haywood, Fabian Hoffmann, Colleen M. Kaul, Matthew Lebsock, Allison C. McComiskey, Daniel T. McCoy, Yi Ming, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Anna Possner, Prasanth Prabhakaran, Patricia K. Quinn, K. Sebastian Schmidt, Raymond A. Shaw, Clare E. Singer, Armin Sorooshian, Velle Toll, Jessica S. Wan, Robert Wood, Fan Yang, Jianhao Zhang and Xue Zheng, Science Advances, 10(12), eadi8594, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adi8594, 2024.
Microphysical, macrophysical and radiative responses of subtropical marine clouds to aerosol injections. Je-Yun Chun, Robert Wood, Peter N. Blossey, and Sarah J. Doherty. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 23, 1345–1368, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-1345-2023, 2023.
Simulating aerosol lifecycle impacts on the subtropical stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition using large eddy simulations. Ehsan Erfani, Peter Blossey, Robert Wood, Johannes Mohrmann, Sarah Doherty, Matthew Wyant, Kuan-Ting O, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 127, e2022JD037258, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037258, 2022.
Global Reduction in Ship-tracks from Sulfur Regulations for Shipping Fuel. Tianle Yuan, Hua Song, Robert Wood, Chenxi Wang, Lazaros Oreopoulos, Steven E. Platnick, Sophia von Hippel, Kerry Meyer, Siobhan Light, Eric Wilcox, Science Advances, 8(29), eabn7988. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn7988, 2022.
Opinion: To assess marine cloud brightening’s technical feasibility, we need to know what to study—and when to stop. Michael S. Diamond, Andrew Gettelman, Matthew D. Lebsock, Allison McComiskey, Lynn M. Russell, Robert Wood, and Graham Feingold, Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, 119, e2118379119; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118379119, 2022.
Opportunistic Experiments to Constrain Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing. Matthew W. Christensen, Andrew Gettelman, Jan Cermak, Guy Dagan, Michael Diamond, Alyson Douglas, Graham Feingold, Franziska Glassmeier, Tom Goren, Daniel P. Grosvenor, Edward Gryspeerdt, Ralph Kahn, Zhanqing Li, Po-Lun Ma, Florent Malavelle, Isabelle L. McCoy, Daniel T. McCoy, D., Greg McFarquhar, Johannes Mülmenstädt, Sandip Pal, Anna Possner, Adam Povey, Johannes Quaas, Daniel Rosenfeld, Anja Schmidt, Roland Schrödner, Armin Sorooshian, Philip Stier, Velle Toll, Duncan Watson-Parris, Robert Wood, Mingxi Yang and Tianle Yuan, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22, 641–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-641-2022, 2022.
Assessing the potential efficacy of marine cloud brightening for cooling Earth using a simple heuristic model. Robert Wood. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21, 14507–14533, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-14507-2021, 2021.
Here’s how we could brighten clouds to cool the Earth. Kate Murphy, Gary Cooper, Sarah Doherty and Robert Wood, IEEE Spectrum, 07 Sept 2021, https://spectrum.ieee.org/climate-change, 2021.
Substantial Cloud Brightening from Shipping in Subtropical Low Clouds. Michael S. Diamond, Hannah M. Director, Ryan Eastman, Anna Possner and Robert Wood, AGU Advances, 1, e2019AV000111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019AV000111, 2020.
[AGU Advances Editor Highlight].
The efficacy of aerosol–cloud radiative perturbations from near-surface emissions in deep open-cell stratocumuli. Anna Possner, Hailong Wang, Robert Wood, Ken Caldeira and Thomas P. Ackerman, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18, 17475-17488, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17475-2018, 2018.
The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project –introduction to the second special issue. Ben Kravitz, Alan Robock , Olivier Boucher, Mark Lawrence , John C. Moore , Ulrike Niemeier, Trude Storelvmo, Simone Tilmes, and Robert Wood., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-special_issue376-preface, 2018.
Could geoengineering research help answer one of the biggest questions in climate science? Robert Wood, Thomas Ackerman, Philip Rasch and Kelly Wanser, Earth’s Future, 5, 659–663, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000601, 2017.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Ship Tracks in the Collapsed Marine Boundary Layer: A Case Study from the Monterey Area Ship Track Experiment. A. H. Berner, C. S. Bretherton, and R. Wood. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14, 5851-5871, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5851-2015, 2015.
Factors determining the most efficient spray distribution for marine cloud brightening, P. J. Connolly, G. B. McFiggans, and R. Wood, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 372: 20140056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0056, 2014.
Climatic change special issue: Geoengineering research and its limitations. Robert Wood, Stephen Gardiner and Lauren Hartzell-Nichols, Climatic Change, 121, 427-430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-1000-4, 2013.
Defining success and limits of field experiments to test geoengineering by marine cloud brightening. Robert Wood and Thomas P. Ackerman, Climatic Change, 121, 427-430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0932-z, 2013.
Climatic change special issue: geoengineering research and its limitations. Robert Wood, Stephen Gardiner and Lauren Hartzell-Nichols, Climatic Change, 121, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0932-z, 2013.
Marine Cloud Brightening. John Latham, Keith Bower, Tom Choularton, Hugh Coe, Paul Connolly, Gary Cooper ,Tim Craft, Jack Foster, Alan Gadian, Lee Galbraith, Hector Iacovides, David Johnston, Brian Launder, Brian Leslie, John Meyer, Armand Neukermans, Bob Ormond, Ben Parkes, Phillip Rasch, John Rush, Stephen Salter, Tom Stevenson, Hailong Wang, Qin Wang and Rob Wood, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 370, 4217-4262, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2012.0086, 2012.
Learn more:
Marine Cloud Brightening Program (main page)
Small-Scale Field Studies to Quantify Key Processes & Inform Models
Generating Aerosols for Cloud-Aerosol Research
Governance, Engagement and CAARE