Swarm Intelligence

A huge swarm of red-billed queleas returns to the communal roost at dusk, Okavango Delta, Botswana.

Swarm Intelligence (SI) is the property of a system whereby the collective behaviours of (unsophisticated) agents interacting locally with their environment cause coherent functional global patterns to emerge. SI provides a basis with which it is possible to explore collective (or distributed) problem solving without centralized control or the provision of a global model.

1. A. Martinoli, Swarm intelligence: emergence and self-organization in natural and artificial systems, Course notes, EPFL, 2005.
2. D. Story, Swarm intelligence: an interview with Eric Bonabeau, Feb. 2003. Presentation slides.
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5. E. Bonabeau, Swarm intelligence: a presentation.
6. G. Di Caro, Swarm intelligence notes, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4. Videos: ants on bridge, termites follow pheromone.
7. Y. Liu and K.M. Passino, Swarm intelligence: literature overview, March 2000.
8. E. Bonabeau, Biological and economic networks, May 1999.
9. M. Ward, "There's an ant in my phone", New Scientist, 24 January 1998.
10. T. White, Swarm intelligence: a gentle introduction with applications, Aug. 1997.
11. J. Hoffmeyer, "The swarming body", Proc. 5th Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies, Berkeley, 1994.
12. E. Geake, "How simple ants can sort out BT's complex nets", New Scientist, 5 March 1994.
13. What is swarm intelligence?, Wikipedia entry.
14. A. Perez-Uribe, Collective and swarm intelligence in natural and artificial systems.
15. K. Downing, A brief presentation on swarm intelligence.
16. S. Franklin, Coordination without communication.
17. N. Wilson, Ant colony optimization as applied to networking issues.
18. S. Lipperts, Swarming intelligence: mobile agents for network management.

1. H. Kawamura, M. Yamamoto, K. Suzuki, and A. Ohuchi, "Multiple ant colonies algorithm based on colony level interactions", IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals, vol. E83-A, no. 2, pp.371-379, Feb. 2000.
2. G. Fedoriw, C. Fehr, M. Good, and S. Keown, "Application of swarm intelligence solving the shortest route problem", Class project, University of Calgary, April 2000.
3. H.M. Botee and E. Bonabeau, "Evolving ant colony optimization", Advances in Complex Systems, vol. 1, no. 2/3, pp. 149-159, 1999.
4. É.D. Taillard, "Ant systems", Technical report IDSIA-05-99, IDSIA, Lugano, 1999. To appear in P. Pardalos, M. G. C. Resende (eds), Handbook of Applied Optimization.
5. Y. Shi, R.C. Eberhart, "Empirical study of particle swarm optimization", Proc. 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, July 6-9 1999, pp. 1945-1950.
6. T. Stützle and M. Dorigo, "ACO algorithms for the traveling salesman problem", In K. Miettinen, M. Makela, P. Neittaanmaki, J. Periaux, editors, Evolutionary Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science, Wiley, 1999.
7. M. Dorigo, G. Di Caro, and L. M. Gambardella, "Ant algorithms for discrete optimization", Artificial Life, vol. 5. no. 2, pp. 137-172, 1999.
8. M. Dorigo and L.M. Gambardella, "Ant colonies for the traveling salesman problem", BioSystems, vol. 43, pp. 73-81, 1997.
9. T. Stützle and H. Hoos, "The MAX-MIN ant system and local search for the traveling salesman problem", Proc. IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, April 13-16 1997, pp. 309-314.
10. M. Dorigo and L.M. Gambardella, "Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem", IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 53-66, 1997.
11. A. Colorni, M. Dorigo, F. Maffioli, V. Maniezzo, G. Righini, and M. Trubian "Heuristics from nature for hard combinatorial problems", International Transactions in Operational Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-21, 1996.
12. M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo, and A. Colorni, "The ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents", IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 29-41, 1996.
13. L.M. Gambardella and M. Dorigo, "Solving symmetric and asymmetric TSPs by ant colonies", Proc. IEEE Intenational Conference on Evolutionary Computation, May 20-22 1996, Nagoya, Japan, 622-627.
14. H. Bersini, M. Dorigo, S. Langerman, G. Seront, and L. Gambardella, "Results of the first international contest on evolutionary optimisation (1st ICEO)", Proc. IEEE Intenational Conference on Evolutionary Computation, May 20-22 1996, Nagoya, Japan, pp. 611-615.
15. J. Kennedy, R.C. Eberhart, "Particle swarm optimization", Proc. IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia, Nov. 27-Dec. 1, 1995, pp. 1942-1948.
16. A. Colorni, M. Dorigo, and V. Maniezzo, "Distributed optimization by ant colonies", Proc. First European Conference on Artificial Life, Paris, France, pp. 134-142, 1992.
17. A. Colorni, M. Dorigo, and V. Maniezzo, "An investigation of some properties of an ant algorithm", Proc. Parallel Problem Solving from Nature Conference (PPSN 92), Brussels, Belgium, pp. 509-520, 1992.
18. L.M. Gambardella and M. Dorigo, "Ant-Q: a reinforcement learning approach to the traveling salesman problem", Proc. Twelfth International Conference on Machine Learning, Tahoe City, CA, pp. 252-260, 1995.

1. M. Dorigo and G. Di Caro, "Ant colony optimization: a new meta-heuristic", Proc. 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, July 6-9, 1999, pp. 1470-1477.
2. K. Oida and M. Sekido, "An agent-based routing system for QoS guarantees", Proc. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Oct. 12-15, pp. 833-838, 1999.
3. S. Lipperts and B. Kreller, "Mobile agents in telcommunications networks - a simulative approach to load balancing", Proc. 5th Intl. Conf. Information Systems, Analysis and Synthesis, ISAS'99, 1999.
4. G. Navarro Varela and M.C. Sinclair, "Ant colony optimisation for virtual-wavelength-path routing and wavelength allocation", Proc. 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, Washington DC, USA, pp. 1809-1816, July 1999.
5. E. Bonabeau, M. Dorigo, and G. Theraulaz, Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems, Oxford University Press, 1999.
6. A. Bieszczad, B. Pagurek, and T. White, "Mobile agents for network management",IEEE Communication Surveys, Fourth Quarter 1998, vol. 1, no. 1, 1998.
7. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "An adaptive multi-agent routing algorithm inspired by ants behavior", Proc. PART98 - Fifth Annual Australasian Conference on Parallel and Real-Time Systems, Adelaide, Australia, September 28-29, 1998.
8. T. White, B. Pagurek, and F. Oppacher, "ASGA: improving the ant system by integration with genetic algorithms", Proc. Third Genetic Programming Conference, July, 1998, pp. 610-617.
9. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "Ant colonies for adaptive routing in packet-switched communications networks", Proc. PPSN V - Fifth International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Amsterdam, Holland, September 27-30, 1998.
10. E. Bonabeau, F. Henaux, S. Guerin, D. Snyers, P. Kuntz, and G. Theraulaz, "Routing in telecommunications networks with "smart" ant-like agents", Proc. Intelligent Agents for Telecommunications Applications '98.
11. T. White and B. Pagurek, "Towards multi-swarm problem solving in networks", Proc. Third International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS '98), July, 1998, pp 333-340.
12. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "Extending AntNet for best effort quality-of-service routing", Proc. ANTS'98 - First International Workshop on Ant Colony Optimization, Brussels, Belgium, October 15-16, 1998.
13. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "Two ant colony algorithms for best-effort routing in datagram networks", Proc. 10th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems, Las Vegas, Nevada, October 28-31, 1998.
14. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "AntNet: distributed stigmergetic control for communications networks", Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, vol. 9, pp. 317-365, 1998.
15. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "Mobile agents for adaptive routing", Proc. 31st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 74-83, 1998.
16. M. Heusse, D. Snyers, S. Guerin, and P. Kuntz, "Adaptive agent-driven routing and load balancing in communication network", Proc. ANTS'98, First International Workshop on Ant Colony Optimization, Brussels, Belgium, October 15-16, 1998.
17. M. Heusse, D. Snyers, S. Guerin, and P. Kuntz , "Adaptive agent-driven routing and load balancing in communication networks", Rapport technique de l'ENST de Brestagne, RR-98001-iasc, 1998.
18. T. White, B. Pagurek, F. Oppacher, "Ant search with genetic algorithms: application to path finding in networks", Combinatorial Optimization '98, Brussels, Belgium, April 15th-17th, 1998.
19. G. Di Caro and M. Dorigo, "AntNet: a mobile agents approach to adaptive routing", Tech. Rep. IRIDIA/97-12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
20. R. Schoonderwoerd, O.E. Holland, J.L. Bruten, "Ant-like agents for load balancing in telecommunications networks", Proc. First ACM International Conference on Autonomous Agents.
21. T. White, "Routing with swarm intelligence", Technical Report SCE-97-15, Systems and Computer Engineering Department, Carleton University, September, 1997.
22. T. White, "Swarm intelligence and problem solving in telecommunications", Canadian Artificial Intelligence Magazine, Spring, 1997.
23. R. Schoonderwoerd, "Collective intelligence for network control", M.S. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technical Informatics, May 1996.
24. R. Schoonderwoerd, O.E. Holland, J. Bruten, L. Rothkrantz, "Ant-based load balancing in telecommunications networks", HP Labs Technical Report, HPL-96-76, May 21, 1996.
25. T. White, "Multi-swarm problem solving in networks".

1. M. Dorigo and T. Stützle, Ant Colony Optimization, MIT Press, 2004.
2. M. Dorigo, G. Di Caro, M. Sampels (Eds.), Ant Algorithms, Springer, 2002.
3. R. Eberhart, Y. Shi, and J. Kennedy, Swarm intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001.
4. M. Resnick, Turtles, termites, and traffic jams, MIT Press, 1997.

• R.J. Marks II, Matlab simulations of swarm intelligence.
• Swarm: multi-agent simulation of complex systems.
• M. Sinclair, Particle swarm optimization applet (1).
• M. Sinclair, Ant colony optimisation applet.
• Y. Shi, Particle swarm optimization applet (2).
• D. Palmer, Swarm animation experiments.

• Gerardo Beni, University of California, Riverside, USA.
• Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
• Gianni Di Caro, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland.
• Marco Dorigo, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
• Russ Eberhart, Indiana University /Purdue University Indianapolis, USA.
• Andries Engelbrecht, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
• Aram Galstyan, ISI, University of Southern California, USA.
• Luca Maria Gambardella, IDSIA, Lugano, Switzerland.
• Deborah Gordon, Stanford University, USA.
• Walter Gutjahr, University of Vienna, Austria.
• Owen Holland, University of Essex, UK.
• Holger Hoos, University of British Columbia, Canada.
• James Kennedy, US Department of Labor.
• Kristina Lerman, ISI, University of Southern California, USA.
• Steffen Lipperts, Deutsche Telekom AG, Germany.
• Vittorio Maniezzo, University of Bologna, Italy.
• Robert J. Marks II, Baylor University, USA.
• Alcherio Martinoli, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
• Ronaldo Menezes, Florida Institute of Technology, USA.
• Martin Middendorf, University of Leipzig, Germany.
• Julia Parrish, University of Washington, USA.
• Craig Reynolds, Sony Computer Entertainment America.
• Erol Sahin, Middle East Technical University, Turkey.
• Jörg Seyfried, University of Karlsruhe, Germany.
• Mark C. Sinclair
• William Spears, University of Wyoming, USA.
• Thomas Stützle, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany.
• Éric Taillard, Ecole d'ingenieurs du canton de Vaud, Switzerland.
• Guy Theraulaz, UPS and CNRS, Toulouse, France.
• Tony White, Carleton University, Canada.
• Alan Winfield, University of the West of England, UK.

• 2005 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, June 8-10, 2005.
• ANTS'2004 - Fourth International Workshop on Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence, September 5-8, 2004.
• 2003 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium, April 24-26, 2003.
• ANTS'2002 - Third International Workshop on Ant Algorithms, September 12-14, 2002.
• ANTS'2000 - Second International Workshop on Ant Algorithms, September 8-9, 2000.
• ANTS'98 - First International Workshop on Ant Colony Optimization, October 15-16, 1998.