Created by Scott B. Noegel
Concordances
Dictionaries and Specialized Lexical Studies
Encyclopedias
Grammars and Related References Works
Textual criticism, Biblia Hebraica, and Masorah
Comparative Work
Comparative SemiticsAkkadian Dictionaries, Grammars, and Sign Lists
Aramaic Dictionaries and Grammars
Egyptian Dictionaries, Grammars, and Resources
Phoenician Dictionaries and Grammars
South Semitic Dictionaries and Grammars
Sumerian Dictionaries, Grammars, and Resources
Ugaritic Texts, Dictionaries, and Grammars
Textual Witnesses and Rabbinics
Rabbinic Dictionaries, Grammars, and Texts
Septuagint, including dictionaries, grammars, and reference works
Targumim Dictionaries, Grammars, and Bibliographies
Vulgate and Latin Dictionaries and Grammars
Ancient World Online (blog and resource site by Charles E. Jones). Online.
Assyriological journals on the web. Online.
Biblical Studies [computer file]: RIO/RIT on CD-ROM. Evanston, IL : American Theological Library Association, 1994. CD-ROM version of three print indexes: Religion index one. Periodicals; Religion index two. Multi-author works; and: Index to book reviews in religion. Mounted on the networked CD-ROM terminal in Suzzallo Reference.
Borger, Riekele, Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur. Vols. 1-3 (Berlin, de Gruyter, 1967-1975). CALL #=Z7055.B6; V=v.1-3
Call numbers and abbreviations of journals in Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Washington. Click here.
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative. Online.
Cuneiform Publications (including: AbB, ABL, BE,, BMS, CT, KB, PBS, VAB). Online.
École biblique et archéologique française. Bibliothèque, Catalogue de l'École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem [electronic resource] = Catalogue of the French Biblical and Archaeological School of Jerusalem (Leiden: Brill, c2000).
Elenchus of Biblica (Roma: Pontificio Istituto biblico, 1988-).
Elenchus bibliographicus biblicus of Biblica (Roma: Pontifical Biblical Institute Press, 1982-1987).
Endnote: Bibliographic Search Databases (Berkeley, CA : ISI ResearchSoft, 2001).
Etana (resource site). Online.
Hallo, William W., and K. Lawson Younger, Jr., eds., The Context of Scripture: Canonical Compositions, Monumental Inscriptions and Archival Documents from the Biblical World. Vols. 1-3 (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
Index of Online Publications on the Ancient World (culled from the AWOL Blog). Online: organized alphabetically or by key-words. How to cite the index.
Martinez, Garcia, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994).
Open Richly Annotatde Cuneiform Corpus (= ORACC) (University of Pennsylvania Museum). Online.
RAMBI = Reshimat Ma'amarim be-Mada`ei ha-Yahadut (1966-). (Index of Articles on Jewish Studies). Online.
Sasson, Jack M. ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vols. 1-4 (New York: Scribner, 1995).
Smith, Mark S., and Simon B. Parker, A Bibliography of Ugaritic Grammar and Biblical Hebrew Grammar in the Twentieth Century, downloadable in various formats.
State Archives of Assyria (texts). Online.
Toorn, K. van der, B. Becking, and P. W. van der Horst, eds., Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
Tov, Emanuel, Dead Sea Scrolls on Microfiche [microform]: A Comprehensive Facsimile Edition of the Texts from the Judean Desert (Leiden: Brill, 1995).
Writing Tips for students working on research papers (created by Scott B. Noegel). Click here.
Even-Shoshan, Abraham, ed., New Concordance of the Bible: Thesaurus of the Language of the Bible, Hebrew and Aramaic, Roots, Words, Proper Names, Phrases, and Synonyms (Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer Pub. House, 1985).
Mandelkern, Solomon, Veteris Testament Hebraicae Atque Chaldaicae (Tel Aviv: Schoken, 1986).
BackBarr, James, Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).
Baumgartner, Walter, and Ludwig Koehler, eds., Hebräisches und Aramäisches Lexicon zum Alten Testament. Vols. 1-4 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967-1990).
Baumgartner, Walter, and Ludwig Koehler, eds., Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001).
Brown, Francis, et al., eds., The New Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1979).
Clines, David J. A., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Vols. 1-8 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1993-2011).
Clines, David J. A., The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew: English-Hebrew Index. Vol. 9 (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2015)
Cohen, H. R., Biblical Hapax Legomena in the Light of Akkadian and Ugaritic (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1978).
Greenspahn, Frederick E., Hapax Legomena in Biblical Hebrew: A Study of the Phenomenon and Its Treatment since Antiquity with Special Reference to Verbal Forms (Chico, CA.: Scholars Press, 1984).
Kaltner, John, The Use of Arabic in Biblical Hebrew Lexicography (Washington, D.C.: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1996).
Koehler, L., and W. Baumgartner, eds., Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti libros (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958).
Ma'agarim: Online Historical Dictionary of Hebrew from the 2nd c. BCE-11th c. CE (Jerusalem: Academy of the Hebrew Language). Online.
Meyer, Rudolf and Herbert Donner, Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament (18th ed.; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987-):
1. Lieferung, alef - gimel (1987)
2. Lieferung, dalet - yod (1995)
3. Lieferung, kaf - mem (2005)
Richardson, M. E. J., ed., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT). Vols. 1-5 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994-2000).
= Richardson, M. E. J., ed., The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT): Study Edition. Vols. 1-2 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2001).
Avi-Yonah, M., and E. Stern, Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land ( Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall 1975-).
Edard, Dietz Otto, ed., Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie. Vols. 1-16 (1972-).
Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vols. 1-16 (Jerusalem: Macmillan 1971-1972).
Entsyqlopedia Miqra'it. Vols. 1-8 (Yerushalayim: Mosad Byalik, 1950-1988).
Freedman, David Noel, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Vols. 1-6 (New York: Doubleday, 1992).
Helck, Wolfgang, and Eberhard Otto, eds., Lexikon der Ägyptologie (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1975-1986).
Kahn, Geoffrey, et al., eds, Encylopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2013).
Meyers, Eric M., ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften). Online.
Redford, Donald., ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Sasson, Jack M. ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vols. 1-4 (New York: Scribner, 1995).
The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. Vols. 1-4, + supp. (Nashville: Abingdon, 1976).
Bauer, H., and P. Leander, Historische Grammatik der Hebräischen Sprache des Alten Testaments (Hildesheim: Olms, 1962).
Ben-Hayyim, Zev, A Grammar of Samaritan Hebrew: Based on the Recitation of the Law in Comparison with the Tiberian and Other Jewish Traditions (Winona Lake, IN.: Eisenbrauns, 2000).
Blau, J., A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1976).
Kautzsch, E., ed., Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. Trans. A. E. Cowley (Oxford: Clarendon, 1910). Online.
Joüon, P., and T. Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Vols. 1-2 (Subsidia Biblica 14/I and II; Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1991).
Kahn, Geoffrey, et al., eds, Encylopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2013).
Kutscher, E. Y., A History of the Hebrew Language (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1982).
Meyer, Rudolf, Hebräische Grammatik. Vols. 1-4 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1966-1972).
Putnam, Frederic Clarke, A Cumulative Index to the Grammar and Syntax of Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake, IN.: Eisenbrauns, 1996).
Seow, C. L., A Grammar for Biblical Hebrew (Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 1987).
Smith, Mark S., and Simon B. Parker, A Bibliography of Ugaritic Grammar and Biblical Hebrew Grammar in the Twentieth Century, downloadable in various formats. Online.
Qimron, E., The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Atlanta, GA.: Scholars Press, 1986).
Saenz-Badillos, A., A History of the Hebrew Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Waldman, Nahum, The Recent Study of Hebrew: A Survey of the Literature with Selected Bibliography (Winona Lake, IN.: Eisenbrauns, 1989).
Waltke, B., and M. P. O'Connor, An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990).
Textual Criticism, Biblia Hebraica, and Masorah
Biblia Hebraica (German Bible Society). Online.
Deist, F., Towards the Text of the Old Testament (Pretoria: N. G. Kerkboekhandel Transvaal, 1981).
Esteban, Fernando Díaz, Sefer ’Oklah we-’Oklah (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1975).
Fitzmyer, J., The Dead Sea Scrolls: Major Publications and Tools for Study (Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1975).
Kelley, Page H., Daniel S. Mynatt, and Tomothy Crawford, The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998).
Marrow, Stanley, Basic Tools of Biblical Exegesis (Rome: Pontifical Institute Press, 1976).
Orlinsky, H. M., "The Textual Criticism of the OT," in G.E. Wright, ed., The Bible and the Ancient Near East (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), pp. 140-169.
Rüger, Hans Peter, An English Key to the Latin Words and Abbreviations and the Symbols of Biblica Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 1985).
Scott, William R., A Simplified Guide to BHS: Critical Apparatus, Masora, Accents, Unusual Letters & Other Markings (3rd edition; N. Richland Hills, TX.: BIBAL Press 1995).
Textus: Annual of the Hebrew University Bible Project (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1960-).
Tov, Emanuel, Textual Criticism and the Hebrew Bible (2nd ed.; Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001).
Tov, Emanuel, The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research (Jerusalem : Simor, 1981).
Washburn, David, L., A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls (Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2002).
Wonneberger, R., Understanding BHS: A Manual for the Users of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1984).
Würthwein, E., The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to Biblia Hebraica. Trans. Erroll F. Rhodes (2nd ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995).
Bennett, P. R., Comparative Semitic Linguistics: A Manual (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1998).
Cohen, David, Francois Bron, and Antoine Lonnet, Dictionnaire des racines semitiques ou attestees dans les langues semitiques. Fascs. 10 (Leuven: Peeters Press, 1994-2012).
Daniels, Peter T., Introduction to the Semitic Languages: Text Specimens and Grammatical Sketches (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1983).
Garr, W. R., A Dialect-Geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000 to 586 B.C.E. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 1985).
Hoftijzer, J., and K. Jongeling, Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions. Vols. 1-2 (Leiden: Brill, 1995).
Huehnergard, J., "Semitic Languages," in Jack M. Sasson, ed.,Civilizations of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 4 (New York: Scribners, 1995), pp. 2117-2134.
Lipinski, E., Semitic Languages: Outline of a Semitic Grammar (Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies, 1997).
Milatarev, A., Semitic Etymological Dictionary (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2000-).
Moscati, S. et al., An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages: Phonology and Morphology (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1964).
Sivan, Daniel, Grammatical Analysis and Glossary of the Northwest Semitic Vocables in Akkadian texts of the 15th-13th BCE. from Canaan and Syria (Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1984).
Ahituv, S., Asupatot `Ivriyot: mi-yeme Bayit-rishon ve-reshit yeme Bayit-sheni [= Handbook of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions] (Yerushalayim: Mosad Byalik veha-Hevrah la-hakirat Erets-Yisra'el ve-`atikoteha, 1992).
Deutsch, R., and M. Heltzer, Forty New Ancient West Semitic Inscriptions (Tel Aviv-Jaffa: Archaeological Center Publication, 1994).
Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W., J. J. M. Roberts, C. L. Seow, and R. E. Whitaker, Hebrew Inscriptions: Texts from the Biblical Period of the Monarchy with Concordance (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005).
Donner, Herbert, and Wolfgang Röllig, Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. Vols. 1-3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowiz Verlag, 1966- 1969)
Donner, Herbert, and Wolfgang Röllig, Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften. Band 1, 5., erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage (Wiesbaden: Harrassowiz Verlag, 2002).
Gibson, John C. L., Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions. Vols. 1-3 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971-1982).
Hackett, Jo Ann, The Balaam Text from Deir 'Alla (HSM, 31; Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1980).
Jackson, Kent, Ammonite Language of the Iron Age (HSM, 27; Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983).
Lindenberger, James M., Ancient Aramaic and Hebrew Letters (SBL Writings from the Ancient World, 4; Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press; 1994).
Akkadian Dictionaries, Grammars, and Sign Lists
Black, Jeremy, A. George, and N. Postgate, A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian (SANTAG, 5; Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999). = CDA.
Borger, R., Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (Alter Orient und Altes Testament, 305; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2004).
Buccellati, Giorgio, A Structural Grammar of Babylonian (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1995).
Gelb, I., et al, eds., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (Chicago, IL: Oriental Institute, 1956-). = CAD.
Hameen-Anttila, Jaakko, A Sketch of Neo-Assyrian Gramar (SAAS, 13; Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2000).
Izre'el, Shlomo, Amurru Akkadian: A Linguistic Study. Vols. 1-2 HSS, 40-41; Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1991).
Huehnergard, John, A Grammar of Akkadian (HSS, 45; Atlanta, GA.: Scholars Press, 1996).
Huehnergard, John, The Akkadian of Ugarit (HSS, 34; Atlanta, GA.: Scholars Press, 1989).
Huehnergard, John, Ugaritic Vocabulary in Syllabic Transcription (HSS, 32; Atlanta, GA.: Scholars Press, 1987).
Labat, R., Manuel d'épigraphie akkadienne (Paris: Librarie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1988).
Marcus, David, A Manuel of Akkadian (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980).
Pettinato, Giovanni, Thesaurus Inscriptionum Eblaicarum. Volume A, Part 1 a-ABxAS-mi (Roma: Centro stampa d'Ateneo, 1996).
Pettinato, Giovanni, Thesaurus Inscriptionum Eblaicarum. Volume A, Part 2 ab-az (Roma: Centro stampa d'Ateneo, 1997).
Pettinato, Giovanni, Thesaurus Inscriptionum Eblaicarum. Volume B (Roma: Centro stampa d'Ateneo, 1998).
Soden, Wolfram von, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Vols. 1-3 (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1965-1981).
Soden, Wolfram von, Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik (Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1952).
Ungnad, A., and Lubor Matous, Akkadian Grammar. Trans. Harry A. Hoffner, Jr. (Atlanta, GA.: Scholars Press, 1992).
BackAramaic Dictionaries and Grammars
Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project. Online.
Cook, Edward, A Dictionary of Qumran Aramaic (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2015).
Degen, Rainer, Altaramaische Grammatik der Inschriften des 10.-8. Jh. v. Chr. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1969).
Fassberg, Steven E., A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Genizah (HSS, 38: Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1990).
Jastrow, Marcus, A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature (New York: Pardes, 1950).
Fassberg, A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Genizah (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1990).
Golomb, David M., The Grammar of the Targum Neofiti (HSM, 34; Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1985).
Johns, Alger, A Short Grammar of Biblical Aramaic (Berrien Springs, MI: Andrews University Press 1972).
Muraoka, T., and B. Porten, A Grammar of Egyptian Aramaic (Leiden: Brill, 1998).
Qimron, E., Diqduq ha-Aramit ha-Mikra'it (Be'er-Sheva`: Universitat Ben-Guryon ba-Negev, 1990).
Rosenthal, F., A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1995).
Sabar, Yona, A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dictionary: Dialects of Amidya, Dihok, Nerwa and Zakho, Northwestern Iraq (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2002).
Segert, S., Altaramäische Grammatik: mit Bibliographie, Chrestomathie und Glossar (Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopädie, VEB, 1975).
Sokoloff, Michael, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods (Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
Sokoloff, Michael, A Dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic of the Byzantine Period (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1990).
Sokoloff, Michael, A Dictionary of Judean Aramaic (Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 2003).
Sokoloff, Michael, A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum (Winona Lake, IN/Piscataway, NJ: Eisenbrauns/Gorgias Press, 2009).
Smith, J. Payne, A Compendious Syriac Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1903).
Stevenson, William, Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).
Tal, A., Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic (Leiden: Brill, 2000).
Egyptian Dictionaries, Grammars, and Resources
Ahituv, Shmuel, Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1984).
Albright, W. F., The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography (American Oriental Series 6; New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1934).
Allen, James, P., Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Cerny, Jaroslav, Sara Israelit-Groll, and C. J. Eyer, A Late Egyptian Grammar (4th ed.; Studia Pohl Series Major, 4; Rome Biblical Institute Press, 1993).
Erman, Adolf, and Hermann Grapow, Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache. Vols. 1-7 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1982).
Faulkner, Raymond O., A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1988).
Gardiner, Sir Alan, Egyptian Grammar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957).
Hannig, Rainer, Ägyptisches Wörterbuch I: Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit(Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, 98; Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2003).
Hannig, Rainer, Die Sprache der Pharaonen. Grosses Handwörterbuch Deutsch-Ägyptisch (Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, 64; Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1997).
Hannig, Rainer, Die Sprache der Pharaonen. Grosses Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (2800-950 v. Chr.) (Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, 86; Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2000).
Hannig, Rainer, and Petra Vomberg, Kulturhandbuch Ägyptens. Wortschatz der Pharaonen in Sachgruppen (Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, 72; Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1999).
Hoch, J. E., Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (Princeton: Princeton University, 1994).
Junge, Friedrich, Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction. Trans. David Warburton. 2nd ed. (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 2005).
Muchiki, Yoshtyuki, Egyptian Proper Names and Loan Words in Northwest Semitic (SBL Dissertation Series, 1973; Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999).
Nichols, Corinna, Online Transliteration Conversion Tool.
Sivan, D., and Z. Cochavi-Rainey, West Semitic Vocabulary in Egyptian Script in the 14th to the 10th Centuries BCE (Studies by the Department of Bible and Ancient Near East VI; Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1992).
BackPhoenician Dictionaries and Grammars
Krahmalkov, C. R., A Phoenician-Punic Grammar (Leiden: Brill, 2001).
Krahmalkov, C. R., Phoenician-Punic Dictionary (OLA 90; Leuven: Peeters, 2000).
Segert, S., A Grammar of Phoenician and Punic (München: Beck, 1976).
Tomback, R. S., A Comparative Semitic Lexicon of the Phoenician and Punic Languages (SBLDS 32; Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1978).
South Semitic Dictionaries and Grammars
Beeston, A. F. L., et al., Sabaic Dictionary (Louvain-la-Neuve: Editions Peeters, 1982).
Beeston, A. F. L., Sabaic Grammar (Journal of Semitic Studies, 6; Lancaster: University of Manchester, 1984).
Biella, Joan Copeland, Dictionary of Old South Arabic (Harvard Semitic Museum Studies, 25; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).
Cowan, J. M., Arabic-English Dictionary: The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Written Arabic (Ithaca, NY.: Spoken Language Services, 1976).
Lambdin, Thomas O., Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Ge`ez) (Harvard Semitic Studies, 24; Ann Arbor, MI.: Edwards Brothers, 1978).
Lane, E., and S. Lane-Poole, Arabic-English Lexicon (New York: F. Ungar Publishing, 1955-1956). Online
Leslau, Wolf, Comparative Dictionary of Ge`ez (Classical Ethiopic): Ge`ez-English, English-Ge`ez, with an Index of the Semitic Roots) (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1987).
Orel, Vladmir E.,and Olga V. Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. 1, Bd. 18; Leiden/New York/Köln: Brill, 1995).
Wright, William, A Grammar of the Arabic Language (London: Cambridge U.P., 1967).
Sumerian Dictionaries, Grammars, and Resources
Deimel, Anton, Sumerisches Lexikon (Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1947).
Edzard, Dietz Otto, Sumerian Grammar (Handbook of Oriental Studies, 71; Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2003).
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Online.
Foxvog, Daniel A., Introduction to Sumerian Grammar (2014). Online.
Hayes, J. L., A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts (Aids and Research Tools in Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 5; Malibu, CA: Undenda Publications, 1990).
Sjöberg, Å.W., et. al.,eds., The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984-). Online.
Thomsen, Marie-Louise, The Sumerian Language: An Introduction to Its History and Grammatical Structure (Mesopotamia, 10; Copenhagen: Academic Press, 1991).
BackUgaritic Texts, Dictionaries, and Grammars
Aistleitner, J., Wörterbuch der ugaritischen Sprache (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1974).
Aistleitner, J., Untersuchungen zur Grammatik des Ugaritischen (Berichte Über die Verhandlungen der Säschsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Phil.-hist. Kl. 106/3; Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1954).
Cunchillos, Jesus-Luis, Banco de Datos Filologicos Semiticos Noroccidentales (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient’ficas, 1995-).
Cunchillos, Jesus-Luis, Manual de Estudios Ugariticos (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1992).
Dietrich, M., O. Loretz and J. Sanmartín, Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit: Einschliesslich der keilalphabetischen Texte ausserhalb Ugarits. Teil 1 (AOAT 24/1; Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker; Neukichen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1976) = KTU.
Dietrich, M., O. Loretz and J. Sanmartín, The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places: (KTU: second, enlarged edition) (ALASP 8; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995) = CAT.
Dietrich, M., and O. Loretz, Word-List of the Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places: (KTU: second, enlarged edition) (ALASP 1; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1996).
Gordon, C. H., Ugaritic Textbook (AnOr 38; Rome: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum, 1965; reeditio photomechanica, 1967; fourth ed., 1999) = UT.
Olmo Lete, G. del, and J. Sanmartín, Diccionario de la Lengua Ugarítica. Vol. 1-2 (Aula Orientalis Supplementa 7-8; Sabadell: Editorial AUSA, 1996-2000).
Olmo Lete, G. del, and J. Sanmartín, A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition. Vols. 1-2 (Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2003).
Segert, S., A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language with Selected Texts and Glossary (Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California, 1998).
Sivan, Daniel, A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language (HdO 1/28; Leiden: Brill, 1997).
Smith, Mark S., Ugaritic Narrative Poetry (Atlanta, GA.: Scholars Press, 1997).
Smith, Mark S., and Simon B. Parker, A Bibliography of Ugaritic Grammar and Biblical Hebrew Grammar in the Twentieth Century, downloadable in various formats.
Tropper, J., Ugaritisch. Kurzgefasste Grammatik mit Übungstexten und Glossar (Elementa Linguarum Orientis 1; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2002).
Tropper, J., Ugaritische Grammatik (AOAT 273; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2000).
Watson, Wilfred, G. E., and N. Wyatt, Handbook of Ugaritic Studies (Boston: Brill, 1999).
Watson, Wilfred, G. E., B. Spuler, and H. Altenmüller, Handbuch der Orienalistik (Leiden: Brill, 1999).
BackRabbinic Dictionaries, Grammars, Texts
Cohen, Menahum, ed., Miqra'ot Gedolot (Bar-Ilan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2010-). (Published thus far: Genesis 1-11, Exodus I-II, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua-Judges, Samuel I-II, Kings I-11, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Psalms I).
Epstein, J.N, Dikduk Aramit Bavlit (Jerusalem, Israel: Magnes Press, 1960).
Frank, Yitzhak, The Practical Talmud Dictionary (Spring Valley, NY: Feldheim Publishing, 1994).
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