[1] Burgmann, R., P. Rosen, and E. Fielding (2000), Synthetic aperture radar interferometry to measure Earth’s surface topography and its deformation, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 169–209.

This review paper introduced the basic principles, limitations, and various applications of using Radar Interferometry to measure Earth’s surface topography and deformation.

[2] Feigl, K. L., A. Sergent, and D. Jacq, Estimation of an earthquake focal mechanism from a satellite radar interferogram: Application to the December 4, 1992, Landers aftershock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1037-1048, 1995.

The authors used two ERS1 synthetic-aperture radar images to generate the interferogram for the M5.4 Landers aftershock, which provide good estimate of the earthquake location and focal mechanism.

[3] Fialko Y. 2004. Evidence of fluid-filled upper crust from observations of postseismic deformation due to the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 109:B08401

SAR images spanning the period of seven years between Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes are used to generate interferometry measurement of surface deformation. The decay time of the measured postseismic deformation is several years. The deformation is modeled and interpreted with viscoelastic and poroelastic relaxation.

[4] Hernandez, B., F. Cotton, and M. Campillo (1999), Contribution of radar interferometry to a two-step inversion of the kinematic process of the 1992 Landers earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 13,083– 13,099.

In a two-step inversion for kinematic rupture of Landers earthquake, InSAR and GPS measurement were first used to constrain the slip distribution. Then, seismic strong motion data were used to invert the temporal process of the earthquake rupture. They concluded that the Landers earthquake, as shown by the slip distribution and rupture velocity as well, is far from uniform and constant rupture.

[5] Jacobs, A., D. Sandwell, Y. Fialko, and L. Sichoix (2002), The 1999 (Mw7.1) Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Near-field postseismic deformation from ERS interferometry, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1433– 1442.

The authors used InSAR data after the Hector Mine earthquake, and found postseismic deformation of several centimeters, with clear subsidence and uplift. The postseismic relaxation time, as revealed by temporal InSAR results, is about 135 days, same to that of the Landers quake.

[6] Jonsson, S., H. Zebker, P. Segall, and F. Amelung (2002), Fault slip distribution of the 1999 Mw 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, California, estimated from satellite radar and GPS measurements, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1377– 1389.

Both InSAR and campaign GPS observations from 55 stations were used to constrain the fault slip of Hector Mine earthquake.

[7] Massonnet, D., M. Rossi, C. Carmona, F. Adragna, G. Peltzer, K. Feigl, and T. Rabaute, The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry, Nature, 364, 138-142, 1993.

An interferogram was constructed by combining topography with SAR data before and after the Landers earthquake. The observed changes agree well with displace measurement by surveying, but with a higher spatial resolution and precision.

[8] Massonnet, D., K. L. Feigl, M. Rossi, and F. Adragna, Radar interferometric mapping of deformation in the year after the Landers earthquake, Nature, 369, 227-230, 1994.

GPS did not have good measurements of postseismic deformation for the Landers earthquake, due to the sparse location. SAR interferograms provide better spatial coverage and were used to capture the postseismic deformation pattern.

[9] Massonnet D, Feigl KL. 1998. Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the earth’s surface. Rev. Geophys. 36:441–500

This review paper introduced the principles and limitations and InSAR measurements, how to construct, improve and interpret interferograms. Finally, various geophysical applications of InSAR measurements are provided and discussed.

[10] Oppenheimer, D., G. Beroza, G. Carver, L. Dengler, J. Eaton, L. Gee, F. Gonzalez, A. Jayko, W. H. Li, M. Lisowski, M. Magee, G. Marshall, M. Murray, R. McPherson, B. Romanowicz, K. Satake, R. Simpson, P. Somerville, R. Stein, and D. Valentine (1993). The Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: subduction at the triple junction, Science 261, 433–438.

The1992 M7.1 Cape Mendocino earthquake occurred at north of the Mendocino Triple Junction, and the slip generated two magnitude 6.6 earthquakes and tsunami. The seismicity in this region might continue.

[11] Pollitz FF, Peltzer G, Burgmann R. 2000. Mobility of continental mantle: evidence from postseismic geodetic observations following the 1992 Landes earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. In press.

The study used GPS and InSAR during a three-year period to measure the postseismic deformation after the Landers earthquake. These measurements are used to investigate the deformation mechanism to explain the high transient velocities after this earthquake.

[12] Price EJ, Sandwell DT. 1998. Small-scale deformations associated with the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake mapped by synthetic aperture radar interferometry phase gradients. J. Geophys. Res. 103:27001–16

This research use InSAR to image the coseismic deformation of the Landers earthquake. Also, a technique was introduced to examine the short-wavelength deformation from the interferogram.

[13] Sandwell, D., L. Sichoix, and B. Smith (2002). The 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, southern California: vector near-field displacements from ERS InSAR, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 92, 1341–1354.

Both an ascending and descending SAR interferograms were used to constrain fault slip for the Hector Mine earthquake. The two interferograms from both ascending and descending images were required to accurately estimate the surface slip. Both interferograms were well explained by a simple uniform slip model.

[13] Simons, M., Y. Fialko, and L. Rivera (2002), Coseismic deformation from the 1999 Mw7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake, as inferred from InSAR and GPS observations, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 92, 1390–1402.

The authors used both SAR interferograms and GPS measurements to investigate the coseismic static deformation of the Hector Mine earthquake. These geodetic measurements were inverted to estimate the fault geometry and slip distribution. Their model agreed with both field mapping results and seismic models.

[14] Wada, I., S. Mazzotti, and K. Wang (2010), Intraslab stresses in the Cascadia subduction zone from inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 100(5A), 2002–2013, doi:10.1785/0120090349.

The focal mechanism of the intraslab earthquakes in Cascadia subduction zone were investigated, and the intraslab stress orientations were then determined for several subareas. The results show segmentations for intraslab seismicity and stress status in Cascadia subduction zone.

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