THE FOUR TIME FRAMES
Note: *Starred items will be included on the time and space quiz
Late imperial China
*1368-1644: The Ming Dynasty. Rulers were Han Chinese.
*1644-1911: The Qing Dynasty. Rulers were Manchus:
- *1840-42: The Opium War. British force China to "open" on unequal terms.
- *1850-64: Taiping Rebellion. Christian-inspired uprising against the Qing
- 1898: Failed reforms
- 1900: fdBoxer rebellion against foreign influence
- 1905: Examination system "suspended"
- *1911: Republican Revolution (Xinhai Revolution)
The period of modernizing reforms
1840-1911: The late Qing Dynasty
- 1862: Expansion of the treaty port system
- 1868: Meiji Restoration in Japan
- 1870s: The high point of "statecraft"
- 1895: Japan defeats China, takes Taiwan
- 1898: Emperor's reforms fail, conservatives take over
- 1900: Boxer rebellion brings foreign retribution
*1911-1949 The Republic of China
- 1912-1916: Presidency of Yuan Shikai
- 1916-27: Warlord Era
- 1919: The May Fourth demonstration
- 1921: Communist Party founded
- 1927-37: Guomindang unifies part of China; capital at Nanjing
- 1927: Communists defeated, retreat to the countryside
- 1931: Japanese take Manchuria
- 1935-36: The Long March
- *1937: Japanese invade North China, WWII begins here, not in Poland
- 1945: US atom bombs bring Japanese surrender
- *1945-49 Guomindang-Communist Civil War
- 1949: Guomindang defeated, retreats to Taiwan
The period of high socialism
- *1949: People's Republic founded
- *1947-52: Land reform
- *1954-56: Agriculture collectivized
- 1956: Industry socialized
- 1957: Anti-Rightist campaign
- *1958: Great Leap Forward and People's Communes
- *1959-61: Famine
- 1962: Retreat from communal to collective production
- *1966-69: Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
- *1966-76: The "Cultural Revolution Decade"
- 1969-78: Youth to the countryside
- 1972: Nixon visits Beijing
- *1976: Mao Zedong dies
- *1978: Official reform policy announced
The period of Reform
- *1979-82: Dismantling of collective agricultural production
- *1979: Beginning of the Birth Planning Program
- 1984: New constitution allows some freedom of religious practice
- 1985: Urban private enterprise allowed
- *Late 1980s: collapse of restrictions on migration to cities
- *1989: Student movement, culminating in Tian'anmen massacre
- 1993: China's Olympic bid fails
- 1994: Recentralization of finances
- 1990s: Rise of urban consumer society
- 1990s: Nationalism replaces revolution as national goal
- 1997-2003: Regime headed by General Secretary Jiang Zemin
- 1998: Major floods bring turn toward environmental protection
- 2001: China's Olympic bid succeeds
- 2002-2012: Regime headed by General Secretary Hu Jintao
- *2008: Tibetan uprisings, earthquake, Olympics. What a year!
- 2009: Uyghur uprisings
- 2012- Regime headed by General Secretary Xi Jinping