Kuo Sung-t'ao, "London Letter to Li Hung-chang," and Liu Hsi-hung, "From Liu Hsi-hung's Journal," both written 1876 and 1877, from J. D. Frodsham, translator and editor, The First Chinese Embassy to the West, 1974.

Benjamin Schwartz, "Western Wisdom at its Source: Evolution and Ethics and The Wealth of Nations," from In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West, 1964.

Sun Yat-sen, "Democracy, lectures 2 and 3," from San Min Zhu I: The Three Principles of the People.

Vera Schwarcz, "The May Fourth Enlightenment," in The Chinese Enlightenment, 1986.

Arif Dirlik, "From Enlightenment to Socialism," in The Origins of Chinese Marxism, 1989.

Mao Zedong, "Report on an Investigation into the Peasant Movement in Hunan (1927)," and "Speech at the Yanan Forum on Literature and Art (1942)," from Tony Saich, ed., The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party.

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