I) FORM     
A.Types of form
Sectional
AABA
Strophic
Verse and Chorus
Cyclical (call/response)


II) HARMONY
Harmony and "functional" harmony
12-bar blues progression
     
III) TEXTURE
Unison vs. contrast
Homophony vs. polyphony
polyrhythm

IV) RHYTHM
Beat/pulse
tempo
meter (triple vs. duple)

V) TIMBRE
      Instrumentation

VI) MELODY
      range, register
     

19TH CENTURY ROOTS OF AMERICAN POP MUSIC

European Folk Music
      -dance music
      -ballads (folk ballads vs. broadside ballads)

LISTEN: "Four Marys" CD1:1

LISTEN: "Soldier's Joy" CD1:2
      alternating "strains"


African American music

LISTEN: "Let Me Ride," CD1:3

Church Music

Hymnals
-1640 Bay Psalm Book
-Isaac Watts 1719 (England)
-John Wesley fr. 1730s
-Moody and Sankey 1875 Gospel Hymns and Sacred Songs

18th c. Singing School movement
      -promotion of musical literacy
-music and morality


Professional entertainment
      -Italian opera
-English ballad opera (1728 "Beggar's Opera" by John Gay)
      -pleasure gardens
      -variety shows
      -subsidized symphonies
(starting w/Chicago symphony in 1889)

*Why this promotion of European classical music in later 19th century?


MINSTREL SHOW

History
Ethiopian delineators fr. 1920s
Virginia Minstrels in 1843
      After Civil war (fr.1861-65) minstrelsy dominated by black entertainers
      1870s blackface began to be incorporated into Vaudeville variety shows


Minstrel Show and Racism

Minstrel Show's stock characters
Sambo, Uncle, Brute, Pickaninny, Mammy, Zip Coon

      -positive & negative qualities


How does racism work through these images?


How does today's popular culture perpetuate or create stereotypes?

Minstrel Show and Music

      Musical style
      Professional opportunities for blacks
      Adapting to stereotypes, but also changing them


Performance conventions

PART I Semi-circle bounded by comic end-men, interlocutor

PART 2 "Olio"-variety format, comical stump speech

PART 3 -- Final skit


Music
      -Irish melodies
      -banjo, fiddle, tambourine, bones

LISTEN: "Old Folks at Home"

Non-racial attractions of minstrelsy

Agency of Black Musicians

James Bland (1854-1911)
W.C. Handy "Father of the Blues
Bert Williams

LISTEN: "Nobody" (1913 recording) CD1:7


MUSIC PUBLISHING

Broadside ballads
Copyright act of 1790

Parlor Music foundations

Stephen Foster (1826-1864)

LISTEN: "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" 1854 162CD1:1

VAUDEVILLE

Tony Pastor's Opera House, 1865 in NYC

Vaudeville business practice, and show format

TIN PAN ALLEY
Exclusive focus on pop songs
"Formulaic" song-writing

Charles Harris (1867-1930) (jew fr. Milwaukee)

LISTEN: "After the Ball" (1892) CD1:2

Jewish contributions to popular music
1880s Immigration wave from Russia

Irving Berlin (1888-1989)
LISTEN: "How Deep is the Ocean?" 1932 Bing
Crosby On-line CD1:8


RAGTIME
"ragging the tune"
popular dance, derived from cakewalk

Ragtime songs
Ragtime marches
Piano rags

1893 Chicago Worlds Fair

Scott Joplin (1968-1917 )
     
LISTEN: Maple Leaf Rag 162CD1:3 1898

James Reese Europe 1880-1919
-Founded Clef Club dance orchestra in 1910
-dance band for Irene and Vernon Castle
-directed band of African American 359th Infantry, "Hellfighters" regiment in WWI

LISTEN: "Castle House Rag" 162CD1:11

Debates about moral implications of "syncopated music"

RECORDING INDUSTRY
1877       (Edison's cylinder phonograph)
1887       (Emile Berliner's gramophone)
1901       (Victor Talking Machine Co. home gramophones)
1920       (approximate beginning of electronic recording)


Marketing recorded music:
-Early strategies
-1920s recordings become a more important commodity


EARLY JAZZ

New Orleans jazz

1st commercial recording of "jazz":
LISTEN: "Tiger Rag," Original Dixieland Jazz band 1918 on-line CD1:16 1917

LISTEN: "Dippermouth Blues" King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band 1923 162 CD2:1

LISTEN: "West End Blues," Louis Armstrong 1928 CD2:2

Improvisation in popular music

New Orleans culture
French territory
ceded to Spain 1763
aquired by U.S. in 1803 Louisiana Purchase
Mexican and Caribbean influences



BLUES

Classic Blues
-professional urban performers in 1920s
-black women
-piano accompaniment
-12-bar, AAB forms

Mamie Smith "Crazy Blues" 1920, for Okeh records
      Black self-representation

Ma Rainey, "Queen of the Blues"
      -b. in Columbus Georgia, 1886

Bessie Smith, "Empress of the Blues"
      -b.1888 in Tennessee     

LISTEN: "Mama's Got the Blues" Bessie Smith (Smithsonian blues CD vol.1 #8)
      -AAB form
      -piano answers voice
      -lyrics

LISTEN: "St. Louis Blues" 1925 (W.C. Handy)


Country Blues

Search for "the source" in rural South in late 1920s.
      -men
      -guitarists (also harmonica)
      -solo performance

Relation of blues to other black music genres
      -dance music
      -field hollers, work songs
      -worship music (e.g. spirituals, shouts, moans)

Robert Johnson
LISTEN: "Crossroad Blues"162 CD2:7
      -slide guitar style


HILLBILLY MUSIC
Victor recordings in Bristol Virginia, 1927

Carter Family (family values and religion)
LISTEN: "Gospel Ship" S&W CD1:13
      thumb brush guitar (Maybelle Carter)

Jimmie Rodgers (Singing Brakeman, wandering man)
LISTEN: "Waiting for a Train" CD2:14


Radio history

"Wireless communication" patented in 1896 by Guglielmo Marconi

1920 first commercial station in Pittsburgh KDKA

"Radio Barn Dance" shows; 1924, Grand Ole Opry in Nashville (live performance).



REGIONAL JAZZ TRADITIONS

New Orleans

New York
e.g. Duke Ellington
      Cotton Club from 1927
      Floor shows and "Jungle Music"

LISTEN: "New East St. Louis Toodle-oo" 162 CD3:2
      Role of the arranger/composer


Kansas City

Benny Moten

Count Basie (1904-1984)
LISTEN: "One O'Clock Jump" Count Basie (1937) 162 CD3:3
      riffs
      Lester Young, tenor saxophone

Swing era

Benny Goodman (1909-1986)
LISTEN: "King Porter" Benny Goodman (1935) 162 CD3:1

*Mix of Kansas City (rhythm and riffs), East coast (arrangement and big horn section) and New Orleans (clarinet featured)

Streams we have identified:
      -ragtime piano
      -African American dance orchestras (e.g. James Reese Europe)
      -Tin Pan Alley
      -European band and symphony concepts (e.g. in Whiteman)
      -blues (country and classic)
      -New Orleans marching band and dance music (name "jazz")
      -Kansas City/Territories riff- and blues-based style
      -New York floor shows, musical theater


Reception of Jazz

Paul Whiteman and his Ambassador Orchestra, "King of Jazz" in 1920s
LISTEN: "Side by Side," Paul Whiteman (1927) CD1:14

Both fear and attraction to jazz


Tin Pan Alley

1920s and 1930s TPA's "Golden Era."

LISTEN: "My Blue Heaven" Gene Austin (1927)
     

Jazz Singers

Frank Sinatra

Ella Fitzgerald
LISTEN: "A Tisket a Tasket," Ella Fitzgerald

Billie Holiday
LISTEN: "Strange Fruit," Billie Holiday (1939)
      Harlem arts scene


Latin Music

LISTEN: "Manicero," Don Aspiazu (1930) CD12:1

1930s Rumba craze

LATINOS IN U.S. SOCIETY

New Orleans
French, then Spanish holding
1884 Mexican 8th Cavalry band plays at Cotton Exposition

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
      "the border crossed us"

1898 Spanish American war
1917 Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens
1959 Cuban revolution


MAINSTREAM "LATIN" DANCE MUSICS

1910s Tango
1930s "Rumba"
      Afro-Cuban folk rumba vs. ballroom rumba

Cuban son (from 1920s)
LISTEN: "Mayeya," Ignacio Piñeiro CD12:2
clave, tumbao, guajeo, coro
form: Intro>AB>coro (montuno)
sonero
tres, bongos, maracas/guiro

(LISTEN: "Rumba to Mambo" Sabor module)


1940s Mambo
Perez Prado
Development in New York

Machito and his Afro-Cubans (jazz band mixed w/Cuban rhythms)

Tito Puente
LISTEN: "Mambo Gozón," Tito Puente (1950s) CD12:3
congas, timbales

Palladium ballroom in NY in 1950s

1950s Cha cha chá

(LISTEN: "El Bodeguero")
      charanga ensemble

LISTEN: "Oye Como Va," Tito Puente (1963) CD12:4

(LISTEN: "cha cha cha" Sabor module)



COUNTRY & WESTERN

Western imagery and music

LISTEN: "New San Antonio Rose" Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys (1940) CD2:16

Honky Tonk

LISTEN: "Your Cheatin' Heart" Hank Williams (1952) CD3:18

LISTEN: "The Wild Side of Life," Hank Thompson (1951) CD3:19

LISTEN: "It wasn't God who made Honky Tonk Angels," Kitty Wells (1952) CD3:20

POST-WAR MUSIC INDUSTRY CHANGES

Rise of Indies in 1940s—Why?
      magnetic tape
      Wartime cutbacks by record labels
      1941 ASCAP strike >> BMI
      wartime migration to cities
      regional radio programming

Rhythm & Blues

Jump Bands

LISTEN: "Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" Louis Jordan (1946) CD3:8


Regional dance music--"Urban blues"

Chicago Blues:
African American migration from South (esp. Mississippi Delta)

Chess records

LISTEN: Muddy Waters "Hoochie Coochie Man" (1953) CD3:10

Creating styles vs. presenting local styles

Atlantic Records
Ahmet Ertegun (Turkish) and Herb Abramson

LISTEN: "Shake, Rattle, and Roll" Big Joe Turner (1954) S&W 2:1CD

Ruth Brown
LISTEN: "Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean" CD3:11

Ray Charles
LISTEN: "I've Got A Woman" (1954) CD7:5
gospel influences

ROCK AND ROLL STYLE
e.g. Bill Haley
LISTEN: "Rock Around the Clock" Bill Haley 1954 CD4:1

Stylistic Influences

RACIAL BOUNDARY CROSSING
Black dance music popular beyond black audience

1951-Alan Freed's "Moon Dog House Rock and Roll Party"

EARLY STARS
Fats Domino
LISTEN: "Ain't That a Shame" (1955) 162 CD4:5

Chuck Berry
      Country music interests, electric guitar virtuoso
      LISTEN: "Maybelline" (1955) S&W CD2:6

Little Richard
      LISTEN: "Tutti Frutti" (versions by Pat Boone and Little Richard) on-line CD4:6, 7

Elvis Presley
      Sun Studios (Sam Phillips), rockabilly
LISTEN: "Mystery Train" 1955 (originally Junior Parker) CD4:10

      Col. Tom Parker, Manager

LISTEN: "Don't be Cruel" (one of the 1st RCA recordings) 1956 CD4:11

Buddy Holly
LISTEN: "That'll be the day" CD4:14

Ritchie Valens
LISTEN: "La Bamba" 1958 CD4:16
      (son jarocho)

Jerry Lee Lewis

DOO WOP

LISTEN: "Sh'Boom" by Crew Cuts (1954) 162 CD4:4
"Sh'Boom" by Chords (1954) 162 CD4:3

LISTEN: "The Sun Didn't Shine" Golden Gate Quartet CD3:23


NEW BUSINESS MODELS FOR POP:
1.Singer/songwriter model

2.Importance of producers
Jerry Lieber and Mike Stoller
Sam Philips (Sun Studios)
George Martin (Beatles fr. 1962?)
Barry Gordy (Motown fr. 1960)
Brian Wilson of Beach Boys
Phil Spector's "girl groups" e.g. Ronettes

      Beach Boys (Brian Wilson)
      LISTEN: "Good Vibrations" S&WCD2: 13

URBAN FOLK
1. music and politics
      Woody Guthrie
      Pete Seeger

2. anti-commercial folk "authenticity"
      Coffee houses (CBGBs) and college campuses
      Commercial popularity of Kingston Trio
      Criteria for folk authenticity

      LISTEN: Peter Paul and Mary "The Answer is Blowing in the Wind" (1963) 162CD5:6
     
      Bob Dylan
      LISTEN: "The Times are a-changing" 1963 162 CD 5:7

3. Folk Rock
      1965-Dylan goes electric at Newport Jazz festival

      LISTEN: The Byrds, "Turn, Turn, Turn" (1966) CD6:7



URBAN FOLK
1. music and politics
      Woody Guthrie
      Pete Seeger (Weavers)
            CBGBS
      The Kingston Trio

2. anti-commercial folk "authenticity"
      Coffee houses (CBGBs) and college campuses
      Commercial popularity of Kingston Trio
      Criteria for folk authenticity

      LISTEN: Peter Paul and Mary "The Answer is Blowing in the Wind" (1963) 162CD5:6
     
      Bob Dylan
      LISTEN: "The Times are a-changing" 1963 162 CD 5:7

3. Folk Rock
      1965-Dylan goes electric at Newport Jazz festival

      LISTEN: The Byrds, "Turn, Turn, Turn" (1966) CD6:7
                  (Rickenbacker 12-string guitar)

1960s chronology (industry changes, counter-culture, strife and disillusionment);
1959 Death of Buddy Holly
1960 Motown, other industry changes: Brill Bldg., producers, FM radio
1963 Kennedy assassinated
1964 Beatles arrive in U.S.
1965 Dylan electric, James Brown crosses over
1967 "Summer of Love" in SF, Sgt. Pepper
1968 Tet Offfensive, MLK assassination
      1969 Woodstock


BRITISH INVASION

Influence of R&B, Rock and Roll in England

1957 Quarrymen, with Pete Best on drums

1961 Brian Epstein as manager, helps create "Beatlemania" in England
      -Ringo replaces Pete
      -Parlophone record contract, George Martin as producer

LISTEN: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" (1963) CD 6:1

1964 1st U.S. tour
1964 "Hard Day's Night" film and album
1965 "Help" film and album
1966 4th and last U.S. tour
(Begins Beatles' studio-only phase)

Other British bands on Beatles' coat tails:
      Rolling Stones, Kinks, Animals, Cream, The Who, Led Zepellin


MOTOWN

Founded by Berry Gordy in 1960 (originally Tamla records).

Strategy of Crossover

"Motown sound"

LISTEN: "My Girl" Temptations (1965) CD5:15

LISTEN: "Stop in the Name of Love," The Supremes (1965) CD5:14


SOUL

Aretha Franklin
LISTEN: "Respect" 1967 Aretha Franklin on-line CD 7:8

"Southern Soul"
Stax-Volt studio in Memphis
Fame studios in Muscle Shoals, AL

LISTEN: "Can't Turn You Loose," Otis Redding

James Brown
LISTEN: "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" " CD7:5
      polyrhythm/groove
      breaks
      12-bar blues

Late Beatles
(LISTEN: "Tomorrow Never Knows")

LISTEN: "A Day in the life"

Albums & FM radio

Recording technology
ca.1900 78 rpm gramophone record
1940s Magnetic tape
1948 33rpm LP (album concept)
1949 45 rpm single (jukebox/iPod concept)

Radio
late 1940s: regional AM
early 1950s: top 40 format
1961 stereo multi-plexing on FM
1965 FCC requires separation of AM & FM programming >>progressive FM radio in late 1960s

S.F. Scene, Psychedelic rock
1967 "Summer of Love"
Grateful Dead

Jefferson Airplane
LISTEN: "Somebody to Love" Jefferson Airplane (1967) online CD7:1
      Grace Slick

Janis Joplin
LISTEN: "Summertime" (1968) online CD7:3

Pop Music festivals
      -1967 Monterrey pop festival
      -1969 Woodstock

Santana
LISTEN: "Oye Como Va," Santana (1970) S&W CD2:16

SF scene conducive to boundary crossing


Country Music in 1960s

Merle Haggard

(LISTEN: "Okie From Muskogee," Merle Haggard (date?)
      -
Guitar heroes
Power trio format, English stars again

Eric Clapton and Cream
LISTEN: "Crossroads" [1969] (original by Robert Johnson) online CD7:10

Jimi Hendrix
LISTEN: "Purple Haze" (1967) online CD7:11

Led Zepellin
Jimmy Page, Robert Plant
LISTEN: "Stairway to Heaven" (1971) online CD7:12

Salsa

New York as center of Latin American music production
     
1960s:
LISTEN: "Conmigo" Eddie Palmieri (1962)
"trombanga"

Latin soul/boogaloo
LISTEN: "Bang Bang" Joe Cuba
      "cha cha with a back beat"
      guajeo/montuno

salsa
FANIA record label from 1964

     
LISTEN: "Esta Navidad" Willie Colón & Hector Lavoe (1970)
      cuatro
      jibaro music

LISTEN: "Siembra" Willie Colón & Ruben Blades (1975)


Eastside Sound

LISTEN: "Land of a Thousand Dances" Cannibal and the Headhunters (1965)

1960s & 70S MUSIC INDUSTRY CHANGES

Recording technology
1940s Magnetic tape
1948 33rpm LP (album concept)
1949 45 rpm single (jukebox concept)

Radio
late 1940s: regional AM replaces national network programming
early 1950s: top 40 format (creating or reflecting taste? payola)
1961 stereo radio
1965 FCC requires different programming on AM and FM�stations look for new sounds, new formats; 3-minute single gives way to albums and experimental music

-FM stations experimental in late 60s, but increasingly bought by national chains as they become profitable

Rock journalism
Billboard �trade magazine since early 1900s
Rolling Stone�criticism, endorsement fr. 1967 (establishment rebels?)

Labels
40s and 50s independents
Late 60s and 70s mergers and consolidation
����� e.g. Atlantic buys Stax, Warner buys Atlantic

Majors in 1970s: Capitol, Warner, RCA Victor, MCA, Columbia, United Artists-MGM


GENRE CATEGORIES by 1970s

Country Western
����� 1960s political polarization of country as "conservative" genre

AOR (Album oriented rock)
White takeover, and technical polish

LISTEN: "Hotel California" Eagles (1976) CD8:4

Art/Progressive rock modelled on classical music
LISTEN: Emerson, Lake and Palmer [1971]: "Excerpts from "Pictures at an Exhibition" (Moussorgsky; arr. Emerson) CD8:6


Singer/songwriters

LISTEN: "It's Too Late," Carol King (1971) CD8:1
����� -intimate sound (sort of the folk aesthetic), but highly produced

Urban Contemporary/R&B
����� black music

A few who crossed boundaries (e.g. Stevie Wonder, Southern rock bands like Allman Brothers, Lynard Skynard)

LISTEN: "Superstition" Stevie Wonder (1972) CD 8:3

Many who didn't fit: rebellious forces bubbling beneath (e.g. punk and funk)


REGGAE

Jamaica as a precedent for "world music"
*Why Jamaica?

Influence of U.S. R&B in Jamaica in 1950s

(LISTEN: "be my guest" Fats Domino)
(LISTEN: "My Boy Lollipop" Millie (late 1950s)

1962 Jamaican independence
radio promotion of local music (+ changes in U.S. R&B)

Sound systems and local record production

Ska
LISTEN: Guns of Navarrone (1964), The Skatalites

Reggae
LISTEN: "The Harder they Come," Jimmy Cliff

Bob Marley
Rastafarian religion
(Haile Selassi, Ras Tafari, Emperor of Ethiopia)
Island Records 1971

LISTEN: "Get up Stand up" Bob Marley (1973)
����� skengay rhythm

LISTEN: "I Shot the Sheriff," Eric Clapton (1974)

LISTEN: "Hotel California"
����� "Mexican Reggae"


PUNK MUSIC

Punk's genesis: rebellion against mainstream fashion, commercial pop
����� -emotional and technological �authenticity' (garage band, no technique)
����� -DIY music making
����� -aesthetic of alienation: anger, rejection, rebellion

LISTEN: Velvet Underground, Lou Reed [1967]: "I'm Waiting for the Man" CD9:1
����� CBGBs

1974 Ramones play in England
LISTEN: The Ramones [1978]: "I Wanna Be Sedated" CD9:2

(LISTEN: "96 Tears," ? and the Mysterians [1966])

Sex Pistols, manufactured misfit band (managed by Malcom McLaren)

LISTEN: The Sex Pistols [1976]: "Anarchy in the UK" CD9:4
McClaren

LISTEN: "I'm so bored with the U.S.A." The Clash (1977) CD9:5

Androgenous fashion

New Wave
LISTEN: Talking Heads [1977]: "Psycho Killer" CD 9:3
����� David Byrne

Punk's many incarnations

Problem of race in punk


FUNK
�����
LISTEN: "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Again)" Sly and the Family Stone (1970) CD9:9
����� slap bass

George Clinton and Funkadelic, Parliament//P-Funk
����� -psychedelic, science fiction imagery
����� -humor and unbridled party aesthetic

LISTEN: "Flashlight" CD9:11

R&B gets "funkier," e.g. with Earth Wind and Fire


GLAM ROCK
Stadium concert keeps developing, drama as well as sound

David Bowie & Ziggy Stardust

Kiss set design


DISCO

Disco

1. dance music in discos (fr. French "discotheque"--European connection)

>DJs prefer certain beats, tempos
�����
>partner dancing

2. subcultural style,
Latin dancing
gay scene--parody and extravagance
Sensuality, and detail of sensory environment.

LISTEN:"Love to Love you Baby" Donna Summer 1975 162 CD8:8
����� Produced in Germany
12 inch 45s for long play


3. commercial formula, "beat"

LISTEN: "Good Times," Chic

LISTEN: "YMCA" Village People (1978) 162 CD8:9

Negative backlash against disco
�����

MTV
Earlier precedents for pop songs on film:

MTV begins broadcasting in 1981
����� "2nd British Invasion"�hair metal
�����
-return to 3-minute singles format
-powerful new gateway for hit-making (even monopolistic�VH1 bought out for example),
-further concentrates megastar-power
-visual entertainment, and messages, augment the lyrics and sound

Michael Jackson breaks race barrier in 1983

VIDEO: "Thriller" (1983)

Madonna
VIDEO: "Material Girl"
����� *What is the message here?

Heavy Metal

*What are similarities and differences with punk


WORLD MUSIC

History

1990 Billboard magazine "World Music" category

LISTEN: "Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes," Paul Simon (1986) CD11:9
����� -collaboration w/Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Joseph Shabalala
����� *Was Simon's project unethical?

Ry Cooder
LISTEN: "Diaraby," Ali Farka Toure & Ry Cooder CD11:10

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan
����� qawwali

(LISTEN: "Mustt Mustt" in original and modern versions)


"World Music" as a marketing category
Opportunities for 3rd world musicians vs. constraints


"ALTERNATIVE" MUSIC

LISTEN: "The One I Love," R.E.M. (1987) CD11:1

1991 Lollapalooza festival founded

Seattle scene in late 1980s and 90s, "Grunge"
����� -Sub Pop records

Nirvana
LISTEN: "Smells like Teen Spirit" Nirvana (1991) CD 11:2

*Alternative to what?

HIP HOP

Roots of Rap

African American culture
      -speech/song continuum
      -playing the dozens
      -poetry with music

(LISTEN: "The Revolution will not be Televised," Gil Scott Heron)

Jamaican dance hall, toasting

(LISTEN: Wake the Town and Tell the People," DJ U-Roy)

Hip hop in South Bronx: Caribbean participation

(VIDEO: Wild Style)

What is "hip hop"?
      4 pillars

Sugar Hill and commercialization

LISTEN: "Rapper's Delight"

Overlap w/disco—Club DJ dance musics

Marketing as black music

From entertainment to activism
LISTEN: "The Message" S&W CD2:18

LISTEN: "Fight the Power," Public Enemy CD10:9

Turntablism

(VIDEO: Scratch)

Spanish rap

LISTEN: "Tiburon" Proyecto Uno (1995)     
      güiro (merengue)

West Coast Hip Hop

(LISTEN: "La Raza," Kid Frost (1990))

Influence of Chicano style on West Coast rap generally

(LISTEN: "Nuthin' but a G thang" Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dog)

Banda Rap
LISTEN: "No Hay Manera," Akwid
      Banda Sinaloense

Reggaetón
LISTEN: "La Gasolina," Daddy Yankee
      Caribbean origins

Hip hop and morality

gangsterism
LISTEN: "Fuck the Police" NWA

sex
(LISTEN: "Just a Lil Bit," 50 Cent)

      *Is censorship the answer? When?


Origins of Electronic Music:
•      Musique Concrète
o      1950s: France
o      Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Henry - manipulating music recorded on magnetic tape
o      Many credit this moment as the birth of sampling
•     

Disco:
o      Four-to-the-floor beat
o      Concept of the DJ- mixing records to create a continuous stream of music
•      Euro-synth:
o      1970s - Germany
o      Futuristic, minimalist sound
o      Kraftwerk
•      Electro/Hip Hop:
o      Afrika Bambaataa – crafting electronic dance symphonies


Jamaican Dub (1970s):
      Re-mixing, electronic effects, drum & bass


House:
•      Earliest form of electronic music - created out of the ashes of disco
•      Late 1970s/ early 1980s – CHICAGO
•      DJ Frankie Knuckles at The Warehouse
•      Electronic tools: reel-to-reel tape recorder, drum machine, synthesizer, turntables

DJ and producer as Creative Artists:
•      Mixing: creating a continuous stream of sound using turntables as an instrument
•      Re-mixing: creating new versions of old tunes using electronic tools


Techno:
•      Mid-late 1980s - DETROIT
•      Belleville Three start making their own electronic music
•      Techno soundscape:
o      All sounds created electronically
o      Futuristic
o      Harder pulse
o      No vocals


UK: rave culture
•      Dance music revolution: rave culture
•      Rebellion- rejecting the rules of everyday life
•      Early 1990s – rave declines and electronic music goes commercial


Drum 'n Bass:
•      Uniquely British electronic music
•      Quest for rhythmic intensity - drums more percussive and bass more physical
•      MC


US Scene:
•      US rave culture: San Francisco, New York, Miami
•      Electronic groups


The Electronic Now:
•      Popular scene - Radiohead, Postal Service, Beck
•      Global scene- Asian electronic scene in UK (bhangra)
•      IDM- intelligent dance music