Anthony G. Greenwald

voice: (206) 543-7227
fax: (206) 685-3157

• Recent and Current Research
  Note: Some of the following are PDF files that need a recent version of Acrobat reader. Download Acrobat Reader
  • Generic IAT program in zipfile form (25K) Create your own IAT with a simple Merge using MS Word. The IAT will run with Inquisit laboratory software (see below for site to obtain free demo download). After downloading this zip, unzip it and find full instructions in 'README.txt' (posted 10/22/01)
  • Sean Draine's website for Inquisit software (usable for IAT and for subliminal priming with the Response Window method)
  • In press (Psychological Review) Greenwald, Banaji, Farnham, Rudman, Nosek, & Mellott manuscript (pdf, 661K) final prepublication draft: 'A Unified Theory of Implicit Attitudes, Stereotypes, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem' (posted 1/9/01)
  • Reprint of A. G. Greenwald & B. A. Nosek, Zeitschrift fuer Experimentelle Psychologie, 2001, 48, 85-93 (pdf, 1.39M): 'Health of the Implicit Association Test at Age 3' (posted 7/04/01)
  • In press (JPSP) Dasgupta & Greenwald manuscript (pdf, 125K) 'On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals' (posted 12/24/00)
  • In press (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review) Abrams, Klinger, & Greenwald manuscript (pdf, 65K): 'Subliminal Words Activate Semantic Categories (Not Automated Motor Responses)' (posted 7/30/01)
  • Reprint of D. Maison, A. G. Greenwald & R. Bruin, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2001, 32 (electronic) (pdf, 274K): 'The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes' (posted 7/31/01)
  • Dasgupta, McGhee, Greenwald, & Banaji Journal of Experimental Social Psychology May 2000, reprint (pdf, 72K) "Automatic preference for White Americans: Eliminating the familiarity explanation", reports a new face-picture version of the race IAT (posted 8/31/00)
  • Abrams & Greenwald, Psychological Science, March 2000, reprint (pdf, 660K) reporting subliminal priming by parts of words (posted 04/24/00)
  • In press (JPSP) Greenwald & Farnham manuscript (pdf, 250K) "Using the Implicit Association Test to Measure Self-Esteem and Self-Concept", structural equation modeling of measures of implicit & explicit self-esteem and gender self-concept (posted 08/31/00)
  • Implicit Association Test (IAT) Website
  • Greenwald & Abrams presentation at meeting of Psychonomic Society, Los Angeles CA, November 1999 (pdf, 37K) followup on the above Psychological Science article (posted 11/29/99)
  • Greenwald & Abrams presentation at meeting of Society of Personality and Social Psychology, Nashville TN, February 2000 (pdf, 67K) another followup on the above Psychological Science article (posted 2/13/00)
  • In press (PSPB) Rudman, Greenwald, & McGhee manuscript (pdf, 115K) "Implicit Self-Concept and Evaluative Implicit Gender Stereotypes: Self and Ingroup Share Desirable Traits", shows that men and women possess implicit gender stereotypes in self-favorable form because of the tendency to associate self with desirable traits (posted 07/07/00)
  • In press (Cognition & Emotion) Swanson, Rudman, & Greenwald manuscript (pdf, 126K) "Using the Implicit Association Test to Investigate Attitude-Behavior Consistency for Stigmatized Behavior", shows relation of IAT to habitual behaviors of smoking and vegetarianism (posted 05/26/00)
• Selected Publications
  • Student Ratings of Instruction (1995-present)
  • Implicit Social Cognition (1990-present)
  • Unconscious Cognition (1988-present)
  • The Self (1980-1994)
  • Research Methodology (1975-present)
  • Control of Voluntary Attention and Action (1970-1973)
  • Reward and Punishment in Human Learning (1966-1970)
  • Attitudes and Social Cognition (1965-present)
• PostDoctoral Researchers
  • Richard L. Abrams web page
  • Elizabeth L. Haines web page
• Graduate Student Advisees
  • Steve McCullough web page
  • Debbie E. McGhee web page
  • mailto: Deborah S. Mellott
  • Mark A. Oakes web page
  • Jane E. Swanson web page
  • Mark E. VandeKamp web page
  
  

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  Selected Publications (by Category)

  IMPLICIT SOCIAL COGNITION

  Greenwald, A. G. (1990). What cognitive representations underlie social attitudes? Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 254-260.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Schuh, E. S. (1994). An ethnic bias in scientific citations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 623-640.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.

  Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198.

  Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480. Full-text version (new 07/01/00)

  Farnham, S. D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1999). Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams & M. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity and social cognition (pp. 230-248). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

  Greenwald, A. G, Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A., Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Rosier, M. (2000). Prologue to a unified theory of attitudes, stereotypes, and self-concept. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition and behavior (pp. 308-330). New York: Cambridge University Press.

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  UNCONSCIOUS COGNITION

  Kidd, G. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1988). Attention, rehearsal, and memory for serial order. American Journal of Psychology, 101, 259-279.

  Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory and Cognition, 17, 35-47.

  Greenwald, A. G., Spangenberg, E. R., Pratkanis, A. R., & Eskenazi, J. (1991). Double-blind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes. Psychological Science, 2, 119-122.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1992). New Look 3: Reclaiming unconscious cognition. American Psychologist, 47, 766-779.

  Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Schuh, E. S. (1995). Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 22-42.

  Klinger, M R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Unconscious priming of association judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 569-581

  Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273, 1699-1702. Full-text version (new 05/09/00)

  Greenwald, A. G., & Draine, S. C. (1997). Do subliminal stimuli enter the mind unnoticed? Tests with a new method. In J. D. Cohen & J. W. Schooler (Eds.) 25th Carnegie Symposium on Cognition: Scientific approaches to the question of consciousness (pp. 83-108). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Self-knowledge and self-deception: Further consideration. In M. S. Myslobodsky (Ed.), The mythomanias: An inquiry into the nature of deception and self-deception (pp. 51-71). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Draine, S. C., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 127, 286-303. Full-text version (new 12/14/99)

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  STUDENT RATINGS OF INSTRUCTION

  Greenwald, A. G. (1997). Validity concerns and usefulness of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1182-1186.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, G. M. (1997). Grading leniency is a removable contaminant of student ratings. American Psychologist, 52, 1209-1217.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Gillmore, J. M. (1997). No pain, no gain? The importance of measuring course workload in student ratings of instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89, 743-751.

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  ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION

  Greenwald, A. G. (1965). Behavior change following a persuasive communication. Journal of Personality, 33, 370-391.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Sakumura, J. S. (1967). Attitude and selective learning: Where are the phenomena of yesteryear? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7, 387-397.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 147-170). New York: Academic Press.

  Greenwald, A. G., Brock, T. C., & Ostrom, T. M. (Eds.) (1968). Psychological foundations of attitudes. New York: Academic Press.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1968). On defining attitude and attitude theory. In A. G. Greenwald, T. C. Brock, and T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 361-388). New York: Academic Press.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1969). The open-mindedness of the counterattitudinal role player. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5, 375-388.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1970). When does role playing produce attitude change? Toward an answer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 214-219.

  Gillig, P. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1974). Is it time to lay the "sleeper effect" to rest? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 132-139.

  Ronis, D. L., Baumgardner, M. H., Leippe, M. R., Cacioppo, J. T., & Greenwald, A. G. (1977). In search of reliable persuasion effects: I. A computer-controlled procedure for studying persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 548-569.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1980). Cognitive response analysis: An appraisal. In R. E. Petty, T. M. Ostrom, and T. C. Brock (Eds.), Cognitive responses in persuasion. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

  Baumgardner, M. H., Leippe, M. R., Ronis, D. L., & Greenwald, A. G. (1983). In search of reliable persuasion effects: II. Associative learning and persistence of persuasion in a message-dense environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 524-537.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Leavitt, C. (1984) Audience involvement in advertising: Four levels. Journal of Consumer Research, 11, 581-592.

  Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986), Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 18, 299-303.

  Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increasing voting behavior by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315-318.

  Pratkanis, A. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1988). In search of reliable persuasion effects: III. The sleeper effect is dead. Long live the sleeper effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 203-218.

  Pratkanis, A. R., Breckler, S. J., & Greenwald, A. G. (Eds.) (1989). Attitude structure and function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 1-10). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1989). Why attitudes are important: Defining attitude and attitude theory 20 years later. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, and A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 429-440). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Pratkanis, A. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1989). A socio-cognitive model of attitude structure and function. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 245-285). New York: Academic Press.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.

  Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit gender stereotyping in judgments of fame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 181-198.

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  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Significance, nonsignificance, and interpretation of an ESP experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 180-191.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1975). On the inconclusiveness of "crucial" cognitive tests of dissonance versus self-perception theories. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 490-499.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Consequences of prejudice against the null hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 1-20.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1975). Does the Good Samaritan parable increase helping? A comment on Darley and Batson's no-effect conclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 578-583.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1976). An editorial. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 1-7.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1976). Within-subjects designs: To use or not to use? Psychological Bulletin, 83, 314-320.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85, 53-57.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1981). On the conceptual disconfirmation of theories. Pesonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 131-137.

  Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1988). On the use of "theory" and the usefulness of theory. Psychological Review, 95, 575-579.

  Greenwald, A. G., Gonzalez, R., Guthrie, D. G., & Harris, R. J. (1996). Effect sizes and p-values: What should be reported and what should be replicated? Psychophsysiology, 33, 175-183

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  THE SELF

  Greenwald, A. G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1981). Self and memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 15, pp. 201-236). New York: Academic Press.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1982). Ego task analysis: A synthesis of research on ego-involvement and self-awareness. In A. H. Hastorf and A. M. Isen (Eds.), Cognitive social psychology (pp. 109-147). New York: Elsevier/North-Holland.

  Suls, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (Eds.) (1983). Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 2). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1984). The self. In R. S. Wyer & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (pp. 129-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Breckler, S. J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill.

  Breckler, S. J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1986). Motivational facets of the self. In E. T. Higgins & R. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 145-164). New York: Guilford Press.

  Suls, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (Eds.) (1986). Psychological perspectives on the self (Vol. 3). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.

  Greenwald, A. G., Bellezza, F. S., & Banaji, M. R. (1988). Is self-esteem a central ingredient of the self-concept? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 34-45.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1988). Self-knowledge and self-deception. In J. S. Lockard & D. L. Paulhus (Eds.), Self-deception: An adaptive mechanism? (pp. 113-131). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1989). The self as a memory system: Powerful, but ordinary. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 41-54.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Getting (my) self into social psychology. In G. G. Brannigan & M. R. Merrens (Eds.), The social psychologists (pp. 3-16). New York: McGraw-Hill.

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  CONTROL OF VOLUNTARY ATTENTION AND ACTION

  Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: With special reference to the ideomotor mechanism. Psychological Review, 77, 73-99.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1972). Evidence of both perceptual filtering and response suppression for rejected messages in selective attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 94, 58-67.

  Greenwald, A. G., & Shulman, H. G. (1973). On doing two things at once: II. Elimination of the psychological refractory period effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, 70-76.

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  REWARD AND PUNISHMENT IN HUMAN LEARNING

  Greenwald, A. G. (1966). Nuttin's neglected critique of the law of effect. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 199-205.

  Nuttin, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1968). Reward and punishment in human learning. New York: Academic Press.

  Greenwald, A. G. (1970). Difficulty of associative performance following training with negative instances: A note on punishment effects. Journal of Educational Pyschology, 61, 255-259.

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  Complete Curriculum Vitae (110K)

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