KOHLBERG'S SIX LEVELS OF
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
(ETHICS OF JUSTICE/RIGHTS)
A.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
STAGE 1:
Deferring to authority
STAGE 2:
Learning to satisfy one’s own needs.
B.
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
STAGE 3: Conforming to stereotypical roles.
STAGE 4: Sense that individual roles contribute to
social order.
C.
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
STAGE 5:
Morality thought of in terms of rights and standards endorsed by society
as a whole.
STAGE 6:
Morality thought of as self-chosen, universal principles of justice.
On
Kohlberg's model, moral development is the development of an autonomous self,
capable of being motivated by abstract principles understood as a kind of
"mathematical" solution to conflicts of interests.
GILLIGAN'S SIX STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT (ETHICS OF CARE)
A.
PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
STAGE 1:
Caring for the self.
STAGE 2:
Stage 1 concern judged to be selfish.
B.
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
STAGE 3:
Goodness is caring for others, frequently equated with self-sacrifice.
STAGE 4:
Illogic of the inequality between self and others becomes evident. Search for equilibrium.
C.
POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL
STAGE 5:
Focus on the dynamics of relationships, to eliminate the tension between
self and others.
STAGE 6:
Care is extended beyond personal relationships to a general recognition
of the interdependence of self and other, accompanied by a universal
condemnation of exploitation and hurt.
On
Gilligan's model, moral development is the development of a
self-in-relation. Morality is understood
in terms of the preservation of valuable human relations. Progress from stage to stage is motivated by
increasing understanding of human relationships.
CHARACTERISIC FEATURES OF
THE JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE
PARADIGM: CONTRACTS
EMPHASIS
ON:
|
1. REASON and LOGIC |
|
2. EXPLICIT PRINCIPLES |
|
3. IMPARTIALITY |
|
4. FAIRNESS |
|
5. AUTONOMY |
|
6. RIGHTS/OBLIGATIONS |
|
7. GOVERNS RELATIONS AMONG EQUALS |
|
8. COMPETITION (CONFLICTING INTERESTS) |
|
9. SELF-RELIANCE |
CHARACTERISIC FEATURES OF
THE CARE PERSPECTIVE
PARADIGM:
CARING RELATIONSHIP (e.g. Parent-Child Relationship)
EMPHASIS
ON:
|
1. EMOTIONS |
|
2. RESPONSIVENESS TO SITUATIONS |
|
3. PARTIALITY |
|
4. COMPASSION, SYMPATHY OR EMPATHY |
|
5. INTER-CONNECTEDNESS |
|
6. RESPONSIBILITIES |
|
7. GOVERNS RELATIONS AMONG UNEQUALS |
|
8. COOPERATION (COMMON INTERESTS) |
|
9. TRUST |
Gilligan's Empirical Results
Primary Focus
|
|
Justice |
Care |
Both |
|
Men |
2/3 |
[1] |
1/3 |
|
Women |
1/3 |
1/3 |
1/3 |
From Gilligan (25).
Baier on Kant vs. Hume
Seven
contrasts:
(1)
Universal Law (Necessary Truths) vs. Historicist Conventions (Contingent)
(2)
Reason vs. Sentiment (Sympathy/Empathy)
(3)
Self-Interest vs. Benevolence
(4)
Individualistic vs. Social
(5)
Relationship of Equals vs. Relationships of Dependency
(6)
Autonomy vs. Relation
(7)
Rights vs. Responsibilities
What is moral development?
What is moral progress?
What
does Baier mean by the "correction" of
sentiment and a "progress" of sentiments?
The Possibility of
Exploitation
Why
is Baier concerned about the possibility of
exploitation?
Is
this a problem of care or of justice?
Friedman on Care vs. Justice
Friedman
identifies two empirical theses that she attributes to Gilligan:
different voice hypothesis: the care perspective is
distinct from the justice perspective.
gender difference hypothesis: "The care
perspective is typically, or characteristically, a woman's moral voice, while the justice perspective is typically, or
characteristically a man's moral voice"(90).
Does
Gilligan hold both these theses?
What
does Friedman mean by saying that "the genders are moralized"(89)?
What
does she mean by a "'division of moral labor' between the
genders"(89)?
Friedman's
proposal: the symbolically female moral
voice and the symbolically male moral voice.
Why
does Friedman think that "morally adequate care involves considerations of
justice"(90)?
(1)
appropriate sharing of benefits and burdens in a
caring relationship (distributive justice)
(2)
special vulnerability to harm and the need for
rectification (corrective justice)
(3)
justice in mothering:
fairness and welfare rights.
The Role of Care in the Public Realm
Includes "foreign aid, welfare programs, famine or disaster
relief, or other social programs designed to relieve suffering and attend to
human needs"(103).
Friedman's Version of the
Different Voice Hypothesis
The difference between commitments to particular persons and
commitments to moral abstractions (e.g., laws and generalizations).
How
would Baier respond?