1. Match the description of an individual with the appropriate name. Possible Answers: Saussure, Aggasiz, Bernhardi, Buckland, de Charpentier, Venetz, Drake, Lyell, Hitchcock and Perraudin. 10 points

a. ________________ proposed the general idea of continental submergence to explain the presence of ice rafted drift in Europe. Authored Principles of Geology.

b.________________ was the first to recognize that glacier ice from the north polar region had extended as far south as Germany. His ideas remained unnoticed to the scientific community.

c.______________ was a peasant mountaineer who intuitively applied the principle of uniformitarianism to glacial activity in the mountains and valleys of the Alps.

d.______________ delivered the presidential address at the opening session of the Swiss Society of Natural Sciences. Concept of an "Ice Age" emerged

e.______________ reported to the Helvetic Society (1829) that not only the Alps, but all of northern Europe had been extensively glaciated in the past.

2. Describe the following glacial terms and discuss how each forms. You can use a drawing to assist you with your answer. 18 points

a. tillite

b. kettle lake

c. cirque

d. medial moraine

e. erratic train

f. chatter marks (crescentic scars):

3. How could you differentiate a glacially polished surface and from a surface polished by fine debris entrained in meltwater? 6 points

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4a. A roche moutonnee is shown below. Show the glacial flow direction and discuss the principal erosional processes that occur on the stoss versus lee sides. How does the pressure melting temperature of ice vary as the glacier flows over the feature? Why are these landforms asymmetric?

8 points

4b. The timing of deglaciation over Mt. Erie, WA was about 15,000 years ago. How did the ³⁶Cl ages vary between the plucked lee surface of Mount Erie, Fidalgo Island versus the abraded lee surface (Briner and Swanson, 1998)? How did Briner and Swanson interpret these age data (i.e., what did this tell about the magnitude of glacial erosion on this stoss and lee surface? 4 points

5a. Compare the sediment characteristics of glacial marine drift deposited close to a calving ice margin versus that being deposited distally to the calving ice margin? 5 points

5b. If you observed a section of glacial marine drift in a bluff face, how could you determine whether the calving glacier was advancing or retreating over your location? 5 points

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6. Compare and contrast basal (lodgement) and ablation till. How are they similar (list three similarities) and how would you discriminate each (list two major differences) 10 points

7. Describe the sediment characteristics of ice-contact stratified drift. How does it form?

6 points

8. Match the principal glacial sediment type with the landform that it composes. (i.e., basal till, ablation till, outwash, ice contact stratified drift, lacustrine, glacial marine drift, fluvial).

14 points

a. oxidized and organic rich sands of Kitsap Formation ______________

b. esker ________________

c. ground moraine _______________

d. kettle depression _________________

e. topset beds of the Issaquah delta ______________

f. top of Queen Anne Hill ______________

g. proglacial fjord sediment ______________

9. Volcanic eruptions impact the earth's climate. 10 points

What evidence in ice cores do we use to correlate volcanic eruptions and climate change?

How does the location of the volcanic eruption and the height of its eruptive plume influence climate?

What is the magnitude and duration of climatic effects resulting from volcanic eruptions?

10. Answer any four of the six questions given below. 16 points

a. Explain why eskers can sometimes flow up topography apparently defying gravity?

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b. Explain how a sequence of kame terraces can form.

c. What is the significance of opening Drakes Passage between South America and Antarctica?

d.What is the significance of Messinian Salinity Crisis?

e. What is the difference between the concepts "ice age" and "glaciation"?

f. What causes a glacier to surge? When will a glacier stop surging?

11. A cross-section of an alpine glacier is shown below. Show the flow lines of the glacier from its accumulation zone to its ablation zone. Show where the accumulation and ablation zones are relative to its equilibrium line (label all of these features). 8 points

12. What are three sources of heat that can raise the temperature of glacial ice?

6 points

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14. Basal shear stress beneath a glacier is mathematically described as:

Tb=gice h sinb

where Tb= basal shear stress, gice= unit wt. of the ice, h = ice thickness and b is the slope of the glacier.

Answer the following questions regarding these relationships. 6 points

14a. As a glacier’s slope gradient increases, the glacier thickness would tend to _________ (remain constant, increase, decrease, fluctuate depending upon ice velocity).

14b. If the frictional stresses between clasts contained within the ice and the bed exceed the plastic yield strength of the ice, the clast will be ______________ (deposited, eroded, transported, crushed).

15. How does carbon affect the global climate? List two natural causes that would result in the atmospheric CO₂ levels to decrease?

16. How would you reconstruct the past icethickness of a valley glacier that occupied the Icicle Creek Drainage near Leavenworth, WA?

17. Why do we only find Late Paleozoic tillites in southern India, South America, South Africa, Australia and Antarctica and not in North America or Eurasia?