We are going to have you look at 8 human skulls. Some of them are early human, some are later. When looking at these skulls, we want you to observe five features, and record for each skull which they have:

A. Mid-facial prognathism: does the skull have the nose and mouth jutting out in front (like the Neanderthal)?

B. Canine fossa: is there a small depression above the outer corners of the mouth?

C. Cranial capacity: how big is the room in the skull for the brain?

D. Cranial height: does the forehead slope rapidly backward, as in the H. erectus, or does it rise from the eyes and then slope backward, as in the modern human skull?

E. Zygomatic arch: Does the arch curve backward gradually, or does it make a kind of sharp, almost right-angle turn as in the modern human skull?

Fill in the chart below:

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Specimen name Continent	Age (1000s)	Mid-facial prognathism Y/N?	Canine fossa Y/N?	Cranial Capacity	Cranial Height	Zygomatic Arch shape
Koobi Fora Africa (H. erectus)	1,800
Broken Hill Africa	200
Neanderthal Europe	60
Jebel Irhoud Africa	200
Qafzah W. Asia (Africa)	90
Cro-Magnon Europe	20
Recent Worldwide	Now

Now use the data on your chart to evaluate some of the fossil evidence for Out of Africa vs. Multiregional Evolution:

If Out of Africa is true, there should be a smooth course of evolution from Homo erectus (represented by Koobi Fora) to Jebel Irhoud to Qafzah to modern African H. sapiens, and a similar sequence from H. erectus to Jebel Irhoud to Qafzah to Cro-Magnon to modern  European H. sapiens. Looking at the data from the those sequences of skulls, do you see a smooth course of evolution?  Which of the five features you examined show such a smooth sequence, and which do not?
 
 
 
 
 
 

Similarly, if Out of Africa is true, there should be a break between Neanderthal and modern H. sapiens, especially in Europe, because Out of Africa posits that modern H. sapiens, who evolved in Africa, moved to Europe and replaced the Neanderthals there.  Looking at the European Neanderthal and the Euopean modern, do you see a break?  Which of the five features you examined show such a break, and which do not?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Contrarily, if Multiregional Evolution is true, there should be a smooth sequence from Jebel Irhoud to Qafzah to modern H. sapiens within Africa/West Asia, and a similar smooth sequence from Neanderthal to modern H. sapiens within Europe.  Looking at the African sequence and the European sequence, do you see similar smooth transitions in both places?  Which features show such sequences, and which do not?
 
 
 
 
 
 

Having examined all these skulls, which hypothesis do you think is supported by more fossil evidence: Out of Africa or Multiregional Evolution? How? Why?