Preface. This study advances efforts to implement earthquake early warning along the U.S. West Coast. An optimized detection and warning system must be adapted to the local geology and particular earthquake risks for a region. Compared to other plate boundaries, residents of subduction zone environments likely benefit the greatest from earthquake early warning because the population is likely to receive the longest warning times. This is because the major inland populations are far from the earthquake source, which lies almost entirely offshore. But subduction zones present a challenge: the geophysical network that detects the earthquake is limited to the land, rather than surrounding the earthquake source region offshore. Subduction zones also pose a second major hazard in the form of a tsunami that is frequently triggered by the offshore earthquake. Therefore, the timeliness, accuracy, and reliability of earthquake and tsunami early warning in subduction zones, such as found in the Pacific Northwest, would be enhanced by offshore geophysical instrumentation. However, offshore instrument networks are technically challenging to design, install, and maintain.
The feasibility and design of an offshore geophysical network for earthquake and tsunami early warning in the Pacific Northwest was evaluated by a team of scientists and engineers at the University of Washington with support from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The team's goals were to (1) consider the justification for such a system, (2) identify the high-level system specifications, (3) evaluate current and emerging technologies, (4) determine the feasibility and approximate costs of illustrative designs, and (5) make recommendations about the path forward.
To inform the study, a workshop of over 100 participants was organized after some preparatory work (Wilcock et al., 2016). Attendees were drawn primarily from academia, but representatives from federal agencies, industry, the emergency management community, and the media were also present (Schmidt et al., 2018). The deliberations and recommendations of the workshop were important in guiding the completion of the study. This report and its supporting documents present the study's results. The instrument network designs presented here are neither final nor optimized, but rather are illustrative of options that utilize established and emergent approaches. While the report notes the necessity of incorporating an offshore geophysical network into a comprehensive strategy for preparedness, education, warning, and response, it does not present a holistic mitigation plan, nor does it explore in any detail how offshore data would be integrated with existing warning systems that are operated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). This report is best viewed as a resource on the scientific and technical considerations, as well as the societal benefit, for earthquake and tsunami detection in subduction zones, such as in Cascadia and similar locations across the planet with populations at risk.
pdf file: Published as a White Paper from the Early Warning Offshore Cascadia project, funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.
bibtex entry:
@misc{cascadiaoffshore2019,
author="D.W. Schmidt and D.W. Wilcock and R. LeVeque and F. Gonzalez and
G. Gram and D. Manalang and M. Harrington and E. Roland and P. Bodin,
title="Earthquake and Tsunami Early Warning on the Cascadia Subduction
Zone: A Feasibility Study for an Offshore Geophysical Monitoring Network",
howpublished="University of Washington",
url="http://cascadiaoffshore.org/story/White_Paper.html",
year="2019"
}