ZOOLOGY 484----------------Mary Pat Wenderoth------------------------ November 14, 1997

General Overview

-Understand what each part of the Fick Equation represents and how changing each can alter rates of diffusion.

-Compare and contrast the environmental constraints confronting air and water breathers.

gas contents, viscosity, mass, diffusion rates of gases

-What is Dalton's Law of partial pressures.

What would happen to the partial pressure of oxygen if the CO2 content of the air increased to 10%?

How does the partial paressure of a gas change with increases in altitude?

-How is the solubility of gas in water affected by temperature? salinity? atmospheric pressure?

compare solubility of the oxygen-nitrogen-carbon dioxide in water?

list other factors that influence oxygen content of a body of water

-What are the 4 basic components of the respiratory system and briefly describe the function of each?

Respiration in Water

-What is the basic design of the gill?

-Does the amount of surface area of the gill reflect metabolic demands of the fish? give example.

-What would be a disadvantage of a concurrent blood flow in the gills?

-What is advantage of a counter current blood flow?

-How does a fish ventilate its gills? what is buccal pump/operculum pump? What types of forces (pumping/sucking) does each generate, what is the consequence?

-What is a ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and what is its significance?

-Besides gills how else might an animal/vertebrate respire in a water environment?

Respiration in Air

-List some physical properties of air that make air breathing a less metabolically taxing job. What percent of the room air you are now breathing is oxygen?

-What is the basic anatomy of the respiratory system?

-How does the architecture of the lung change between amphibian-reptile-mammal?

describe the ventilation of the crocidile lung--

-What are the components of the respiratory membrane? Approximately how thick is it?

-What are the two basic types of tidal ventilation? give an example of each.

-How is ventilation regulated in birds and mammals, in fish? Why must the stimulus to breath be different in these animals

-Compare the volume of the lung / kg of body mass to a tree squirrel to an African elephant. Compare the respiratory frequency of these two animals. How does this relate to the animal's metabolic rate?

-Briefly describe the respiratory system of a pigeon. What components of this system make a bird a very efficient air breather?

-A cricket does not have lungs but does have a very effective respiratory apparatus. Describe it. What are the two aspects of this system that make it so effective?

-Compare and contrast the architecture of the blood flow to the gill--avian lung- mammalian lung.

Transport of Gases

-Why do complex multicellular animals (that includes you) have respiratory pigments?

-Give examples of respiratory pigments and the color they impart to blood.

-List some of the properties of hemoglobin that make it a great oxygen carrier.

-In the mammalian lung how does the PO2 in the alveolus compare to PO2 of room air? the PO2 of expired air? What is the physiological basis of this?

-What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen as you ascend Mt. Rainier? What affect does this have on your respiratory system?

-Understand the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin.

-What is P50?

-Is the O2 affinity of hemoglobin the same for every animal? What types of factors could account for these differences?