List the main functions of the kidney.

What type of daily activities alter the homeostasis of the body and require a functioning kidney to restore that homeostasis?

What type of metabolic end products are removed by the kidney? From where did they originate? (How did they get into your body?)

Why is in important for the kidney to maintain a constant volume of water in the body?

Why is it critical to maintain sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride levels in the blood?

List the parts of the nephron and the blood vessels associated with each part.

BOWMAN'S CAPSULE/GLOMERULUS

What is the glomerulus?

Where are each of these parts found in the kidney? (cortex, medulla, pyramid)

Give a brief overview of the major function of each part of the nephron and collecting duct.

What volume of blood goes by the kidney per min? How much of that is filtered into the nephron? How much of that is excreted as urine?

What is the driving force for movement of water and solutes from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule?

What are the components of the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle?

What determines which solutes cross the filtration membrane?

List solutes you would find in the fluid in Bowman's capsule?

What two factors determine the glomerular filtration rate of the kidney?

What factors influence the fraction of the plasma that is filtered?

How do you determine the filtered load of a particular substance--for example glucose?

What can increase GFR? What can decrease it?

What is the consequence to the body of altering GFR?

How does decreasing GFR alter the filtered load of a substance?

How is GFR autoregulated (what is myogenic control and what is tubuloglomerular feedback?)?

Discuss the concept of clearance --

If clearance of a substance is = GFR what does it say about reabsorption or secretion of that substance?

If clearance is < GFR?

If clearnace is > GFR?

Why can inulin be used to determine GFR of a mammal?

PCT

What type of solutes are reabsorbed by the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)?

How are they reabsorbed (the cellular mechanism).

How is the luminal border of the cells of the PCT different from the basolateral border?

How is water reabsorbed?

Discuss the concept of Transport Maximum (Tm) as it relates to reabsorption. Of what significance is it?

How is bicarbonate reabsorbed by the PCT?

LOOP OF HENLE

What anatomical and physiological characteristics of the Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct (CD) allow it to have the ability to concentrate urine?

What is reabsorbed in the thick segment of the ascending loop of Henle? How are these solutes reabsorbed?

What role does the vasa recte play in gradient formation? Why is it called a counter current exchanger?

DCT

What regulates sodium reabsorption in the DCT?

What regulates potassium secretion in the DCT?

What is the role of aldosterone? From where is it secreted? What is stimulus for its release? What is its target cell and how does it alter function of that cell?

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)? What two type of cells are found there? What is function of each group of cells? What stimulus does each respond to

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in regulating the concentration of the urine? What secretes ADH? Under what stimulus? What is the target of ADH and how does it alter cell function?

How is urea handled by the nephron? where can it leave the nephron? which parts of nephron are impermeable to urea?

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How does the bicarbonate in the filtrate get reabsorbed?

What is metabolic acidosis and alkalosis?

what is respiratory acidosis and alkalosis?

How does the body deal with excess hydrogen ions in the plasma?(too little bicarb)

low hydrogen ions (alkalosis) (too much bicarb)

How does acidification of the urine "trap" ammonia in the urine?

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Draw a picture of nephron

note flow rates of filtrate at each segment

where do hormones regulate reabsorption/secretion

where is there active transport of substances

where is there simple facilitated tarnsport

where is there cotransport?

where is there simple diffusion

What is the osmolarity of the fluid in the different regions of the nephron? What accounts for the osmolarity in each part?

Describe how the nephron handles sodium-- Where it can leave the nephron--what are the driving forces for its movement-- where it can not leave the nephron-- any hormones that would regulates its movement --where and how.

Do the same for water and potassium.

How is it that the Na/K pump is so crucial for nephron function?