Compare the composition (water, salts, formed elements, toxins, drugs, hormones, urea) of

blood-----filtrate-----urine.

Why is urine yellow? How does urine that is dark amber differ from urine that looks like water?

• What would the osmolarity of the amber urine be?
• what would its specific gravity be?

What are the main functions of the renal sytem?

Name the hormones the kidney secretes- and function.

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

What is the function of the Ureters? What causes urine to move along the ureter?

What type of muscle is found in the bladder? What controls when this muscle contracs?

What type of muscle tissue is found in the internal? external sphincter of thebladder?

Know the different regions( cortex, medulla, pyramid) of the kidney?

• what part of nephron (What is a nephron?) is found in each section of kidney

Follow a drop of urine from tip of pyramid to outside world.

• Know the functions of each part of the renal system.

What is the volume of blood that goes by the kidney /min

• what is the volume of filtrate in Bowman's capsule/ min (under normal circumstances)
• what is the volume of urine produced by the kidney / min
• when you compare these last two numbers what does that tell you about the function of the nephron.?

What are the three major mechanisms by which the nephron alters the plasma to produce urine?

Write the equation that shows how these 3 mechanisms are related to each other (that is, what determines if something is excreted in the urine?)

What is glomerular filtration?

• What force generates the filtrate?
  • what is the driving force?
  • if this force goes up what happens to the volume of filtrate?
• What determines what substances will cross into Bowman's Capsule?
  • i.e. what is the path? What cells are involved with determining the size of this opening?

What is tubular reabsorption?

• How does a substance like Na or glucose move from the filtrate into the blood?
  • What is the driving force and the path?
• How does water move from filtrate to blood?
  • What is the driving force and the path
• What is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the PCT?
• Where does the reabsorbed substance go?

How much glucose/amino acids- water-sodium is reabsorbed in the PCT?

What determines the Tm (transport maximum) for tubular reabsorption of glucose?

How does this concept explain the fact that diabetics can have glucose in their urine?

Compare the composition of the filtrate as it enters the PCT and leaves the PCT. How is it different, how is it the same and what caused the difference!

What is the function of the Loop of Henle?

What is the osmolarity of body fluids (blood and interstitial fluid)?

What is the osmolarity of fluid in the different parts of the loop of Henle?

What has caused these changes in osmolarity?

Draw a picture showing the salt and urea concentration of interstitial fluid of the pyramids.

What is the function of this salt gradient?
What would be the consequence of decresing this salt gradient?

Compare the composition of the filtrate as it enters the Loop and leaves the Loop. How is it different, how is it the same and what caused the difference!

What is tubular secretion,

• In what parts of the nephron does it take place,
• What substance are secreted?

What regulates reabsorption of sodium in the DCT?

• What determines the amount of water that will leave the DCT?

Compare the composition of the filtrate as it enters the DCTand leaves the DCT. How is it different, how is it the same and what caused the difference!

In which part of the renal tubular system is the urine concentrated?

Compare the composition of the filtrate as it enters the Collecting Duct and leaves the Collecting duct. How is it different, how is it the same and what caused the difference!

Hormones:

What hormones are involved in regulating the concentration of urine?

What regulates the release of ADH? What is the target tissue for ADH? Final effect?

What regulates the release of aldosterone? What is the target tissue for aldosterone?

 ______-

If you produce a urine that is dark amber--which hormone is causing this?

Low blood pressure will cause the release of which hormone? Why? show the flow diagram to explain this.

IF the cells of your kidney failed (only filtration still occured),

• what would be the osmolarity of your urine?
• what substances would you find in your urine that would not be found in a normal healthy person's urine?

Remember:

amount of any substance in urine = amount filtered + amount secreted -amount reabsorbed