The Human Body: an orientation

• What is science?
• Know what the disciplines of anatomy and physiology study.
• Understand the concept of form and function..
• Define homeostasis.
• Why is it critical for your body to maintain homeostasis?
• IF your body can not maintain homeostasis what happens?
• Discuss homeostasis as it relates to body temperature.
• Draw a graph that represents your body temperature over a 24 hr period. during this time you wake up-- take a very warm bus to shool -- go to class --- find yourself outside without a coat (a cold day- 20degrees F)-- go home and go to sleep.

General Model- Flow

• Write an equation that shows how flow (ml/min), gradient, and resistance are related.
• In words, (not equation) tell me what determines the rate of flow of a substance bewteen two places.
  • If flow of a substance between two points increases, what must have happened to
    • the gradient ?
    • the resistance ?
  • The cytoplasm of cell X has a sodium concentration of 15 mM and it has open sodium channels. I place one of these cells in a solution of 150 mM sodium chloride and I place another cell X in a solution of 100 mM sodium.
    • In which direction do the sodium ions move (into or out of the cell)?
    • In which solution (150mM or 100mM) is the rate of sodium movement the highest? WHY?
  • When you turn on the faucet in the sink to brush your teeth, water usually flows out of the faucet. Using the Flow general model, explain how this happens?
• List some processes in the body that can be explained or better understood if you think about the Flow general model.

Cells:The Living Units

• What are the levels of organization of the human body and the significance of each.
• Why do scientists oraganize this information this way?
• What is the cell theory?
• What is the interstitial space? (where is it and what is it composed of?)
• What is the cytoplasm? What is it composed of? What is found in it?
• Name the four basic tissues, the basic function of each and where you would find each in your body.
• DRAW a picture of a cell--and its organelles
• What are the functions of each part of the cell?
  • mitochondrion
    • the inner membrane is folded. What is the advantage to this folding?
  • ribosomes
  • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)-- also known as SR
  • Nucleus
    • What is a chromosome? where is it found?
    • What is DNA--name its parts, shape, function.
    • what is a mutation? what causes it? what does a mutation cause?
    • What is RNA?
  • cytoplasm
    • What do you expect to find in cytoplasm?
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• If you saw a cell with a lot of mitochondria, what do you know about that cell?
• What are enzymes? are they proteins or lipids or carbohydrates?
• What do enzymes do? Where are they found?
• Of what does the plasma membrane of the cell consist? What are the various roles of the proteins found in the membrane?
• write out the equation for aerobic metabolism of glucose
  • if the enzymes involved in this chemical reaction were less effecient what would be the consequence to the animal?
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• How do substances (ions, organic molecules, lipids) move across the cell membrane?
• What is the driving force for movement of substances across a cell membrane?
• How easy is it for each of the following substances to move across the membrane? (Is resistance high or low?) Why?
  • oxygen
  • glucose
  • sodium ion
  • water
  • carbon dioxide
• What determines the rate at which a substance moves across a cell membrane?
• What is the difference between active transport and passive diffusion?
• Define osmosis and understand difference between hypertonic,isotonic and hypotonic solutions.
• What is the osmolarity of a mammalian cell? mammalian blood?
• You have discovered a new oraganism, the osmolarity of its cell are normally 500 mOsm, what would you predict would be the osmalority of its blood?
• A substance when put into solutions dissociates into 3 ions. What is the osmolarity of a 100mM solution of this substance?

Web site that will show you pictures of tissue types