SOCIAL NETWORKS AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES

Sociology 597G Professor Martina Morris

Fall, 1999 614 Oswald

5-4380

morris@pop.psu.edu

1. Origins

Aug 31

Required:

Bott, Elizabeth (1955). Urban Families: Conjugal roles and social networks. Human Relations 8: 345-83.

Coleman, J.S., E. Katz and H. Menzel (1957). The Diffusion of an innovation among physicians. Sociometry 20: 253-70.

Borgatti, S and M Everett (1992). Notions of position in network analysis. Soc Meth 22: 1-36.

Supplemental:

Moreno, J.L. (1953). Who Shall Survive? (orig. 1934). .

Bavelas, A (1948). A mathematical model for group structure. Human Org 7: 16-30.

Barnes, J.A. (1954). Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish. Human Relations 7: 39-58.

Nadel, S.F. (1956). The Theory of Social Structure. ch II & IV.

Harary, Frank (1959). Graph theoretic methods in the management sciences. Manag Sci 5: 387-403.

2. Theory: Emergent Structural Properties of Dyadic Interaction

Exchange and Social Structure

Sep 14

Required:

Howell, Nancy (1988). Understanding simple social structure: kinship units and ties. Social structures: A network approach 62-82.

Levi-Strauss, Claude (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship (orig. 1949). .

White, Harrison C. (1963). An Anatomy of Kinship. .

Supplemental:

Nadel (1956). The Theory of Social Structure. ch. I.

Woolford, Ellen (1984). Universals and rule options in kinship terminology: a synthesis of three formal approaches. American Ethnologist 11: 771-20.

Johnson, Jeffrey C. (1994). Anthropological contributions to the study of social networks: a review. Advances in Social Network Analysis 113-51.

Generalized Exchange

Sep 21

Required:

Yamagishi, Toshio and Karen Cook (1993). Generalized exchange and social dilemmas. Soc Psych Quarterly 56: 235-48.

Bearman, Peter S. (1996). Generalized Exchange. Amer J Soc (to appear): .

Mitchell, J. Clyde (1973). Networks, norms and institutions. Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction 15-35.

Ekeh, Peter P (1974). Social Exchange Theory: The two traditions. .

Agency and Structure

Sep 28

Required:

Chase, Ivan D (1982). Dynamics of hierarchy formation: the sequential development of dominance relationships. Behaviour 80: 218-40.

Padgett, John F. and Christopher K. Ansell (1993). Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434. AJS 98: 1259.

Burt, Ronald S (1992). Structural holes, the social structure of competition. .

Breiger, Ronald and Phillipa Pattison (1986). Cumulated social roles: the duality of persons and their algebras. Soc Net 8: 215-56.

Supplemental:

Emirbayer, Mustafa and Jeff Goodwin (1994). Network analysis, culture and the problem of agency. Amer J Soc 99: 1411-54.

Macey, Michael W. and Andreas Flache (1995). Beyond rationality in models of choice. Ann Rev Soc 21: 73-91.

Modern Network Analysis

Oct 5

Required:

Grannovetter, M. (1979). The theory gap in social network analysis. Perspectives in Social Network Analysis .

Marsden, Peter V (1990). Network Data and Measurement. Ann Rev Soc 16: 435-63.

Wasserman, S. and K. Faust (1993). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. ch 3 & 4.

Supplemental:

Hummon, Norm and Kathleen Carley (1993). Social networks as normal science. Soc Net 15: 1-18.

Wellman, Barry (1988). Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance. Social structures: A network approach 19-61.

Fall Break October 12

3. Methods

Local Networks: Data and Methods

Oct 19, 26

Required:

October 19

Burt, R. S. (1984). Network Items and the General Social Survey. Soc. Net. 6: 293-339.

Fischer, C.S. (1982). To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. ch 1 & Appendix A.

Pattison, Phillipa (1993). Algebraic Models for Social Networks. Structural analysis in the social sciences ch. 2.

October 26

Morris, Martina (1993). Epidemiology and Social Networks: Modeling Structured Diffusion. Soc. Meth. Res. 22: 99-126.

Burt, Ronald S. and Michael J. Minor (1983). Applied Network Analysis. ch 9, 10, 11.

Supplemental

Laumann, Edward O. (1973). Friends of urban men: accuracy of description, mutual choice and attitude agreement. Bonds of Pluralism: The Form and Substance of Urban Social Networks 27-32.

Bernard, H Russell, Eugene C Johnsen et al. (1990). Comparing four different methods for measuring personal social networks. Soc Net 12: 179-216.

Campbell, Karen E and Barrett A Lee (1991). Name generators in surveys of personal networks. Soc Net 13: 203-22.

Bien, W., J. Marbach and F Neyer (1991). Using egocentered networks in survey research. A methodological preview on an applicationof social network analysis in the area of family research. Soc Net 13: 75-90.

Marsden, Peter V. (1981). Models and methods for characterizing the structural parameters of groups. Social Networks 3: 1-27.

Marsden, Peter V (1993). The reliability of network density and composition measures. Soc Net 15: 399-422.

Complete Network: Data and Methods

Nov 2, 9

Required:

November 2

Laumann, E.O. and D. Knoke (1987). The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains. 3-42 (ch 1); 94-108 (ch3).

Add health website

Wasserman and Faust (1993). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. ., chapters 5-10

November 9

Wasserman Pstar primer (at http://kentucky.psych.uiuc.edu/pstar/index.html)

Frank, O. and D. Strauss (1986). Markov Graphs. JASA 81: 832-842.

UCINET manual

Supplemental:

Burt and Minor (1983). Applied Network Analysis. ch 13.

Irwin, Michael D and John D Kasarda (1991). Air passenger linkages and employment growth in US metropolitan areas. Amer Soc Rev 56: 524-37.

Irwin, Michael D and Holly Hughes (1992). Centrality and the structure of urban interaction: Measures, concepts and applications. Social Forces 71: 17-51.

Faust, K and S Wasserman (1992). Centrality and prestige: a review and synthesis. J Quant Anth 4: 23-78.

Pattison (1993). Algebraic Models for Social Networks. Structural analysis in the social sciences ch. 1.

Hughes, Holly L (1993). Metropolitan structure and the suburban hierarchy. Amer Soc Rev 58: 417-33.

Bearman, Peter S. and James Moody (1996). Shaping School Climate: School context, adolescent social networks, and attachement to school. unpublished manuscript .

Sampling Issues:

Nov 16

Required:

Wasserman and Faust (1993). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. ch 2.

Thompson, Steven K and George A.F. Seber (1996). Adaptive sampling. Wiley series in probability and statistics .

Supplemental:

Grannovetter, M. (1976). Network sampling: some first steps. AJS 81: 1287-1303.

Morgan, kD.L. and S. Rytina (1977). Comment on 'Network Sampling'. AJS 83: 722-7.

Frank, Ove (1978). Sampling and estimation in large social networks. Soc Net 1: 91-101.

Erickson, Bonnie (1979). Some problems of inference from chain data. Soc Methodology 276-302.

Applications

11/23, 30

Infectious Diseases

Required:

Klovdahl, Alden S. (1985). Social networks and the spread of infectious diseases The AIDS example. Soc. Sci. and Med. 21(11): 1203-1216.

Morris, M (1997). Sexual Networks and HIV. AIDS 11: S209-S216.

Morris (1993). Epidemiology and Social Networks: Modeling Structured Diffusion. Soc. Meth. Res. 22: 99-126.

[Morris, 1997 #121]

Supplemental:

Sattenspiel, Lisa (1987). Population structure and the spread of disease. Human Biology 59: 411-438.

Hyman, JM and EA Stanley (1988). Using Mathematical Models to Understand the AIDS Epidemic. Math. Biosc. 90: 415-473.

Gupta, S and RM Anderson (1989). Networks of sexual contacts: implications for the pattern of spread of HIV. AIDS 3: 807-817.

Laumann, E.O., J.H. Gagnon et al. (1989). Monitoring the AIDS epidemic in the United States: a network approach. Science 244: 1186-1189.

Orubuloye, I.O., J.C. Caldwell and P. Caldwell (1991). Sexual networking in the Ekiti district of Nigeria. Stud Fam Plan 22: 61-73.

Haraldsdottir, S, S Gupta and RM Anderson (1992). Preliminary Studies of Sexual Networks in a Male Homosexual Community in Iceland. J.AIDS 5: 374-381.

Havanon, N, A Bennett and J Knodel (1993). Sexual networking in provincial Thailand. Stud Fam Plann 24: 1-17.

Morris, Martina (1995). Data driven network models for the spread of infectious disease. Epidemic Models: Their Structure and Relation to Data 302-322.

Klovdahl, A. S., J. J. Potterat et al. (1994). Social networks and infectious disease: the Colorado Springs Study. Social Science & Medicine 38: 79-88.

Sattenspiel, L (1994). How does a disease get from here to there? The geographic spread of AIDS and other diseases. Modeling the AIDS Epidemic chapter 26.

Woodhouse, D. E., R. B. Rothenberg et al. (1994). Mapping a social network of heterosexuals at high risk for HIV infection. Aids 8: 1331-6.

Morris, M, C Podhisita, M Wawer and M Handcock (1996). Bridge populations in the spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand. AIDS 11: 1265-71.

Labor Force Dynamics

Required:

Grannovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360-1380.

White, Harrison C. (1970). The Logic of Opportunity. Chains of Opportunity: System Models of Mobility in Organizations 1-22 ch. 1.

Supplemental:

Granovetter, M. (1995 (1974)). Getting A Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. .

Brieger, R.L. (1976). Career attributes and network structure: a blockmodel study of a biomedical research specialty. ASR 41: 117-35.

Smith, Sandra (1993). Master's Thesis. Sociology .

Smith, Sandra (1995). PhD Thesis Proposal. Sociology .

Breiger, Ronald L. (1995). Social structure and the phenomenology of attainment. Ann Rev Soc 21: 115-36.

Social Capital

Required:

Coleman, James S (1988). Social Capital in teh Creationof Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology 94: s95-s120.

Putnam, Robert D (1995). Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy 6: 65-78.

Jacobs, Jane (1961). The uses of city neighborhoods. The Death and Life of Great American Cities 112-140.

Lin, Nan (1999). Building a network theory of social capital. Connections 22: 28-51.

Borgatti, Stephen P, Candace Jones and Martin G. Everett (1998). Network Measures of Social Capital. Connections 21: 27-36.

Paxton, Pam (1999). Is social capital declining in the United States? A multiple indicator assessment. American Journal of Sociology 105: 88-127.

Other application area readings:

Contraception and Family Planning

Required:

Rogers, Everett (1979). Diffusion of Innovations. Perspectives in Social Network Analysis 137-64.

Watkins, Susan Cotts (1990). From Local to National Communities: The Transformation of Demographic Regimes in Western Europe, 1870-1960. Population and development review 16: 241.

Entwisle, Barbara (1996). Community and contraceptive choice in rural Thailand: A case study of nang rong. Demography 33: .

Supplemental:

Palmore, Jame A, Paul M Hirsch and Ariffin B Marzuki (1971). Interpersonal communication and the diffusion of family planning in West Malaysia. Demography 8: 411-25.

Axinn, WG (1992). Family Organization and fertility limitation in Nepal. Demography 29: 503-21.

Watkins, Susan Cotts and Angela D. Danzi (1995). Women's Gossip and Social Change: Childbirth and Fertility Control among Italian and Jewish Women in the United States, 1920-1940. Gender & society 9: 469.

selections from PAA session

Migration

Required:

Jasso, Guillermina and Mark Rosenzweig (1986). Family reunification and the immigration multiplier: US Immigration law, origin-country conditions, and the reproduction of immigrants. Demography 23: 291-311.

Massey, Douglas (1990). The Social and economic origins of immigration. Annals AAPSS 510: 60-72.

Supplemental:

Harries-Jones, P (1973). Home-boy ties and political organization in a copperbelt township. Social Networks in Urban Situations 297-341.

MacDonald, John S and Leatrice D MacDonald (1974). Chain migration, ethnic neighborhood formation, and social networks. An Urban World .

Massey, Douglas (1987). The Social process of international migration. Science 237: 733-38.

Boyd, Monica (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and new agendas. Int Migr Review 23: 638-670.

Jasso, Guillermina and Mark Rosenzweig (1990). The New Chosen People. .

Liu, John M (1991). Dual chain migration: post 1965 Filipino Immigration to the United States. Int Migr Review 25: 487.

Nogle, June Marie (1994). The systems approach to international migration: an application of network analysis methods. International Migration Review 32: 329.

Podhisita, Chai, Anthony Pramualratana et al. (1993). Sociocultural context of commercial sex workers in Thailand: an analysis of their family, employer and client relations. .

Historical Demography and Social Change

Required:

Gould, Roger V (1993). Collective action and network structures. Amer Soc Rev 58: 182-96.

Bearman's manuscript

Supplemental:

Jongmans, PG (1973). Politics on the village level. Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction 168-217.

Laumann, Edward O. (1973). Bonds of Pluralism: The Form and Substance of Urban Social Networks. .

Bearman, Peter S. (1991). Desertion As Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War. Social Forces 70: 321.

Gould, Roger V (1991). Multiple networks and mobilization in the paris commune, 1871. Amer Soc Rev 56: 716-29.

Bearman, Peter S. and Kevin D. Everett (1993). The structure of social protest, 1961-1983. Soc Net 15: 171.

Organizations

Nohria, Nitin and Robert G Eccles (1992). Networks and organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. , Selections.

Complete Bibliography for Social Networks (SOC 597G)

Axinn, W. (1992). “Family Organization and fertility limitation in Nepal.” Demography 29: 503-21.

Barnes, J. A. (1954). “Class and committees in a Norwegian island parish.” Human Relations 7: 39-58.

Bavelas, A. (1948). “A mathematical model for group structure.” Human Org 7: 16-30.

Bearman, P. S. (1991). “Desertion As Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War.” Social Forces 70: 321.

Bearman, P. S. (1996). “Generalized Exchange.” Amer J Soc (to appear).

Bearman, P. S. and K. D. Everett (1993). “The structure of social protest, 1961-1983.” Soc Net 15: 171.

Bearman, P. S. and J. Moody (1996). “Shaping School Climate: School context, adolescent social networks, and attachement to school.” unpublished manuscript.

Bernard, H. R., E. C. Johnsen, et al. (1990). “Comparing four different methods for measuring personal social networks.” Soc Net 12(3): 179-216.

Bien, W., J. Marbach, et al. (1991). “Using egocentered networks in survey research. A methodological preview on an applicationof social network analysis in the area of family research.” Soc Net 13(1): 75-90.

Borgatti, S. and M. Everett (1992). “Notions of position in network analysis.” Soc Meth 22: 1-36.

Borgatti, S. P., C. Jones, et al. (1998). “Network Measures of Social Capital.” Connections 21(2): 27-36.

Bott, E. (1955). “Urban Families: Conjugal roles and social networks.” Human Relations 8: 345-83.

Boyd, M. (1989). “Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and new agendas.” Int Migr Review 23(3): 638-670.

Breiger, R. and P. Pattison (1986). “Cumulated social roles: the duality of persons and their algebras.” Soc Net 8: 215-56.

Breiger, R. L. (1995). “Social structure and the phenomenology of attainment.” Ann Rev Soc 21: 115-36.

Brieger, R. L. (1976). “Career attributes and network structure: a blockmodel study of a biomedical research specialty.” ASR 41: 117-35.

Burt, R. S. (1984). “Network Items and the General Social Survey.” Soc. Net. 6: 293-339.

Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes, the social structure of competition. Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press,.

Burt, R. S. and M. J. Minor (1983). Applied Network Analysis. Beverly Hills, Sage.

Campbell, K. E. and B. A. Lee (1991). “Name generators in surveys of personal networks.” Soc Net 13(3): 203-22.

Chase, I. D. (1982). “Dynamics of hierarchy formation: the sequential development of dominance relationships.” Behaviour 80: 218-40.

Coleman, J. S. (1988). “Social Capital in teh Creationof Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94(supp): s95-s120.

Coleman, J. S., E. Katz, et al. (1957). “The Diffusion of an innovation among physicians.” Sociometry 20: 253-70.

Ekeh, P. P. (1974). Social Exchange Theory: The two traditions. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

Emirbayer, M. and J. Goodwin (1994). “Network analysis, culture and the problem of agency.” Amer J Soc 99(6): 1411-54.

Entwisle, B. (1996). “Community and contraceptive choice in rural Thailand: A case study of nang rong.” Demography 33(1).

Erickson, B. (1979). Some problems of inference from chain data. Soc Methodology. K. F. Schuessler. San Francisco, Jossey Bass: 276-302.

Faust, K. and S. Wasserman (1992). “Centrality and prestige: a review and synthesis.” J Quant Anth 4: 23-78.

Fischer, C. S. (1982). To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Frank, O. (1978). “Sampling and estimation in large social networks.” Soc Net 1: 91-101.

Frank, O. and D. Strauss (1986). “Markov Graphs.” JASA 81: 832-842.

Gould, R. V. (1991). “Multiple networks and mobilization in the paris commune, 1871.” Amer Soc Rev 56(6): 716-29.

Gould, R. V. (1993). “Collective action and network structures.” Amer Soc Rev 58(2): 182-96.

Grannovetter, M. (1973). “The strength of weak ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360-1380.

Grannovetter, M. (1976). “Network sampling: some first steps.” AJS 81: 1287-1303.

Grannovetter, M. (1979). The theory gap in social network analysis. Perspectives in Social Network Analysis. P. Holland and S. Leinhardt. New York, Academic.

Granovetter, M. (1995 (1974)). Getting A Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

Gupta, S. and R. Anderson (1989). “Networks of sexual contacts: implications for the pattern of spread of HIV.” AIDS 3: 807-817.

Haraldsdottir, S., S. Gupta, et al. (1992). “Preliminary Studies of Sexual Networks in a Male Homosexual Community in Iceland.” J.AIDS 5(4): 374-381.

Harary, F. (1959). “Graph theoretic methods in the management sciences.” Manag Sci 5: 387-403.

Harries-Jones, P. (1973). Home-boy ties and political organization in a copperbelt township. Social Networks in Urban Situations. J. C. Mitchell. Manchester, Manchester University Press: 297-341.

Havanon, N., A. Bennett, et al. (1993). “Sexual networking in provincial Thailand.” Stud Fam Plann 24(1): 1-17.

Thailand is currently experiencing a major HIV epidemic, spread primarily through heterosexual contact. Patronage of prostitutes is relatively common. In-depth, open-ended interviews were conducted in a Central Thai province with a purposive sample of 181 urban men who had had sexual relations with at least two different women during the prior year. Additional qualitative information is provided by interviews with 50 women. The most common network pattern for men was a combination of commercial and noncommercial sexual relationships. Men reported that they commonly used condoms when they engaged in sex with prostitutes, but condom use was lowest for men who were the most frequent patrons. In noncommercial, nonmarital relationships, men screen partners for risk rather than practice safe sex, and condom use is generally low. Persons involved in noncommercial sexual networks are largely unaware that their partner may link them to a larger network of sexual contacts and associated risks of HIV infection. Men who have both commercial and noncommercial sexual partners can be found throughout the social strata. A program that focuses only on the closed commercial sex network will address only partially the real risk situations.

Howell, N. (1988). Understanding simple social structure: kinship units and ties. Social structures: A network approach. B. Wellman and S. Berkowitz. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 62-82.

Hughes, H. L. (1993). “Metropolitan structure and the suburban hierarchy.” Amer Soc Rev 58: 417-33.

Hummon, N. and K. Carley (1993). “Social networks as normal science.” Soc Net 15(1): 1-18.

Hyman, J. and E. Stanley (1988). “Using Mathematical Models to Understand the AIDS Epidemic.” Math. Biosc. 90: 415-473.

The most urgent public-health problem today is to devise effective strategies to minimize the destruction caused by the AIDS epidemic. This complex problem will involve medical advances and new public-health and education initiatives. Mathematical models based on the underlying transmission mechanisms of the AIDS virus can help the medical/scientific community understand and anticipate its spread in different populations and evaluate the potential effectiveness of different approaches for bringing the epidemic under control. Before we can use models to predict the future, we must carefully test them against the past spread of the infection and for sensitivity to parameter changes. The long and extremely variable incubation period and the low probability of transmitting the AIDS virus in a single contact imply that population structure and variations in infectivity both play an important role in its spread. The population structure is caused by differences between people in numbers of sexual partners and the use of intraveneous drugs and because of the way in which people mix among age, ethnic and social groups. We use a simplified approach to investigate the effects of variation in incubation periods and infectivity specific to the AIDS virus, and we compare a model of random partner choices with a model in which partners both come from similar behavior groups.

Irwin, M. D. and H. Hughes (1992). “Centrality and the structure of urban interaction: Measures, concepts and applications.” Social Forces 71: 17-51.

Irwin, M. D. and J. D. Kasarda (1991). “Air passenger linkages and employment growth in US metropolitan areas.” Amer Soc Rev 56: 524-37.

Jacobs, J. (1961). The uses of city neighborhoods. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, Vintage: 112-140.

Jasso, G. and M. Rosenzweig (1986). “Family reunification and the immigration multiplier: US Immigration law, origin-country conditions, and the reproduction of immigrants.” Demography 23(3): 291-311.

Jasso, G. and M. Rosenzweig (1990). The New Chosen People. New York, Russell Sage.

Johnson, J. C. (1994). Anthropological contributions to the study of social networks: a review. Advances in Social Network Analysis. S. Wasserman and J. Galaskiewicz. Thousand Oaks, Sage: 113-51.

Jongmans, P. (1973). Politics on the village level. Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction. J. Boissevain and J. C. Mitchell. The Hague, Mouton: 168-217.

Klovdahl, A. S. (1985). “Social networks and the spread of infectious diseases The AIDS example.” Soc. Sci. and Med. 21(11): 1203-1216.

Klovdahl, A. S., J. J. Potterat, et al. (1994). “Social networks and infectious disease: the Colorado Springs Study.” Social Science & Medicine 38(1): 79-88.

The social network paradigm provides a set of concepts and methods useful for studying the structure of a population through which infectious agents transmitted during close personal contact spread, and an opportunity to develop improved disease control programs. The research discussed was a first attempt to use a social network approach to better understand factors affecting the transmission of a variety of pathogens, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), in a population of prostitutes, injecting drug users (IDU) and their personal associates in a moderate-sized city (Colorado Springs, CO). Some of the challenges of studying large social networks in epidemiological research are described, some initial results reported and a new view of interconnections in an at risk population provided. Overall, for the first time in epidemiologic research a large number of individuals (over 600) were found connected to each other, directly or indirectly, using a network design. The average distance (along observed social relationships) between persons infected with HIV and susceptible persons was about three steps (3.1) in the core network region. All susceptibles in the core were within seven steps of HIV infection.

Laumann, E. O. (1973). Bonds of Pluralism: The Form and Substance of Urban Social Networks. New York, Wiley.

Laumann, E. O. (1973). Friends of urban men: accuracy of description, mutual choice and attitude agreement. Bonds of Pluralism: The Form and Substance of Urban Social Networks. New York, Wiley: 27-32.

Laumann, E. O., J. H. Gagnon, et al. (1989). “Monitoring the AIDS epidemic in the United States: a network approach.” Science 244: 1186-1189.

Laumann, E. O. and D. Knoke (1987). The Organizational State: Social Choice in National Policy Domains. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.

Levi-Strauss, C. (1969). The Elementary Structures of Kinship (orig. 1949). Boston, Beacon Press.

Lin, N. (1999). “Building a network theory of social capital.” Connections 22(1): 28-51.

Liu, J. M. (1991). “Dual chain migration: post 1965 Filipino Immigration to the United States.” Int Migr Review 25(3): 487.

MacDonald, J. S. and L. D. MacDonald (1974). Chain migration, ethnic neighborhood formation, and social networks. An Urban World. C. Tilly. Boston, Little, Brown.

Macey, M. W. and A. Flache (1995). “Beyond rationality in models of choice.” Ann Rev Soc 21: 73-91.

Marsden, P. V. (1981). “Models and methods for characterizing the structural parameters of groups.” Social Networks 3: 1-27.

Marsden, P. V. (1990). “Network Data and Measurement.” Ann Rev Soc 16: 435-63.

Marsden, P. V. (1993). “The reliability of network density and composition measures.” Soc Net 15(4): 399-422.

Massey, D. (1987). “The Social process of international migration.” Science 237: 733-38.

Massey, D. (1990). “The Social and economic origins of immigration.” Annals AAPSS 510: 60-72.

Mitchell, J. C. (1973). Networks, norms and institutions. Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction. J. Boissevain and J. C. Mitchell. The Hague, Mouton: 15-35.

Moreno, J. L. (1953). Who Shall Survive? (orig. 1934). New York, Beacon.

Morgan, k. L. and S. Rytina (1977). “Comment on 'Network Sampling'.” AJS 83: 722-7.

Morris, M. (1993). “Epidemiology and Social Networks: Modeling Structured Diffusion.” Soc. Meth. Res. 22(1): 99-126.

Morris, M. (1995). Data driven network models for the spread of infectious disease. Epidemic Models: Their Structure and Relation to Data. D. Mollison. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 302-322.

Morris, M. (1997). “Sexual Networks and HIV.” AIDS 11(suppl A): S209-S216.

Morris, M., C. Podhisita, et al. (1996). “Bridge populations in the spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand.” AIDS 11: 1265-71.

Nadel, S. F. (1956). The Theory of Social Structure. Carleton, Melbourne University Press.

Nogle, J. M. (1994). “The systems approach to international migration: an application of network analysis methods.” International Migration Review 32(2): 329.

Nohria, N. and R. G. Eccles, Eds. (1992). Networks and organizations: Structure, Form, and Action. Boston, Harvard University Press.

Orubuloye, I. O., J. C. Caldwell, et al. (1991). “Sexual networking in the Ekiti district of Nigeria.” Stud Fam Plan 22: 61-73.

Padgett, J. F. and C. K. Ansell (1993). “Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434.” AJS 98: 1259.

Palmore, J. A., P. M. Hirsch, et al. (1971). “Interpersonal communication and the diffusion of family planning in West Malaysia.” Demography 8: 411-25.

Pattison, P. (1993). Algebraic Models for Social Networks. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Paxton, P. (1999). “Is social capital declining in the United States? A multiple indicator assessment.” American Journal of Sociology 105(1): 88-127.

Podhisita, C., A. Pramualratana, et al. (1993). Sociocultural context of commercial sex workers in Thailand: an analysis of their family, employer and client relations, IUSSP.

Putnam, R. D. (1995). “Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital.” Journal of Democracy 6(1): 65-78.

Rogers, E. (1979). Diffusion of Innovations. Perspectives in Social Network Analysis. P. Holland and S. Leinhardt. New York, Academic: 137-64.

Sattenspiel, L. (1987). “Population structure and the spread of disease.” Human Biology 59(3): 411-438.

Sattenspiel, L. (1994). How does a disease get from here to there? The geographic spread of AIDS and other diseases. Modeling the AIDS Epidemic. E. H. Kaplan and M. Brandeau, Raven Press: chapter 26.

Smith, S. (1993). Master's Thesis. Sociology. Chicago, University of Chicago.

Smith, S. (1995). PhD Thesis Proposal. Sociology. Chicago, University of Chicago.

Thompson, S. K. and G. A. F. Seber (1996). Adaptive sampling. New York, Wiley.

Wasserman, S. and K. Faust (1993). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Watkins, S. C. (1990). “From Local to National Communities: The Transformation of Demographic Regimes in Western Europe, 1870-1960.” Population and development review 16: 241.

Watkins, S. C. and A. D. Danzi (1995). “Women's Gossip and Social Change: Childbirth and Fertility Control among Italian and Jewish Women in the United States, 1920-1940.” Gender & society 9: 469.

Wellman, B. (1988). Structural Analysis: from method and metaphor to theory and substance. Social structures: A network approach. B. Wellman and S. Berkowitz. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 19-61.

White, H. C. (1963). An Anatomy of Kinship. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.

White, H. C. (1970). The Logic of Opportunity. Chains of Opportunity: System Models of Mobility in Organizations. Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 1-22.

Woodhouse, D. E., R. B. Rothenberg, et al. (1994). “Mapping a social network of heterosexuals at high risk for HIV infection.” Aids 8(9): 1331-6.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how heterosexuals at risk for HIV infection interconnect in social networks and how such relationships affect HIV transmission. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with face-to-face interviews to ascertain sociosexual connections; serologic testing. PARTICIPANTS: Prostitute women (n = 133), their paying (n = 129) and non-paying (n = 47) male partners; injecting drug users (n = 200) and their sex partners (n = 41). Participants were recruited in sexually transmitted disease and methadone clinics, an HIV-testing site, and through street outreach in Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported behaviors, risk perceptions, sociosexual linkages, and HIV prevalence. RESULTS: Respondents were well informed, but reported engaging in high-risk behaviors frequently. Nevertheless, over 70% of respondents perceived themselves to be at low risk for HIV infection. The 595 respondents identified a social network of 5162 people to which they belonged. Network analytic methods indicated 147 separate connected components of this network; eight of the 19 HIV-positive individuals in the network were located in smaller components remote from the largest connected component. CONCLUSION: The isolated position of HIV-positive individuals may serve as a barrier to HIV transmission and may account for the lack of diffusion of HIV in heterosexual populations in this region. Network analysis appears useful for understanding the dynamics of disease transmission and warrants further development as a tool for intervention and control.

Woolford, E. (1984). “Universals and rule options in kinship terminology: a synthesis of three formal approaches.” American Ethnologist 11(4): 771-20.

Yamagishi, T. and K. Cook (1993). “Generalized exchange and social dilemmas.” Soc Psych Quarterly 56(4): 235-48.