| Long Cycles | World Powers | Date | K-Waves | Global leading sectors |
| LC1 | Northern Sung | 930 | K1 | Printing and paper |
| 990 | K2 | National market | ||
| LC2 | Southern Sung | 1060 | K3 | Fiscal framework |
| 1120 | K4 | Maritime trade expansion | ||
| LC3 | (Genoa) | 1190 | K5 | Champagne Fairs |
| 1250 | K6 | Black Sea trade | ||
| LC4 | (Venice) | 1300 | K7 | Galley fleets |
| 1350 | K8 | Pepper | ||
| LC5 | Portugal | 1420 | K9 | Guinea gold |
| 1492 | K10 | Spices | ||
| LC6 | Dutch Republic | 1540 | K11 | Baltic trade |
| 1580 | K12 | Asian trade | ||
| LC7 | Britain I | 1640 | K13 | American plantations |
| 1680 | K14 | Amerasian trade | ||
| LC8 | Britain II | 1740 | K15 | Cotton, iron |
| 1792 | K16 | Railroads | ||
| LC9 | USA | 1850 | K17 | Electric power, steel |
| 1914 | K18 | Electronics, motor vehicles | ||
| LC10 | 1973 | K19 | Information industries | |
| 2026 | K20 |