Syllabus

27sept06

AH290. History of Architecture

Fall 2006

5 credits

MWF 10:30-11:50, room 3, Art Building

Instructor: Meredith L. Clausen (mlc@u.washington.edu)

Web sites:

Course website: http://faculty.washington.edu/mlc/index290.shtml

Cities/Buildings Database. http://content.lib.washington.edu/cities/index.html

Office hours:

Clausen: Wednesday, 2-5 pm, 222 Art Building

Office tel: 616-6751

Writing assistance, Media Center, rm 10, basement, Art Bldg

Contact Raj Bhat penseur@u.washington.edu for hours/appt

Prerequisites: none

Disabled Student Services: If you would like to request academic accommodations due to a disability, please contact Disabled Student Services, 448 Schmitz, 543-8924 (V/TDD). If you have a letter from Disabled Student Services indicating you have a disability that requires academic accommodates, please present the letter to the instructor to discuss the accommodations you might need for class.

Course Description: An introductory history of cities and buildings throughout the world, from earliest times to the present. There are no slide identifications, as the emphasis is on developing analytic skills rather than memorizing names and dates.

Course Objectives: To provide an understanding of differing building traditions across time and in diverse cultures, both Western and non-Western. Students will also learn the basics of structure, as well as acquire an understanding of what goes into the design of buildings, the purpose of architecture, its meaning and expressive power.

Course Requirements: Weekly lectures and discussion, of which attendance and participation is expected. There also may be changes in the syllabus, so best to keep abreast. There will be two midterms and a final, each of which is worth 25% of the final grade. Although these will emphasize material covered since the previous exam, they will draw on understanding and skills acquired throughout the quarter. The remaining 25% of the final grade will be based on two short (5-7 pgs) papers analyzing several local buildings: Padelford and the Faculty Club on the University of Washington campus and the St. Ignatius Chapel, Seattle University campus on Capital Hill.

Common Classroom Rules of Thumb: no talking in class and turn all cell phones off, as they are disruptive. Please come on time and don’t leave early; if for whatever reason you find you have to leave, sit in the back near the exit so you don’t interrupt the class. No late papers will be accepted without a signed medical excuse.

Web Site: Many (though not all) of the slides used in class are accessible on the Web, in the Cities/Buildings Database, an online digital image database created in 1996 here at the University of Washington: http://content.lib.washington.edu/cities/index.html

There are also other image-based websites that one can check.

Texts:

Moffett, Fazio, Wodehouse, Buildings Across Time. An Introduction to World Architecture, 2004.

Kostof, The Architect. Chapters in the History of the Profession, Oxford, 1977.

Salvadori, Why Buildings Stand Up, W.W. Norton, 1980.

Required reading is expected of all students taking the class. Recommended reading is for those seeking a fuller understanding of the subject. Optional reading cited in the bibliography is for students wishing to pursue specific topics on their own. All books are on reserve in the Architecture Library, Gould Hall.

CLASS TOPICS AND SCHEDULE

Sept. 27 – Introduction

Sept. 29 – Basic premises

REQUIRED READING:

Kostof, Spiro. Introduction, A History of Architecture, 2-13

Moffett, Fazio, Wodehouse, Buildings Across Time, Introduction, 1-7

Oct. 2 – Basic principles of structure

REQUIRED READING:

Salvadori, "Structures," Why Buildings Stand Up, 17-26

Oct. 4 - Beginnings: Prehistoric Settlements and the Rise of Cities

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 1, 8-22

Oct. 6 - Egypt

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 22-37

RECOMMENDED:

Salvadori, "The Pyramids," Why Buildings Stand Up, 27-42

Kostof, "The Practice of Architecture in the Ancient World," The Architect, 3-27

Oct. 9 – Greece

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 2, 38-57

RECOMMENDED:

Salvadori, "Loads," "Materials," "Beams and Columns," Why Buildings Stand Up, 43-90

Oct. 11 - The Hellenistic Realm

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 57-65

Oct. 13 – The architecture of China. (Guest lecturer: Lenore Hietkamp, Ph.D. candidate, Arch Hist)

First paper due (see assignment below)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 4, 86-99

Steinhardt (ed), Chinese Architecture, 2002 Introduction, pp. 1-9 plus plates (rest of text recommended for

those who are especially interested;) on reserve, Arch. Library

Oct. 16 - The architecture of Japan. (Guest lecturer: Prof Ken Oshima, Dept of Arch)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 99-110

RECOMMENDED:

Nishi and Hozumi, What is Japanese Architecture?

Oct. 18 - Ancient India and Southeast Asia. ( Guest lecturer: Prof. Vikram Prakash, Chair, Dept of Arch)

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 3, 66-85

Cooper, Ilay and Barry Dawson, Traditional Buildings of India, 1998, Introduction, 8-20, plus plates; on

reserve, Arch Library

Oct. 20 - The Roman World

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 5, 110-139

RECOMMENDED:

MacDonald, "Roman Architects," in Kostof, The Architect, 28-58

Salvadori, "Domes," Why Buildings Stand Up, 225-245

Oct. 23 - Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 6, 140-163

Salvadori, "Hagia Sophia," Why Buildings Stand Up, 246-258

Oct. 25 - Islamic Architecture. (Guest lecturer: Prof. Henry Mathews

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 7, 164-189

Oct. 27 - First Midterm

REQUIRED: BLUE BOOK AND PEN

Oct. 30 - Early Middle Ages

REQUIRED READING:

Building Across Time, Chapter 8, 190-202

Nov. 1 - Romanesque Architecture

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 202-227

RECOMMENDED:

Kostof, "The Architect in the Middle Ages, East and West," The Architect, 59-95

Nov. 3 – Gothic Architecture

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 9, 228-273

RECOMMENDED:

Salvadori, "The Unfinished Cathedral," Why Buildings Stand Up, 206-224

Nov. 6 – Indigenous Architecture in the Pre-Columbus Americas

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 10, 274-293

Nov. 8 - Renaissance Architecture

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 11, 294-322

Ettlinger, Leopold. "The Emergence of the Italian Architect during the 15^th c.," Kostof, The Architect, 96-123

Nov. 10 – HOLIDAY

Nov. 13 - Renaissance Architecture (con't)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 322-351

Wilkinson, Catherine. "The New Professionalism in the Renaissance," Kostof, The Architect, 124-160

Nov. 15 - Baroque Architecture

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 12, 352-395

Nov. 17 - Second Midterm

REQUIRED: BLUE BOOK AND PEN

Nov. 20 - The Eighteenth Century

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 13, 396-417

RECOMMENDED:

Rosenfeld, Myra Nan. "The Royal Building Administration in France from Charles V to Louis XIV," Kostof,

The Architect, 161-179

Nov. 22 – NO CLASS. Field Assignment: St. Ignatius Chapel, Seattle University campus (see 2^nd paper assignment,

below)

Nov. 24 - HOLIDAY

Nov. 27 - Nineteenth Century Developments

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 14, 418-432

RECOMMENDED:

Clausen, "Department Stores," Encyclopedia of Architecture, Design, Engineering & Construction, v. II,

204-222 (reference book, Architecture Library)

Wilton-Ely, John. "The Rise of the Professional Architect in England," Kostof, The Architect, 180-208

Salvadori, "Skyscrapers," Why Buildings Stand Up, 107- 125

Nov. 29 - Nineteeth Century Developments (con't)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 432-473

RECOMMENDED:

Draper, Joan. "The Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Architectural Profession in the United States: The Case of

John Galen Howard," Kostof, The Architect, 209-239 )

Salvadori, "Skyscrapers," Why Buildings Stand Up, 107- 125

Dec. 1 - The Twentieth Century and Modernism.

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 15, 474-510

Walker, Lynn. “Architecture and Reputation: Eileen Gray, gender, and modernism, in Martin and Sparke,

Women’s Places: Architecture and Design 1860-1960, 2003 (e-reserve)

Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect. MoMA, 1994, plates (text recommended)

RECOMMENDED:

Esherick, Joseph. "Architectural Education in the '30s and '70s," Kostof, The Architect, 238-279

Dec. 4 - The Twentieth Century (con't)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 510-531

Dec. 6. Modernisms in the mid to late-20^th c.

Second paper due (see assignment below)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, Chapter 16, 532-541

Brownlee and Delong, Kahn. In the Realm of Architecture, plates, text recommended (on reserve)

RECOMMENDED:

Wright, Gwendolyn. "On the Fringe of the Profession: Women in American Architecture," Kostof, The

Architect, 280-308

Salvadori, "Form-Resistant Structures," "Tents and Balloons," Why Buildings Stand Up, 179-205; 259-277.

Clausen, "The Northgate Shopping Center: Paradigm from the Provinces," Journal of the Society of

Architectural Historians, May 1984, 144-161 (in the Architecture Library)

Berkeley, Ellen Perry (ed). Architecture. A Place for Women, 1989

Dec. 8 – Modernisms, Post-Modernism, and beyond (con't)

REQUIRED READING:

Buildings Across Time, 541-567

Jencks, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, plates, text recommended (on reserve)

RECOMMENDED:

Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, MoMA, 1966, 1977 (esp. pp. 16-33)

Boyle, Bernard Michael. "Architectural Practice in America, 1865-1965 - Ideal and Reality," Kostof, The

Architect, 309-344

Dec. 11 - Final Exam (8:30-10:20, rm 3, Art Building)

REQUIRED: BLUE BOOK AND PEN

SAMPLE EXAM QUESTIONS

What is being evaluated here is not your ability to memorize facts but to think critically about the material we've studied. The basic information of name of building, place, date, and architect (if known) is provided for you. All examples are drawn from the text or from class discussions.

1. Temple of Amon, Karnak, Egypt, c. 1525-1512 BC

Temple of Apollo, Corinth, Greece, 6^th c. BC

Compare these two buildings in terms of their form and structure. How have different religious traditions

affected their architectural form?

2. Agora, Athens, Greece, 5^th c.

Forum, Rome, Italy, early 4^th c.

Both are urban open spaces developed for much the same purpose. How do they compare in terms of their

layout, and what does this ayy about the differences between the two societies and how they used space?

3. Somnathpur (India), Keshava temple 13^th c.

Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, 13^th c.

Two religious structures from opposite sides of the globe and vastly different cultures. For all their apparent

differences, they have a number of things in common. How do they compare specifically in terms of plan, structure, lighting, and function?

PAPERS

These are based on field studies, that is, the actual experience of the building you are to analyzed. Papers should conform to conventional standards: typed, double-spaced, 5-7 pages in length. All references should be cited in foot- or endnotes. Spelling, grammar, organization, and the overall coherence and persuasiveness of your argument will figure in the grading. Use illustrations - sketches, plans, drawings, or photographs - if you think they help to clarify your points.

Paper #1: Comparative analysis of Padelford Hall and Faculty Club, U.W. campus

Both buildings are located on Stevens Way, east and south of the Art Building. In writing your paper, consider the following:

· How are the buildings sited? Given the steep slope both are located on, how do they differ in the way each form relates to (or does not relate to) the land?

· How do their forms (or overall massing) compare?

· Compare their plans: which is the more complex? Comprehensible?

· How clear is the circulation of each?

· What about other factors, such as fenestration, entrances (how accessed, how clearly articulated), materials, color, texture, relationship to (or fit with) the natural terrain, relationship to (or fit with) the other buildings on campus, especially nearby?

· What about use? How and by whom are they used?

· What other factors might be important in comparing the two buildings?

Due October 18

Paper #2: St Ignatius Chapel

St. Ignatious Chapel is located on the northern edge of the Seattle University campus, immediately south and east of the intersection of Madison and Broadway on Capitol Hill. (Site plan is on the Web, along with photographs of the building itself. There is a visitor’s parking lot at 12th and Columbia where you can get directions to the chapel if you have trouble locating it. While you are there, please bear in mind that this is a chapel, in use as a sacred space. The Seattle University information number is (206) 296-6000.

In writing your analysis of the building, consider these points:

· How well does the building, a chapel for a private, urban, Catholic university, serve its function? What is its primary function, and what other kinds of functions -- besides regular Mass -- might a university chapel of this sort serve, and how might these have affected or influenced its design?

· What features at St. Ignatius recall the characteristics of the traditional Christian church? How does the chapel depart from these traditions? What possible formal precedents come to mind?

· Based on what you can see (and the construction photos on the Web), can you tell how the building was built, or its structural system? What are the clues, if any?

· What about ornamentation, is there any? What form does it take? How does it relate to the structure of the building as a whole?

· What is the relationship between the exterior and the interior? Can you read the interior (or predict the size, shape, disposition of interior spaces) from outside? Based on what you see from the exterior, what would you expect the disposition of interior spaces to be?

· What about the lighting, how was it handled? What was the principal aim here, can you tell?

Focus on the building itself, analyzing the various factors that were involved its design, rather than your own personal impressions.

Due December 6

RESERVE BOOK LIST (on 2-hr reserve, Architecture Library, Gould Hall)

Alex, William. Japanese Architecture, NY, 1963

Berkeley, Ellen Perry (ed)., Architecture. A Place for Women, 1989

Brownlee and DeLong, Kahn. In the Realm of Architecture, NY, 1992

Cooper, Ilay and Barry Dawson, Traditional Buildings of India, 1998

Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect. MoMA, NY, 1994

Jencks, Charles. The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, 1977

Kostof, Spiro. A History of Architecture, Oxford, 2^nd edition, 1995

Kostof, Spiro. The Architect. Chapters in the History of the Profession, Oxford, 1977

Kubler, Art and Architecture of Ancient America. 1990

Martin, Brenda and Penny Sparke, Women’s Places: Architecture and Design 1860-1960, 2003

Robertson, D. Pre-Columbian Architecture, New York, 1963

Salvadori, M. Why Buildings Stand Up, New York, 1990

Toy, Maggie. The Architect. Women in Contemporary Architecture, 2001

Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, New York, 1966

FURTHER READING

These are suggested readings for students who wish to pursue specific subjects in depth. All books are available at the Architecture Library, Gould Hall.

GENERAL

NEW: Ching, Jarzombek, Prakash, A Global History of Architecture, John Wiley & Sons, 2007

Cuff, Dana. Architecture: The Story of Practice, Cambridge, Mass. 1991

Hall, Edward. The Hidden Dimension, NY, 1966.

Kubler, George. The Shape of Time. Remarks on the History of Things, New Haven, 1962.

Mainstone, Robert. Deveopments in Structural Form, Cambridge, Mass, 1975.

Mark, Robert. Architectural Technology up to the Scientific Revolution, Cambridge, Mass, 1993

Moholy-Nagy, Sibyl. Native Genius in Anonymous Architecture, NY, 1957

Mumford, Lewis. The City in History, New York, 1961.

Nochlin, Linda. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists [architects]?", Women, Art & Power, 1988

Pevsner, N.icolas A History of Building Types, Princeton, 1976.

Rapoport, Amos. House Form and Culture, New Jersey, 1969.

Rasmussen, S. Experiencing Architecture, 1959

Rudofsky, Bernard. Architecture Without Architects, New York, 1964.

Salvadori, Mario. Why Buildings Stand Up, NY, 1980; 1990.

Summerson, Sir John. The Classical Language of Architecture, Cambridge, Mass. 1963

Upton, Dell. "Architectural History or Landscape History?" Journal of Architectural Education, Aug. 199l, 195-199.

AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE

Bourdier, J-P and Minh-Ha, T., Drawn from African Dwellings, 1996

Prussin, L. African Nomadic Architecture. Space, Place and Gender, 1995

CHINESE ARCHITECTURE

Chinese Landscapes: The Village as Place, 1992.

Johnston, R. S. Scholar Gardens of China, Cambridge, England, 1991 [?]

Keswich, Maggie. The Chinese Garden, New York, 1978

Liang Ssu-Ch'eng, A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture, 1986

Schinz, Alfred. Cities in China, 1989.

Sickman, L. and Soper, A. The Art and Architecture of China, 3rd ed., Baltimore, 1971.

Steinhardt, N. Chinese Traditional Architecture, 1984

Steinhardt, N. Liao Architecture, 1997

Steinhardt, N. (ed). Chinese Architecture, 2002

JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE

Alex, W. Japanese Architecture, NY, 1963

Bognar, B. The New Japanese Architecture, NY, 1990

Drexler, A. The Architecture of Japan, MoMA, NY, 1955

Gropius, Tange, Ishimoto, Katsura. Traditon and Creation in Japanese Architecture, New Haven, 1960

Nishi, K. & Hozumi, K. What is Japanese Architecture?, NY, 1983.

Nishihara, K. Japanese Houses: Patterns for Living, Tokyo, 1967.

Paine, R. and A. Soper, The Art & Architecture of Japan, 3rd ed, Baltimore, 1981

Stewart, D. The Making of a Modern Japanese Architecture, 1868 to the Present, Kodansha International, NY, 1987

PRE-COLUMBIAN

Hardoy, J. Urban Planning in Pre-Columbian America, NY, 1968

Kubler, G. The Art and Architecture of Ancient America., Penguin Books, Baltimore, MD, 3rd ed. 1990

Reese, T., ed. Studies in Ancient American & European Art. The Collected Essays of George Kubler, New Haven, 1985.

Robertson, D. Pre-Columbian Architecture, NY, 1963.

Pasztory, Esther. Teotihuacan, 1997

Smith, Michael E. The Aztecs, 1998

ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Ettinghausen, R. and O. Grabar, The Art & Architecture of Islam, 650-1250, England and NY, 1987.

Freely, J. and R. Burelli, Sinan. Architect of Suleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Golden Age, 1992

Hillenbrand, R. Islamic Architecture. Form, Function, & Meaning. 1994

Hoag, J. Islamic Architecture, NY, 1977.

Michell, G., ed. Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning, NY, 1984

INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

Huntington, S. & J., The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, NY, 1985

Cooper, Ilay and Dawson, Barry. Traditional Buildings of India, 1998

Meister, M. Encyclopedia of Indian Temple Architecture, 1985

Nath, R. Islamic Architecture and Culture in India, Delhi, 1982

Rowland, B. The Art and Architecture of India, 3rd ed., Baltiimore, 1977

Stierlin, Henri. Hindu India. From Khajuraho to the Temple City of Madurai, 1998

NATIVE AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

Krinsky, C. Contemporary Native American Architecture, 1996

Nabokov, P. Native American Architecture, NY, 1989

Sturtevant, Wm. (ed), Handbook of North American Indians, 1990

AFRICAN-AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE

Travis, J, ed. African-American Architects, 1991

ANCIENT

Lloyd, S., H. Muller & R. Martin, Ancient Architecture: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Crete, Greece, NY, 1974

Lampl, P. Cities & Planning in the Ancient Near East, NY, 1968.

Edwards, I. The Pyramids of Egypt, Baltimore, 1964.

Krautheimer, R. Rome: Profile of a City, 312-1308, 1974

MacDonald, William L. The Pantheon, 1976

MacDonald, William L. The Architecture of the Roman Empire, vols I and II, New Haven, 1982, 1986 (corrected paperback edition, 1988)

Vitruvius, The Ten Books of Architecture

Ward-Perkins, J. Roman Architecture, NY, 1977

EARLY CHRISTIAN, BYZANTINE; MIDDLE AGES

Bony, J. French Gothic Architecture of the 12th & 13th Centuries, 1984

Krautheimer, R. Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture, 1975

MacDonald, W. Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture, NY, 1962

Mark, R. Experiments in Gothic Structure, Cambridge, Mass. 1982

Mark, R.and A. Cakmak, eds, Hagia Sophia From the Age of Justinian to the Present, 1992

Mathews, T. The Early Churches of Constantinople - Architecture & Liturgy, 1974

Panofsky, E., Gothic Architecture & Scholasticism, 1951

Smith, E. B. The Dome, A Study in the History of Ideas, Princeton, 1982.

RENAISSANCE, BAROQUE & NEOCLASSICISM

Ackerman, J. Michelangelo, 1961

Ackerman, J. Palladio, 1966, 1983

Kaufmann, E. Architecture in the Age of Reason, NY, 1968.

Lemagny, J. Visionary Architects, Houston, TX, 1968

Middleton, R. & D. Watkin, Neoclassicism & 19th c. Architecture, 1980

Portoghesi, P. Rome of the Renaissance, 1974

Wittkower, R. Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism, London, 1952

Wittkower, R. Italian Baroque Architecture, 1973

19TH & 20TH CENTURIES

Riley and Reed, eds. Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect, MoMA, NY, 1994

Banham, R. Theory & Design in the First Machine Age, NY, 1967

Benevelo, L. History of Modern Architecture, Cambridge, Mass. 1977

Brownlee, D. & D. DeLong, Kahn. In the Realm of Architecture, NY, 1992

Banham, R. Theory & Design in the First Machine Age, NY, 1967

Curtis, W. Modern Architecture Since 1900, Oxford, 1987

Cook & Klotz, Conversations with Architects, 1973

Frampton, K. A Critical History of Modern Architecture

Hayden, Dolores. The Grand Domestic Revolution: A History of Feminist Designs for American Homes, Neighborhoods and Cities, 1982

Jencks, C. The Language of Post-Modern Architecture, NY, 1979, rev.ed, 1987

Klotz, H. The History of Postmodern Architecture, 1984 (Engl trans, Cambridge, Mass., 1988)

LeCorbusier, Towards a New Architecture, London, 1923 (Engl trans, 1927)

Mignot, C. Architecture of the 19th c. in Europe

Scully, V. Frank Lloyd Wright, NY, 1960

Schulze, F. Mies van der Rohe. Critical Biography, 1987

Spaeth, David. Mies van der Rohe, New York, 1985

Tschumi, Bernard. Le Parc de la Villette, NY, 1987

Venturi, R. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture, MoMA, NY, 1966.

Vlath, J. Back of the Big House. The Architecture of Plantation Slavery, Raleigh, NC, 1993

Zukowsky, J., ed. Chicago Architecture, 1872-1922, Chicago, 1987

WOMEN IN ARCHITECTURE

Berkeley, Ellen Perry (ed). Architecture. A Place for Women, 1989

Coleman, Debra et al, (eds). Architecture and Feminism, 1996

Hughes, Francesco (ed). The Architect. Constructing Her Practice, 1996

Martin, Brenda and Penny Sparke, Women’s Places: Architecture and Design 1860-1960, 2003

Toy, Maggie (ed). The Architect. Women in Contemporary Practice, 2001