Exam 3 Study Guide: Modified 5/14/2015

Disclaimer: This is intended as a study aid. It is not a complete description of everything

discussed in class, nor an exhaustive list of information that might be tested on an exam. This is not intended to be a substitute for class attendance.

LECTURE OUTLINES

Memory

I. Basic concepts: encoding, storage, retrieval

II. Clinical disorders of memory

A. Anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

B. Causes of amnesic syndrome

1. surgical removal of temporal lobes

2. encephalitis

3. electroconvulsive shock therapy

4. Korsakoff's syndrome

C. Two syndromes

1. temporal lobe amnesia (e.g., Patient H.M.)

2. thalamic amnesia (e.g., Patient P.Z.)

III. "Normal" Memory

A. Multistore model (type, capacity, and duration of each store)

1. sensory memory

2. short-term memory

3. long-term memory

a. types

1. declarative memory (semantic, episodic)

2. procedural

b. duration of LTMs (are they permanent or not?)

1. evidence that memories are permanent (brain stimulation; hypnosis; spontaneous recovery of mems)

2. evidence that they're not

c. accuracy of LTMs

- implications for eyewitness testimony and the legal system

Motivation

I. Hierarchy of needs

II. Eating

A. Maintenance of body weight

1. physiological variables

e.g., role of hypothalamus, role of hormones

2. emotional variables

3. external variables

B. Eating disorders

1. Anorexia

2. Bulimia

3. Obesity

III. Sex

A. Role of sex hormones

1. in animals

2. in humans

IV. Other phenomena

A. Need for affiliation

B. Need for power

Stress & Health

I. Stress

What is stress? Both an event or source of stress, and a psychological appraisal of that event.source.

A. Types of stressors

1. microstressors

2. major events that entail change

3. catastrophic events

B. Sources of stress

1. frustration

2. conflict

3. unpredictability and lack of control

C. Physiology of stress response

1. two-pathway system

a. sympathetic nervous system -- adrenal gland -- release pf stress hormones

b. cerebral cortex -- hypothalamus -- pitiuitary gland -- adrenal gland -- release of stress hormones

2. general adaptation syndrome

alarm -- resistance -- exhaustion (adrenal fatigue)

3. Stress and the brain

stress hormones pass easily through blood-brain barrier, normally protect the brain and prepare it for maximally effective response to stress hippocampus has many receptors for stress hormones

D. Effects of prolonged stress

1. effects on body and brain (in particular, hippocampus)

2. stress and disease

- stress hormones suppress the immune system

E. Coping with stress

Personality

I. Measuring personality

A. objective tests

B. projective tests

II. Theories of personality

A. Each theory describes what types of personalities there are, and the factors that

influence personality

B. Groups of personality theories

1. conflict models

2. fulfillment models

3. trait models

C. Conflict Theory: Freud's psychosexual theory

1. determinants of personality

2. instincts

3. parts of personality

a. id (operates under pleasure principle)

b. ego (operates under reality principle)

c. superego

4. anxiety and defense

a. types of defense mechanisms

examples: see below

5. psychosexual development and personality

a. stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

b. notion of fixation in a stage (due to the sex instinct being

indulged or frustrated at that stage), and the character types that develop as a result

c. type and number of personalities that can develop

D. Fulfillment model: Rogers

1. determinants of personality

2. core beliefs

a. genetically determined inherent potentialities

b. potentialities are expressed through a socially determined self

concept

3. two personality types

a. fully functioning

b. maladjusted

E. Trait models

1. determinants of personality

2. core beliefs

3. types of traits (Big 5, etc; see text)

Important topics to study for exam (from lectures and text):

NOTE: These topics are particularly important ones to study; but questions will also be asked about material that was assigned but is not listed here

Memory

1. memory concepts (encoding, storage, retrieval)

2. multi-store model of memory (types of memories stored, duration of memories, storage capacity)

3. clinical disorders of memory (causes and resulting types of memory loss)

4. biological underpinnings (role of hippocampus, effects of stress, synaptic changes)

5. permanence of memories

6. accuracy of long-term memories

Motivation

1. instincts, drives, and incentives

2. Maslow's need hierarchy

3. physiology of hunger

4. eating disorders (what are they, what causes them?)

5. physiology of sex

6. need to achieve; need for power; need for affiliation; need to belong

Stress & Health

1. physiology of stress system

2. effects of stress on body and brain

3. types and sources of stress

4. strategies for minimizing stress

Personality

1. Tools for measuring personality

2. Freud’s theory, including the stages of psychosexual development, defense mechanisms, types of personalities

3. Humanistic “self-actualization” theory

4. Trait theory, including Big Five theory and Eysenck’s 2-factor theory

Examples of Freudian Defense Mechanisms (These examples were presented in class)

Which defense mechanism does each of the following scenarios involve?

1. Ken Griffey Jr. struck out on an easy pitch, and then threw his bat and kicked the water cooler to pieces

2. The mother of an unwanted child became overindulgent and overprotective of her child.

3. The habitual drinker claimed that he didn't really like alcohol but drank for social reasons.

4. Mike forgot that his dreaded physics exam was scheduled for Friday.

5. Frank, who likes to have others do his work, is quick to criticize others as being lazy.

Answers:

1. displacement

2. reaction formation

3. rationalization

4. repression

5. projection