| Hypertextual Writing & Organization;
Hypermedia |
Resources
- 1932/1945: Vennevar Bush, (the "Memex")
- 1963: Douglas C. Engelbart, "A Conceptual Framework for the
Augmentation
of Man's Intellect," in: P.W.Howerton
and D.C.Weeks, eds., Vistas in Information Handling.
Washington.D.C.: Spartan Books, 1963, (vol.1,
pp.1-29)
- 1965: Ted Nelson, ("Xanadu")
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| Computer Hardware |
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| Networking Technology |
- Packet-switching
A method of fragmenting messages into sub-parts called packets (which
can routed separately), routing
them to their destinations in the most efficient ways (by multi-user
sharing of connections), and reassembling them at the destination.
"The development of packet-switched networks has some precedent in the
earlier timesharing systems operated by IBM and
other companies and universities. Of particular relevance were the
services offered in the 1960s by GE and Tymeshare which
allowed remote dial-in access to computers." (Hardy)
- Bandwidth: A measurement of the volume of information that can be
transmitted over a network at a given time.
- Backbones
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| Networks and Network Organizations |
- BITNET
(Because It’s Time NETwork (or Because It’s There NETwork)) -- A
network of educational sites separate from but linked to the
Internet. Listservs®, now the most popular form of e-mail
discussion groups, originated on BITNET. BITNET is probably the only
international network that is shrinking.
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Institutions:
- Government
- Business Organizations
- Non-Profits
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- Department of Defense (DoD)
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
- ARPANET:
developed
in the 1960s as the first, large scale, packet switched network. Still in
use, it connects a large number of universities in the US and
Europe, as well as commercial users. Split into ARPANET and MILNET
in1983; ceases to exist in 1990
- National Science Foundation
- CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by UCAR and BNN through NSF
seed
money to provide networking services (specially Email) to university
scientists without
APRANET access.
(Hapner, p.240ff)
- NSFnet: Created in 1986 by NSF with help from NASA and DOE to
interconnect newly established 5
super-computer centers (APRANET (DOD) too bureaucratic). Backbone upgraded
to T1 in 1989. Funding and operations were terminated in April 1995 due to
commercialization of the Internet.
- Internet 2 [University
Corporation for Advanced Internet Development]
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| Two-Way Communication |
- E-mail
In 1972, the first electronic mail delivery involving two
machines was arranged by Ray Tomlinson at BNN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman,
originally an acoustics consulting firm founded in 1948). The program was
written in two parts, SNDMSG was used to send messages, READMAIL to
receive them.
- News Groups
Discussion groups on Usenet devoted to talking about a specific
topic. Currently, there are over 15,000 newsgroups.
- 1979: USENET established using UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy developed in
1976 at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX in 1977
- IRC: Internet Relay Chat - the system allowing Internet users to
conduct online text based communication with one or more other users.
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| Network Protocols |
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1993 WWW (World Wide Web) |
In 1989, Tim
Berners-Lee
at the CERN atomic research center in Switzerland
proposed software and networking protocols that would make it possible to
browse information on the Internet. (Reid, p.xxiii)
Also:
Scientist's modest proposal spun into World Wide Wed [Seattle Times,
June 7, 1998] and Tim
Berners-Lee Director, W3C Consortium ||
WWW Consortium
"Webbing the Internet": "Technically, 'the World Wide Web was
originally proposed in 1989 and the first implementation appeared in 1990.
The Web, however, did not gain any widespread popular use until NCSA Mosaic
(browser software) became available in early 1993'." (Reid, p.xxiii,
quoting from a report by Matthew Gray of MIT in 1994) |
| Browsers |
- Lynx: popular text-only Web browser
written by Lou Montulli, a University of Kansas undergraduate
-
Mosaic: The first graphical World
Wide Web browsers
developed at NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing
Applications, headquartered at the University of Illinois. Researchers
here created the Mosaic browser and HTTPD [HyperText Transfer Protocol - a
set of instructions for communication between a server and a World Wide
Web client]).
- Netscape
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| Directories and Search Engines |
- Veronica (1992) a gopherspace search tool is released by University of
Nevada
- Yahoo (1995)
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