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Geography of Retailing & Marketing (Resources)

(http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/retail/geogretail.html)

Quick Index & Related Pages:

Electronic Retailing Literature in Geography of Retailing Internet Sites Retail Development

Retail Consulting Academic Retail Sites Consumers and Consumption Wal-Mart News Clippings University District and Village (Clippings)

Clippings:

• Retail Notebook: Independents band together as Seattle's grocery war continues Seattle PI, March 2, 2002. [ Seattle Map!] Safeway came to Seattle in the 1930s. QFC was founded in 1955 by Seattle businessman Vern Fortin. QFC swallowed up dozens of smaller stores, including Olson's, before being bought itself by Portland-based Fred Meyer, which was then swallowed by Cincinnati's Kroger.

• Wal-Mart
  • Wal-Mart: All the current news about Wal-Mart

  • Walmart expanding: The big guys come to town Seattle Times, Sunday, July 28, 2002 By Jake Batsell Only 35 of Wal-Mart's 3,300-plus U.S. stores are in Washington, but the company is working to deepen its footprint in the state, especially in the Puget Sound region. Stores are under construction in Lacey and Bonney Lake, Pierce County, and applications are pending for three others in Covington, Lacey and Lakewood, Pierce County. And company officials say they're targeting the state's I-5 corridor for even more expansion.

  • When giant Wal-Mart knocks, there's a town battle in store Seattle Times, Sunday, July 28, 2002 By Jake Batsell Political apathy has a way of vanishing when Wal-Mart says it wants to be your neighbor. As the world's largest retailer ramps up its presence in Western Washington, bands of residents in three Puget Sound cities -- Covington; Lacey, Thurston County; and Lakewood, Pierce County -- have mobilized against Wal-Mart's plans to build big-box stores in their neighborhoods.

  • Houston Chronicle, Dec. 27, 2001, [also: Seattle Times, Dec.30,2001] German grumps hobble Wal-Mart By DANIEL RUBIN Knight-Ridder Tribune News BERLIN -- Entrenched and conservative, German shoppers are used to things the way they are. To them, friendliness smells like a sales pitch. Helpfulness should not be intrusive. And, as a rule, they don't like it when people touch their things.

  • List of Wal-Mart Pages> [Union Network]

  • ATTENTION WAL-MART SHOPPERS: Store pays $909,000 for more land The SUN, Aug.3, 2000, By David Levesque Sun Staff

    Port Orchard might see a Supercenter or Sam's Club. Wal-Mart is up to something big in South Kitsap, but they're not saying what. The retail giant has paid $909,000 for 8 acres of vacant land adjacent to its Bethel Road store. Wal-Mart has been tightlipped on the real estate deal and has yet to approach the county about its plans. Rumors though have Wal-Mart adding a full-size grocery department to their store or constructing a Sam's Club, a Costco-like wholesale chain owned by Wal-Mart.

• The mall: Its death has been greatly exaggerated Seattle PI, Monday, September 10, 2001 By BILL VIRGIN, SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER COLUMNIST Nationally, mall development is slowing, part of a larger national reaction to too much retail development in the past two decades. The International Council of Shopping Centers, which compiled the numbers showing fewer but larger regional and superregional projects are being opened compared with a decade ago, says developers are fiddling with the mix of tenants (more service or entertainment, for example) and the physical layout of malls.
• Home Depot launches assault Seattle Times, December 18, 1999, 06:29 p.m. Pacific by Dori Stubbs

  Pursuing a plan to double its Washington state stores to 36 in three years, Atlanta-based Home Depot established a Northwest division this month and named a president. The Puget Sound-area market will be the region's largest in terms of stores, revenue and employees,...

• The players get richer and the stakes get higher in downtown Seattle, Seattle Times, September 12, 1999, by Robert Marshall Wells

  The opening of Pacific Place and Nordstrom's new flagship store at Sixth Avenue and Pine Street last year were major catalysts for attracting new retailers into downtown Seattle. Now downtown is set for a second wave of development, with a host of new retailers scheduled to come onto the scene this fall. Unlike the first phase of blockbuster developments, the second round will involve mainly smaller companies such as San Diego-based Gateway Computer and Coldwater Creek, an Idaho-based Internet and catalog retailer.

• University District and Village
  • Retail Notebook: Soon at U Village: Crate and Barrel SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER Saturday, February 16, 2002 By KATHY MULADY "We knew about University Village, but they didn't have a place for us for a long time. It took them a while to develop plans for the new addition,"... "Once we saw it, we knew it was the perfect place. We don't want to be inside a mall, but want to be connected with a successful shopping center." Each Crate and Barrel store is custom designed to blend in with the new location.

  • Retailers hope the Ave makes U-turn, Seattle PI, Wednesday, January 2, 2002; By PHUONG CAT LE, SEATTLE POST-INTELLIGENCER REPORTER Not long ago, University Way Northeast teemed with such well-known stores as Nordstrom, J.C. Penney and The Limited. But as stores left the Ave over the years, vacant buildings attracted more street youths and adults, some homeless. Crime increased, and aggressive panhandling deterred more shoppers, who took their money to University Village and elsewhere. Now, the city is about to begin work on a $5 million project to widen the sidewalks, create in-lane bus stops, add art and landscaping and fix streetlights.

  • Another small store fades from University Village; Seattle Times, Thursday, July 8, 1999; by Robert Marshall Wells

    "When Jill Holman ... opened a small women's boutique called Viva at University Village 10 years ago, their shop was one of many locally owned businesses there ... now, surrounded by national chains and under pressure from the center's management to pay for upgrades and improvements they can't.

• Study finds inner cities are ripe market for big retailers; Seattle Times, January 23, 1999; by Rachel Beck,

  "NEW YORK - Despite having only a limited number of stores in their neighborhoods, inner-city residents still buy clothes, electronics and furniture more often than the average American household, a new study shows. While it's been known that urban America is a largely untapped retail market, the study illustrates the significant purchasing power found in inner cities and what these residents want to buy."

• Nordstrom invests in home deliveries; Seattle Times, Thursday, October 8, 1998; by Lee Moriwaki "The Seattle-based retailer has invested $22.8 million in a fledging Boston-area company that delivers a variety of goods and services to homes in the burgeoning Boston suburbs and has plans to go national. The company is called Streamline. Its operation is small so far, only 1,800 families, but Nordstrom executives are banking that direct consumer services such as home delivery will be one of the major retail waves of the future."

• Saturday, Industry shakeout at the outlet mall Seattle Times, August 22, 1998 by Paul Souhrada "Instead of dozens of developers crisscrossing the country with new Nike Factory Stores, Gap Outlets and Ann Taylor Factory Stores, two publicly held companies are now responsible for much of the new construction."

• McDONALD'S: Can it regain its golden touch? Business Week, March 9, 1998 "The McDonald brothers' first restaurant, founded in 1937 in a parking lot just east of Pasadena, Calif., didn't serve hamburgers. It had no playground and no Happy Meals. The most popular item on the menu was the hot dog, and most people ate it sitting on an outdoor stool or in their cherished new autos while being served by teenage carhops. That model was a smashing success--for about a decade...."

• Nordstrom's management make-over Seattle Times, Sunday, July 5, 1998 by Lee Moriwaki Nordstrom has built its reputation on such examples of individual customer service and one-of-a-kind purchases by sharp-eyed buyers. But as the company has grown, its business has become far more complicated.
  Also: Who runs Nordstrom?

• QFC chain buys Art's, low-cost Ballard grocery ; Seattle Times, Saturday, June 20, 1998; by Jake Batsell "Art's Food Center, a Ballard institution whose wide-ranging merchandise and low prices earned customer loyalty for more than 50 years, has been acquired by the Quality Food Centers (QFC) chain ..... The low-price focus traditionally followed by Art's is likely to change under QFC, an 83-store chain known for its emphasis on premium products."

• Beyond the mega-markets: Some prefer smaller stores , Seattle Times, Wednesday, April 15, 1998 by Judith Blake "In an era of mega-markets boasting sushi bars, mile-long delis, entire aisles of barbecue sauces and 80 different varieties of olive oil, there are shoppers who opt for the cozier space and gentler pace of smaller stores, at least part of the time."

• Fred Meyer store gets green light Seattle Times, Friday, February 20, 1998 by Putsata Reang Fred Meyer Inc. finally will move forward with its plans to build a megastore along the Lake Washington Ship Canal after reaching an agreement with a neighborhood group.

• Fred Meyer wins OK to build on canal Seattle Times, Tuesday, Nov. 11, 1997. by Lisa Pemberton-Butler Fred Meyer has won a King County Superior "Court decision granting it approval to build a 172,000-square-foot superstore on industrial property along the Lake Washington Ship Canal between Ballard and Fremont."

• The rationale for QFC sale Seattle Times, Sunday, Nov. 9, 1997; by Lee Moriwaki, Seattle Times business reporter As QFC executives scanned the national landscape for supermarket acquisitions, Ronald Burkle, ...., was looking up and down the West Coast for acquisitions of his own.
  His Ralphs Grocery chain dominated Southern California. As chairman of Fred Meyer, whose stronghold is in Oregon, he realized that only Washington was missing from the picture."
• What merger means to shoppers (Fred Meyers/QFC) Seattle Times, Saturday, Nov. 8, 1997 by Lynda V. Mapes and Judith Blake The best test of whether the marriage of Quality Food Centers Inc. and Fred Meyer is a happy one will be if customers can tell anything changed, key architects of the deal said yesterday.
• Monday, James Vesely: Redmond's Town Center: blending into the city Seattle Times, Sept. 22, 1997, by James Vesely Redmond's new Town Center is a cobbled-walk kind of place that will only grow more inviting as it matures. Right now, it's less than three days old if you count this past weekend's grand opening as the official birth of a place that was among the most contested shopping malls in the region.
• Orcas Island food fight Seattle Times, Wednesday, Sept. 3, 1997 "On this island of 4,000 year-round residents, ... more than 1,000 signatures were gathered ... to oppose the store that Issaquah-based Crown Grocery wants to build just uphill from the ferry landing. In most communities, a new grocery store wouldn't cause such a fuss. The promise of new jobs, better selection and lower prices might even be cause for a little celebration."

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  Retail Development:

  • Kemper Freeman (Online Video Interview) [(1996), Bellevue Square]
  • Prime Retail [Baltimore] "Prime Retail is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust (REIT) engaged in the ownership, development, construction, acquisition, leasing, marketing and management of manufacturers' outlet centers throughout the United States and Puerto Rico."
    • Prime Outlets at Burlington "... is located in the fertile Skagit Valley community of Burlington, Washington, just 65 miles north of Seattle, Washington, and south of the U.S./Canadian border."

  • Online Shopping Center Directory [http://www.nrbonline.com/]

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  Retail Consulting:

  • Kurt Salmon Associates (KSA) [Atlanta] "is the leading global management consulting firm serving the retail, consumer products and health care industries."
  • Management Ventures Inc. [Cambridge Mass] ["Expert analysis and information about retail channels"]

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  Texts and other Literature:

  Retail Industry: (Literature) An important and critical segment of out national economy with significant implications to the global market and balance of trade.

• Supermarket Business ["The food industry's premier publication"]

  Applebaum, William, How to Measure the Value of a Trading Area, in: Chain Store Age, November 1940, pp.111-4.

  Applebaum, W. and Richard F. Spears, How to measure a Trading Area, in: Chain Store Age, January 1951, pp.149-54.

  Applebaum, W., "Methods for Determining Store Trading Areas, Market Penetration and Potential Sales," Journal of Marketing Research 3(2), 1966, 127-41.

  Applebaum, W., A Guide to Store Location Research. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968.

  William Applebaum: Father of Marketing Geography. by: Thrall, G. I., del Valle, J. C. (1996). Geo Info Systems: 50-54.

  Bacon, Robert W., Consumer Spatial Behavior: A Model of Purchasing Decisions over Space and Time. Oxford: Claredon, 1984 [HF5415.3]

  Beaujeau-Garnier, J. and Annie Delobez, Geography of Marketing. N.Y.: Longman, 1979. (reviewed in Prof.Geog. 33(2), May 1981, p.265) [HF1025.B34813]

  Behnke, Horst. "Ein Erklaerungsansatz fuer underschiedliche Veraenderungen in der Standortstruktur von Geschaeften innerhalb verschiedener Staedte bei gleichen Veraenderungen in den Rahmenbedingungen," in: Behnke et al, (Todt, editor) Beitrage zur Standortforschung. Schriften des Vereins fuer Socialpolitik, Band 227, 1994 (Duncker & Humblot), pp.59ff. [HT 388 B45 1994]

  Berry, B.J.L., Geography of Market Centers and Retail Distribution. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1967.

  Berry, B.J.L., PARR, John B., Epstein, B.J., Gosh, A., and Smith R.H.T., Market Centers and Retail Location: Theory and Application, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1988 [HF5430.3.B47]

  Birkin, Mark; Graham Clarke; Martin P. Clarke, Retail Geography and Intelligent Network Planning, Wiley, 2002, [ISBN: 0-471-49803-3 Paperback, 296 pages]

  BROWN S., RETAIL LOCATION AT THE MICRO-SALE - INVENTORY AND PROSPECT, SERVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL, 14: (4) 542-576 OCT 1994

  Brown, Stephen. "Retail Location Theory: The Legacy of Harold Hotelling," Journal of Retailing 65(4), Winter 1989, pp.450-70.

  Brown, Stephen, Institutional Change in Retailing, Progress in Human Geography 11(2), June 1987, pp. 181-206.

  Business Week, Cover Story: "Attention Shoppers: Reinventing The Store... Some Smart Retailers are Changing the Way we Shop," November 27, 1995, pp.84ff.

  Christaller, Walter

  Claus, R.James, and Walter G. Hardwick. The Mobile Consumer: Automobile-Oriented Retailing and Site Selection. Collin-MacMillan, 1972.

  Coe, Neil M. and Martin Hess The internationalization of retailing: implications for supply network restructuring in East Asia and Eastern Europe, J Econ Geogr 2005 5: 449-473

  Davies, R.L. Marketing Geography, with special reference to Retailing. 1976. [HF5415.12.G7.D37]

  Davies, R.L. and D.S.Rogers, eds., Store Location and Store Assessment Research. N.Y.: Wiley, 1984.

  Epstein, B. and E.Schell, Marketing Geography: Problems and Prospects, in: J.W. Frazier, ed., Applied Geography. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1982.

  Franckowiak, E.N. Location Perception and the Hierarchical Structure of Retail Centers. 1978 [HF5430.5.T65.F7]

  Allan M. Findlay, Ronan Paddison, John A. Dawson Retailing Environments in Developing Countries. Routledge, 1990.

  Containing a broad cross section of case studies, this volume explores some of the factors which explain the variety of retail structures and modes of consumer behaviour that characterise retailing in developing countries.

  GOSH, A. and S.L. MCLAFFERTY, Location Strategies for Retail and Service Firms, 1987 [HF5429.275G47/BA-Library]

  Gosh, A. & C.A. Ingene, eds., Spatial Analysis in Marketing: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Greenwich Connecticut, JAI Press Inc. 1991, pp. 283-289.[HF5415.2R4342/BA-Lib]

  GUY, Clifford. The Retail Development Process: Location, Property and Planning. London: Routledge, 1994 [HF5430.6.G7.G89/Suz]

  Hallsworth, Alan G. The New Geography of Consumer Spending: A Political Economy Approach. London: Belhaven 1992. [including: Financial Markets] [HC240.9.C9.H34]

  Halperin, W.C. et al., "Exploring Entrepreneurial Cognitions of Retail Environments," Economic Geography 59(1), January 1983, 3-15.

  Hoyt, Homer. Classification and Significant Characteristics of Shopping Centers, Appraisal Journal, April 1958, pp.214-22.

  Huff, D. L. (1964). "Defining and Estimating a Trading Area." Journal of Marketing 28(July, 1964): 34-38.

  Huff, D. L. and R. T. Rust (1984). "Measuring the Congruence of Market Areas." Journal of Marketing 48( Winter): 68-74.

  Jones, K., Mega-Chaining, Corporate Concentration, and the Mega-Malls, Canadian Geographer 35(3), 1991, 241-9.

  JONES, Ken & Jim SIMMONS, The Retail Environment, 1992.[HF5429.275 J66]

  LAULAJAINEN, R. Spatial Strategies in Retailing. 1987.[HF5429.275L38]

  Lovelock, Christopher H., (Lovelock Associates) Services Marketing, 3rd ed., January, 1996, Prentice Hall, 660 pp.

  Melaniphy, John C., Restaurant and Fast Food Site Selection. New York: Wiley 1992.

  Mulvihill, Donald F. and R.C. Mulvihill, Geography, Marketing and Urban Growth. NY: van Nostrand, 1970.

  Murphy, Raymond E., The Central Business District. London: Longman, 1972.

  Nelson, Richard L. The Selection of Retail Locations. N.Y.: F.W.Dodge, 1958.

  POTTER, Robert B. The Urban Retailing System: Location, Cognition and Behavior. London: Gower, 1982. [HF5429.6.G7.P68]

  Reid, Hal G., "Retail Trade", Ch.7 in: Profiting from a Geographic Information System. G.H.Castle, ed., 1993 [G70.2.P76]

  Reilly, W.J., The Law of Retail Gravitation. New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1931.

  Salvaneschi, Luigi. Location, Location, Location: How to Select the Best Site for your Business. Grants Pass, Ore.: Oasis, 1996.

  Saxena, H.M. Geography of Marketing Concepts and Methodology. 1984. [HF1025.S324]

  Scott, John Thackeray and James D. Johnson The effect of town size and location on retail sales / Ames, Iowa : North Central Regional Center for Rural Develpment, Iowa State University, 1976 [Suzzallo/Allen Stacks HF5429.3 .S38, 128 p Series: North Central Regional Center for Rural Development. Research reports ; 4 "This study was conducted in cooperation with the University of Illinois as a regional research project (Hatch Project 363)."]

  Simmons, James. The Changing Pattern of Retail Location. Univ. of Chicago: Dept. of Geography, Research Paper #92. 1964.

  Spector, Robert and Patrick D. McCarthy, The Nordstrom Way: The Insider Story of America's #1 Customer Service Company, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 1999. [Hardcover, 244 Pages, US $24.95]

  Stone, Kenneth E., Competing with the Retail Giants: How to Survive in the New Retail Landscape, Wiley, 1995 [272 Pages]

  Wrigley, Neil and Michelle Lowe. Reading Retail: A Geographical Perspective on Retailing and Consumption Spaces. N.Y.: Oxford Univ.Press, 2002. [London: Arnold, 2002. IBSN: 0 340 70661 9 (hb), 0 340 70660 0 (pb), 280 pp. Price: Pds 18.99 (paperback)] (reviewed by Steven Musson in: J Econ Geogr 2003 3: 339-340. [PDF])

  Wrigley, N., ed., Store Choice, Store Location and Market Analysis. London: Routledge, 1988.

  Wrigley, Neil, The Globalization of Retail Capital: Themes for Economic Geography, in: The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, Edited by GORDON L. CLARK, MARYANN P. FELDMAN, and MERIC S. GERTLER, Oxford (U.K.): Oxford University Press, 2000. [HF1025.O94.2000 (Suzzallo)]

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  DATA - MAPS - and other Resources:

  U.S. Census: Retail & Wholesale

  United States. Bureau of the Census. Geography Division. 1977 per capita retail sales by counties / prepared for Business Division by Geography Division in cooperation with Data Preparation Division, Bureau of the Census, United States Department of Commerce. [Washington] : The Division, [1979]. Retail-trade -- United-States -- Maps. Retail-trade-surveys -- United-States -- Maps. [Map Section General Map Cases G3]

  Zeller, Richard E A study of the selection of multiple locations for consumer oriented facilities: a dissertation [Columbus, Dept. of Geography, Ohio State University, 1978?] [Suzzallo/Allen Stacks: HM101 .S84 no.59; 207 p Series: Studies in the diffusion of innovation: discussion paper ; no. 59 - Thesis - Ohio State University Bibliography: Bibliography: p. 189-194]

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  Marketing & Marketing Research Sites:

  Institute for Retail Studies at the University of Stirling

  • International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research
  • Associated Academic and Commercial Sites

  Moritz, Gwen, "Local firms using Internet for worldwide marketing," [1995]

  Micro Vision || Life Style Game

  "MicroVision helps hundreds of companies segment and target their customers and prospects. MicroVision clusters each U.S. household into one of 50 segments based on census demographics, interests, purchasing patterns and financial behaviors."

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  Syllabi and other Electronic Resources/Publications:

  B9601: Services Marketing (Noel Capon, Columbia University)

  American Demographics ["Consumer trends for business leaders"]

  The Future of Retailing by Fanglan Du and Ira Apfel, in: American Demographics, September 1995
  "The number of retail stores in the U.S. barely grew between 1987 and 1992, but sales grew faster as big stores squeezed small businesses. This analysis reveals the hottest metropolitan areas for restaurants, supermarkets, car dealers, gas stations, and stores that sell clothing, shoes, furniture, hardware, and general merchandise. Their future will be guided by consolidation, entertainment, and technology."

• Electronic Retailing

• Grubb & Ellis Retail Report [September 1999, in PDF]

  Costco

  Articles on Super Bookstores ("Midnight Special Bookstore Annoyed by Superstores." These articles present some of the anger and difficulties that "superstores" have created for independent bookstores and their communities.)

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  Return to: Econ & Bus Geog
  [2005]