QUICK INDEX & BASIC STEPS: Outline Input-Output Multipliers From Economic Base Multipliers to Input-Output Models The Interindustry Structure of the Holukuluku Economy Holukuluku's Sector Seven || Sector 6 [graph created by Katie Sheehy 350/2000] The Table of Leontief Coefficients Input-Output Exercise (Geog.350) Washington State Tables (Handouts) [based on W Beyers' Sector Aggregations] Direct, Indirect & Induced Coefficients of Aerospace Industry, Washington State (1987) Some History of the Washington State I/O Model The 1987 Washington State Input-Output Study [ or here!] [or here!] Input/Output Equations Use of Location Quotients for calculating regional coefficients Input/Output Multipliers Comparative Input-Output Paths & Procedures [Class Models & Examples (see above)] Interregional Feedback Analysis Some Input-Output Literature Some Input-Output Resources on the WWW

[Source: www.learn-line.nrw.de/angebote/selma/foyer/projekte/hammproj3/in_out/vgrgra.htm Copyright: (C)TOM/Achterbahn Verlag, Kiel (Germany), 2003, with permission, Jan 03]

Basic Concepts:

• Direct linkages, Indirect Linkages,
• Forward and Backward Linkages (flows move in one direction only)

Input - Output Tools:

• Some Input-Output Literature

• Transaction- or Flow Table: Table of purchase and sales transactions between "industries" within a (regional) system and with the outside (Imports and exports) organized as a matrix with rows (sales) and columns (purchases).
• Table of Direct (Input) Coefficients: measuring direct (backward) links or effects
• Leontief Inverse Matrix/Table
  • Table of Direct & Indirect Coefficients: measuring direct & indirect [inter-industry] effects
  • Table of Direct, Indirect and Induced Coefficients: "induced" effects are the result of extending the tracing of indirect effects "through" households, i.e. taking the additional direct and indirect effects into account which are based on household expenditures

• Multipliers: represent a quantitative expression of the extent to which some initial, "exogenous" force or change is expected to generate additional effects through interdependencies associated with some assumed and/or empirically established, "endogenous" linkage system.

  Multipliers are predicated upon a domino theory of economic change. They translate the consequences of change in one variable upon others, taking account of sometimes complicated and roundabout linkages. Multipliers are aptly called estimators of the 'ripple' effect". In more 'technical terms', they are numerical coefficients which relate a change in (a component of aggregate) demand (or employment) to a consequent change in total income (or total employment). Thus, a "regional employment multiplier", for example, relates a change in a region's export ("exogenous") employment to the resulting total employment change. In Input-Output analysis, there are many different multipliers. One multiplier is the ratio of the direct, indirect and induced effects to the direct (i.e. the initial) change itself.

• Leontief Inverse Matrix
• Technical (Input) Coefficients
• Regional Coefficient

Sources: Goodall, Dictionary of Human Geography; Hewings, Regional Input-Output Analysis; Schaffer, Regional Impact Models, etc.]

Washington State Input Output Analyses

• The Washington State Input-Output Model (UW Pathbreakers) An economic model for Washington State originally developed in the 1960s by UW researchers (Charles M. Tiebout and others) has become the workhorse for economic forecasting studies in the region. Famous the world over for its accuracy and quality, this regional economic model is used as the "gold standard" in many academic studies, and has been used in countless applications.

• Direct, Indirect & Induced Coefficients of the Aerospace Industry in Washington State (1987)

• Chase, Robert A., Philip J. Bourque and Richard S. Conway. The 1987 Washington State Input-Output Study, 1993 (pdf file). [Also here!]

• Eastern Washington Transport-Oriented Input-Output Study by Robert Chase (Chase Economics, Tacoma)

  Miller, Ron. "Regional and Interregional Input-Output Analysis," Ch.3 in: Isard, Miller et al., Methods of Interregional and Regional Analysis. Ashgate 1998, pp.41-133 (Heavy emphasis on the Washington State Table. Bibliography, pp. 120-4).

Input-Output and Environmental Accounting:

• The London Group on Environmental Accounting [1995]

• Isard, Walter, "Economic-Ecologic Conflict and Environmental Quality," Ch.14 in: Introduction to Regional Science. Prentice Hall, 1975. (pp.341ff.)

• Leontief, Wassily. "Environmental Repercussions and the Economic Structure: An Input-Output Approach," Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1970, pp.262-71.

Input-Output Exercise [James Biles (Michigan State)]

INTERNATIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT ASSOCIATION [Wien/Vienna - Austria]

• XIII International Conference on Input-Output Techniques [To be held at University of Macerata, Italy August 21-25th, 2000]

Wassily Leontief (photo) [1906 - 1999]

Input-Output Technique - an introductory presentation

A DOS-based, instructional version of IO7 -- an input-output modeling program can now be accessed on the Web (WWW) at ftp://outback.sbs.ohio-state.edu/pub/io7. Read "read.me2" for a description. It can be downloaded as separate files, or as .arc archive. The author invites comments. [randyj@lubra.sbs.ohio-state.edu]

Commodity Flow Survey. (Bureau of Transportation Statistics)

BEA Publications on Input-Output Accounts

• Preview of the 1997 Benchmark Input-Output Accounts [pdf] [Actual I/O Tables to be released in December 2002] [using new NAICS industrial classification]
• Annual Input-Output Accounts of the U.S. Economy 1998 [pdf] [Survey of Current Business, December 2001]
• Benchmark Input-Output Accounts of the United States, 1992 [HTML]
• Bureau of Economic Analysis: Regional Accounts: Regional Input-Output Multipliers from RIMS II [A Brief Description] "In the 1970's, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) developed a method for estimating regional I-O multipliers known as RIMS (Regional Industrial Multiplier System), which was based on the work of Garnick and Drake. In the 1980's, BEA completed an enhancement of RIMS, known as RIMS II (Regional Input-Output Modeling System), and published a handbook for RIMS II users. In 1992, BEA published a second edition of the handbook in which the multipliers were based on more recent data and improved methodology. In 1997, BEA published a third edition of the handbook that provides more detail on the use of the multipliers and the data sources and methods for estimating them."
  • 3rd edition of RIMS Handbook: Regional Multipliers (1997)

Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment [EIOLCA / Green Design Initiative]

Input-Output Literature:

Baumol, William J. and E.N.Wolff, "A Key Role for Input-Output Analysis in Policy Design," Regional Science and Urban Economics 24, 1994, pp.93-113.

Bourque, Philip. "The Washington Input-Output Study for 1982: A Summary of Findings," Pacific Northwest Executive, April 1987, pp.10-16.

Carter, Anne P. and Peter A. Petri, "Leontief's Contributions to Economics," Journal of Policy Modeling 11 (Spring 1989), pp.7-30.

Chase, Robert A., Philip J. Bourque and Richard S. Conway. The 1987 Washington State Input-Output Study, 1993 (pdf file).

Conway, Richard S., "The Stability of Regional Input-Output Multipliers," Environment & Planning A, vol.9, 1977, pp.197-214. [Use of Washington State coefficients for 1963, 1967 and 1972]

Foley, Duncan, "An Interview with Wassily Leontief," Macroeconomic Dynamics 2(1998), pp.116-40. (incl. Leontief Bibliography)

Geoffrey J. D. Hewings and Rodney C. Jensen Regional, Interregional and Multiregional Input-Output Analysis, Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics Volume 1, Chapter 8 (Introduction, online) [ http://www.elsevier.nl/hes/books/07/01/contents/cnt0701.htm]

Hewings, Geoffrey. Regional Input-Output Analysis. Sage 1985 Regional Input-Output Analysis. [Geoffrey J D Hewings University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign]. Scientific Geography Series; Volume:7 Published 1986; 96 pages... [not listed anymore by Sage]

Hoover, E.M., Introduction to Regional Economics, 3rd. ed., 1985 (OnLine) (Ch.11.3.2. "Regional Input-Output Analysis")

P.R. Israilevich, R. Mahidhara, G.J.D. Hewings, The Choice of Input-Output Table Embedded in Regional Econometric Input-Output Models [CES 94-1 January 1994]

Jackson, Randy. Regional Input-Output Modeling and Extensions. (a 5-credit course, Ohio State University)

Landefeld, Steven J. and Staphanie H. McCulla, "Wassily Leontief and His Contributions to Aconomic Accounting," Survey of Current Business, March 1999, pp.9-11. [PDF: www.bea.doc.gov/bea/ARTICLES/NATIONAL/Inputout/1999/0399leon.pdf]

Lawson, Ann M., (BEA)

"Wassily Leontief and His Contributions to Economic Accounting" Survey of Current Business, March 1999, pp.9ff.; (Online: PDF)

Leontief, Wassily, Input-Output Analysis and Economic Structure: Studies in the Structure of the American Economy: Theoretical and Empirical Explorations in Input-Output Analysis

Review author[s]: Leonid Hurwicz; The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 4. (Sep., 1955), pp. 626-636. [ Review-Paper (JSTOR)]

Leontief, Wassily W., Input-Output Economics. 2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Chung J. Liew:
The dynamic variable input-output model: An advancement from the Leontief dynamic input-output model
Ann Reg Sci 34 (2000) 4, 591-614
Article in PDF format (207 KB)

Miernyk, William H. Input-Output Analysis. 1965.

Miller, Ron. "Regional and Interregional Input-Output Analysis," Ch.3 in: Isard, Miller et al., Methods of Interregional and Regional Analysis. Ashgate 1998, pp.41-133 (bibliography, pp. 120-4).

Miller, R.E., Karen R. Polenske and Adam Z. Rose, eds., Frontiers of Input-Output Analysis. N.Y.: Oxford UP, 1989. [HB142 F76 1989/ Suzz]

Miller, Ron and Peter Blair. Input Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1985).

Phillips, Almarin. The Tableau Economique as a Simple Leontief Model, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 69, No. 1. (Feb., 1955), pp. 137-144. [Paper (JSTOR)]

Regional Science and Urban Economics vol.24(1), 1994. Special Issue on Input-Output Analysis, (Thijs ten Raa, ed.) [BA-Library]

Richardson, Harry W. Input-Output and Regional Economics. 1972.

Robison, M.Henry and Jon R. Miller, "Central Place Theory and Intercommunity Input-Output Analysis," Papers in Regional Science 70(4), 1991, 399-417.

Sastry, M. Lakshminarayan, "Estimating the Economic Impacts of Elderly Migration: An Input-Output Analysis," Growth and Change, Winter 1992, pp.54ff.

Schaffer, William A., Regional Impact Models , A WebBook, 1999, Regional Research Institute, WVU. (chs. 3, 4 & 5 on Input-Output)

Sonis, Michael, Geoffrey J. D. Hewings: Economic complexity as network complication: Multiregional input-output structural path analysis, Ann Reg Sci 32 (1998) 3, 407-436