• First, complete your name and student number, and test version number (A) on your machine-graded form.
• Then, mark the letter on your machine-graded forms corresponding to the best answer for each of the 40 questions below. You have 50 minutes.
• Your raw score will be multiplied by 0.375 to yield the number of points (out of 15) you've earned toward the quarter's total of 100.

1. What are the three bases for interaction?

1. Surplus in one place, deficit in another, and the distance between them
2. Complementarity, lack of intervening opportunity, transferability
3. Distance decay, transportation costs, opportunity costs
4. Distance, population, attractiveness
5. Gravity model, network sufficiency, distance decay

1. "Friends of Bill" get a discount: i.e., pricing is based on personal relationships.
2. The purchaser pays for delivery based on the costs of delivery.
3. The seller pays for delivery, and charges the same price for all purchasers.
4. The seller pays for delivery, but cannot specify a time of delivery.
5. The seller arranges delivery, but charges those costs back to the purchaser.

1. Some sellers may be able to stay in business even though their production costs are higher than those of some competitors.
2. Purchasers will select sellers who can ship goods at the lowest cost per ton-mile.
3. Purchasers are ambivalent about which producer they buy from.
4. All sellers will charge the same price, before delivery charges, to all buyers.
5. All sellers will charge the same delivered price to all buyers.

1. air
2. railroads
3. surface roads
4. water

1. air
2. railroads
3. surface roads
4. water

6. Which of the figures above depicts a circuit?

7. Which of the figures above depicts a maximally connected network?

8. Which of the figures above depicts a simple hierarchy?

9. Which of the figures above is not a network?

10. Which of the figures above is most likely to depict a system with very low right-of-way costs and very high transport demand?

11. Which of the figures above depicts a system in which there are exactly two ways to get from any point to any other point?

12. What is "transferability" as a basis for spatial interaction?

1. lack of intervening opportunity
2. populations that have cultural values in common
3. possibility of transport a given item at a cost that is less than the opportunity cost of not transporting it
4. surplus in one place and deficit in another
5. two angles that equal 180 degrees when added together

1. Transport costs are only partly a function of distance.
2. The curvature of the earth makes the actual distances between points a little longer than they appear on a two-dimensional map.
3. The total cost of transporting something generally increases with distance, but at a decreasing rate.
4. Most transport routes are slightly curved, because they follow Great Circle routes across the earth.
5. Most carriers charge more for more time-sensitive shipments.

14. What is not an example of interaction that might be estimated by this model?

1. Airfares between two metro areas
2. Commuters between two towns in a metro area
3. Migration between two cities
4. Number of flights between two airports
5. Telephone calls between two metro areas

1. We are actually dividing distance by the parameter a.
2. The distance between i and j is inversely related to a.
3. Rather than using simple distance, we generally subtract a constant, a, from distance.
4. We are actually dividing k P_i P_j by d_ij^a.
5. We want to divide by the negative of the distance between i and j.

1. Travel time between them
2. Square roots of the populations of each place
3. Sizes of the two economies
4. Population density of each
5. Cost of transport, in time and money, between them

1. k
2. P_i
3. P_j
4. d_ij
5. a

1. k
2. P_i
3. P_j
4. d_ij
5. a

1. k
2. P_i
3. P_j
4. d_ij
5. a

1. They are generally very large numbers.
2. They are generated from one set of data, and applied to another set of similar data.
3. They are of paramount importance to the model.
4. They are the dependent variables in the model.
5. They are the measures for the horizontal and vertical axes, when we graph interaction.

1. Complementarity between i and j.
2. The cost of transportation between i and j.
3. The demand for transportation between i and j.
4. The density of land use in i and j.
5. The square footage of activity at i and j.

1. The overall transport demand had fallen between the time of the estimate and the actual data.
2. There were reasonable alternative modes of transport for those city pairs.
3. Those cities were actually closer to Seattle than expected.
4. We concluded that this was an inappropriate use for spatial interaction modeling.
5. We specified the model for airline passengers, and then tried to use it to predict total travel between city pairs.

1. To reduce the fixed costs of transport in Seattle.
2. To predict the variable costs of transport to/from Seattle.
3. To predict airline passenger traffic between each of those city pairs in the future, given some Census projections of populations in the future.
4. To determine whether the airline route system to/from Seattle is a minimally connected network.

1. By comparing the k values for different cities, we can tell which city is most like Seattle.
2. By solving for d_ij, we estimate the distance at which the fixed costs of air travel equal the variable costs.
3. The model can estimate the overall accessibility of Seattle.
4. The value of a indicates the expected total demand for airline flights to/from Seattle.
5. We could estimate the amount of demand for a flight between Seattle and a specific city that doesn't currently have direct flights to/from Seattle.

1. We can't tell, from this information.
2. Low
3. High
4. Equivalent

1. It will stay the same.
2. It will rise.
3. It will fall.

1. It will stay the same.
2. It will rise.
3. It will fall.

1. Yes, if the costs of transporting coal fall to zero.
2. Yes, if substantial manufacturing and electric-power generation come to Bilson.
3. Yes, because spatial interaction eliminates all differences in prices of transportable goods.
4. No, if the coal is shipped CIF.
5. No, because there will always be more coal in Bilson than (on average) in the rest of the world.

1. insure provision of a minimal level of service to small, potentially unprofitable places, by mandating service in return for higher prices charged on routes facing more demand
2. increasing the spatial interaction among large places
3. high fixed costs and low marginal costs (up to the capacity constraint) leads to a natural monopoly (a firm will only undertake the fixed costs if it has a monopoly in the provision of the service — think of water, local telephone, local natural-gas, cable-TV service); the pricing policies of a monopolist need government review
4. difficulty of service purchasers to determine safety a priori, depressing demand and/or reducing safety

1. increase international price differentials for natural and human resources
2. increase the similarity of economic activity and structures across all places
3. increase the specialization and interaction of all places
4. reduce the amount of competition between producers of the same product

EQUATION 2:   B_C = d_AC  /  (1 + sq.rt. (P_A / P_C))

31. What should happen to the boundary of the trade areas between the two retail centers, as the cost of transportation increases?

1. It should move away from downtown
2. It should move toward downtown.
3. It should remain the same.

1. It should move away from downtown
2. It should move toward downtown.
3. It should remain the same.

1. It should remain the same.
2. It should move toward downtown.
3. It should move away from downtown.

In the second exercise, you estimated the amount of retail sales you’d get in a supermarket at a particular location j, by allowing the computer to compute the sales that the store should get from customers in each of several zones i. You told the computer the total household income in each zone, and the proportion of total income spent on groceries. The computer computed the distance from each i to j, and the consequent level of sales (S) expected from all the zones in the market area of the supermarket, as

34. If you were to relate this model (EQUATION 3) to the basic spatial interaction model (EQUATION 1), what letter relates most closely to P_i?

1. a
2. C_i
3. d_ij
4. k
5. S_j

1. S_j
2. k
3. C_i
4. d_ij
5. a

1. It decreases.
2. It increases.
3. It should not change.

1. your share of the market that could potentially come to your store
2. the total size of the market area, in dollars spent on groceries
3. the proportion of income that households spend on groceries
4. the maximum number of people who could shop at your store
5. the friction of distance

1. reduce traffic congestion in the city
2. locate your store closer to the market center
3. increase traffic congestion in the city
4. increase the attractiveness or uniqueness of your store

40. As the cost (and other barriers, such as legal barriers) of transportation decreases between two places, which of the following is not sure to follow?

1. The value of a resource that is scarce in place A and plentiful in place B will decline in the place A.
2. increased productivity in the combined economies of the two places
3. increased population in each place
4. increased interaction between the places
5. increased economic specialization of each place