Name:________________________________ Student Number:_________________

Write your name and student number above. Answer each of the following 38 items by marking the space on your machine-readable forms which corresponds to the item number (1 - 38) and the best answer (a - e) provided. You have 50 minutes.

1. Which of the following is not at a geographic scale to be considered by economic geography?

1. airline traffic between Seattle and San Francisco
2. energy exchange among the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon
3. growth or decline of formal economic activity in metropolitan Seattle
4. relative market shares of the Bon Marché stores at Northgate Mall and downtown Seattle
5. trade flows between Japan and the U.S.

1. any good or service
2. goods or services that are so basic that the good (or service) from one producer is equivalent to that from any other producer
3. goods, services, and relationships that are explicitly traded for one another or for currency
4. products or services that whose future sales can be traded in futures markets

1. micro-geography (the study of relationships at local scales) versus macro-geography (the study of relationships at global or near-global scales)
2. the actual distribution of things and flows across the Earth versus the study of these distributions and their determinants
3. the description and study of real versus imagined (fictional) places
4. the study of human versus natural phenomena

1. the amount that the highest bidder is willing to pay for a unit of a good or service
2. the cost of producing one additional unit of a good or service
3. the cost of producing the first unit of a good or service
4. the fixed costs (plant, machinery, land, etc.) of setting up production
5. the price of a good or service

1. the expenses incurred in producing the activity or product
2. the price received for the activity or product
3. the total costs of transporting all materials and people required to create the activity or product
4. the value of the best alternative use of the resources required for the activity or product

1. In viewing the time-series set of maps, we were concerned only about the changing amount of the activity depicted, not about the geographic distribution; we assumed that the geographic distribution of the single map was the "true" distribution.
2. The degree of spatial correlation (the similarity of the spatial distributions on the two sets of maps) gave us some idea whether the phenomenon on the single map caused the phenomenon on the time-series set of maps.
3. We were comparing the distributions of two phenomena across the same region, using the same areal sub-units, in an attempt to identify one phenomenon based on its distribution relative to a known phenomenon.
4. We were using the time series (each of which had a year attached) to identify the approximate year of the data on the single time-period map.

1. A few, huge pork processing plants were built in southeastern North Carolina.
2. Americans eat much more pork per person now than several years ago.
3. North Carolina exempted hog farmers from legal liability in claims that their activities harmed their neighbors.
4. North Carolina has a warmer climate than the Midwest, allowing hogs to fatten with less time and feed.
5. Organizational and technological changes in hog farming have allowed large-scale, specialized farms to reduce their costs faster than farms that raise hogs as a "side line" in addition to several other crops.

1. A few, huge pork processing plants were built in southeastern North Carolina.
2. Americans eat much more pork per person now than several years ago.
3. North Carolina exempted hog farmers from legal liability in claims that their activities harmed their neighbors.
4. North Carolina has a warmer climate than the Midwest, allowing hogs to fatten with less time and feed.
5. Organizational and technological changes in hog farming have allowed large-scale, specialized farms to reduce their costs faster than farms that raise hogs as a "side line" (in addition to several other crops).

9. . In the identity above, Y can be interpreted as several things. Which of the following is clearly incorrect?

1. gross domestic product
2. the size of an economy
3. the total income received for the production of commodities within a specific territory
4. the total value of all the goods and services that are shipped to or are provided for consumers outside a specific territory

1. private-sector consumption of goods and services
2. the amount of capital invested in the economy
3. the amount of credit available in the economy
4. the marginal cost of producing any additional goods and services within the territory
5. the total amount of currency in circulation in the given economy

1. the total income received for the production of commodities within a specific territory
2. the value of goods and services imported into the territory
3. total private investment within the economy

1. One cannot say without more information.
2. the amount by which the economy has grown since the preceding time period
3. the balance of trade into and out of the territory
4. the central government budget surplus or deficit
5. the marginal cost of producing any additional goods and services within the territory

1. decreases in unit costs of production as a result of larger designed scale of output within the firm
2. decreases in unit costs of production as a result of proximity or density of economic activity
3. increases in demand as the price of production falls
4. increases in the marginal cost of production
5. the relationship between scale and transport costs

1. contract rent
2. price or rent charged for a certain location because of the value of the activity occurring there
3. price paid for a good or service minus the cost of producing the good or service
4. price premium that a parcel of land can command based solely on the desirability of its location
5. rent one pays for land or space in a building

1. average cost as a function of quantity sold
2. demand curve
3. price as a function of quantity produced
4. supply curve
5. total revenue

1. CB slopes down because it more can be sold as the price declines.
2. CB slopes down because of the costs of getting the products to market.
3. CB slopes up because it costs more per unit to produce additional units.
4. CB slopes up because of economies of scale.
5. CB slopes up because of opportunity costs.

1. Consumers’ tastes have changed to demand less of the product, at any price.
2. Consumers’ tastes have changed to demand more of the product, at any price.
3. Technological change has reduced the costs of production.
4. The price has fallen, so demand increases.
5. The principle of diminishing returns suggests that as a resource is depleted, its price rises.

1. Consumers are getting a substantial surplus, because the price well below the demand curve.
2. The producers are getting a lower price than they would if production were at Q_B.
3. The producers are making less profit per unit than they would if production were at Q_B.
4. The producers are making less total profit than they would if production were at Q_B.
5. The scale of production is too low to allow costs to fall to C’B’.

Items 19 - 23 refer to the equation below.

  where

LR = maximum rent that a particular agricultural use can pay at a particular point, in dollars/acre

Q = output (a measure of intensity of use), in tons/acre

p = market price (a measure of value of the crop), in dollars/ton

c = production cost, in dollars/ton

f = transport cost, in dollars/ton-mile

k = distance from the market center to the point in question, in miles.

19. What is (p-c) ?

1. economic rent
2. location rent
3. marginal cost of producing the particular agricultural product
4. point at which one agricultural use becomes more profitable than another
5. profit to be made per ton of output, before transport costs

1. long-run diminishing returns to producing the particular agricultural product
2. marginal cost of producing the particular agricultural product
3. point at which one agricultural use becomes more profitable than another
4. profit to be made per acre, before transport costs
5. profit to be made per ton of output, before transport costs

1. a measure of land-use intensity
2. cost to transport an acre’s production from the particular point to the market
3. short-run transportation cost
4. the furthest distance from the market at which it is economically viable to raise this farm product
5. the location rent that the particular crop can pay for land at the market

1. price at which all the land in the city will find a renter (or buyer)
2. profit to be made per acre of land, before transport costs
3. profit to be made per square foot of rented space, before transport costs
4. the distance from the given land use to the point of maximum accessibility
5. the slope of the location-rent curve for that particular land use

1. the average rent per square foot within the urban area
2. the distance from the given land use to the point of maximum accessibility
3. the distance of the average commute (journey-to-work) in that urban area
4. the freight rate charged to move one square foot of cargo one mile
5. the people (and/or goods) that must converge to create the land use, per square foot of the land use, multiplied by the average transport cost per person per mile (or per ton of goods per mile)

1. Density times distance
2. the cost to transport the people or goods that have to get to and from an acre of this land use, each day
3. the distance from the given land use to the point of maximum accessibility
4. the freight rate charged to move one square foot of cargo one mile
5. the slope of the location-rent curve for that particular land use

1. D increases.
2. Each land use becomes denser.
3. Land uses that cannot pay increased rents are no longer present.
4. r-c falls.
5. The boundaries of the urban area expand.

Items 28 - 33 refer to the figure to the right, below, which is a diagram of competing urban land uses A, B, and C.

28. What’s the highest rent per square foot per year, anywhere in the city?

1. LR1 d) LR5
2. LR2 e) LR6
3. LR3

1. A
2. B
3. C

1. A d) D9
2. D1 e) LR2
3. D8

land-use B is found?

1. D1 d) D5
2. D2 e) D6
3. D3

1. between D1 and D2
2. D1
3. D2
4. nowhere on this diagram; LR3 is always overshadowed by A
5. nowhere on this diagram; LR3 is always overshadowed by LR2

1. direction from the center of the city
2. distance from the point of maximum accessibility
3. land-use intensity
4. land-use zoning
5. cost of transportation

1. differences in accessibility and, therefore, in land values along transport lines radiating outward from the city center.
2. the different densities of urban land uses.
3. the point where urban and agricultural land uses meet.
4. the presence of commercial nodes in suburban districts.
5. the rising cost of transportation over time.

35. If the figure above depicts the "circular flow of capitalism," what is represented by the flow marked A?

1. final or finished products
2. intermediate products
3. payments for goods and services
4. production factors
5. wages, salaries, land rents, interest payments

1. final or finished products
2. intermediate products
3. payments for goods and services
4. production factors
5. wages, salaries, land rents, interest payments

1. final or finished products
2. intermediate products
3. payments for goods and services
4. production factors
5. wages, salaries, land rents, interest payments

1. final or finished products
2. intermediate products
3. payments for goods and services
4. production factors
5. wages, salaries, land rents, interest payments