Lecture 18

Learning 3

1. Compare Operant Conditioning and Classical Conditioning
1. Behavior
2. Temporal Focus
3. Nature of the Association
2. Learning and Motivation
1. What is a Reinforcer?
2. Hull's Drive Reduction Model
3. Testing Behaviorism's Key Assumptions
1. Trial and Error
2. Reinforcement and Learning
3. Equiprobability
4. Cognitions/Expectancies

Overview

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning represent two fundamental forms of learning. Although they differ in important respects, they also have important similarities. For example, reflexive behaviors were once shaped by their prior consequences (throughout our evolutionary history), and autonomic processes (such as heart rate) can be affected by shaping and reinforcement.

Like all theories, behaviorism cannot be shown to be right or wrong. We can, however, test some of its key assumptions. Research by Bandura, Tolman, and Garcia have called into question some of behaviorism's most important assumptions.

Specifics

• Compare classical conditioning and operant conditioning with respect to three variables: The behavior being studied, the timing of the stimulus and the response, and the nature of the association between stimuli and responses.
• Know how phobias and biofeedback combine elements of classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
• Be familiar with Hull's theory as it pertains to the association between drive, reinforcement, and learning.
• Know what is meant by social learning, and understand why learning is in italics.
• Be familiar with the procedures and findings of Tolman's study of latent learning and Garcia's study of taste aversion, and know why these procedures and findings are important to know.
• Contrast the classical view of classical conditioning with the modern one.