Reading: AB,
chapter 10.
Last updated on February 22, 1997.
Consider the economy initially in general equilibrium with r* = 5% and full employment output Y*. Recall, in general equilibrium the labor market is in equilibrium, the goods market is in equilibrium (aggregate demand = aggregate supply) and the money market is in equilibrium. The initial price level is given by P0. Now suppose the government increases its purchases of goods and services from G0 to G1. This increases the aggregate demand for goods and the IS curve shifts up and to the right. The level of demand is determined by the intersection between IS and LM and this is denoted Yd. At the higher level of government spending the aggregate demand for goods is greater than the aggregate supply of goods, Y*. Firms will see their inventory of goods fall and they will respond by increasing prices. Also, workers will bargain for higher nominal wages to keep their real wage constant. As overall prices and wages rise, the LM curve will shift up and to the left and the real interest rate will rise. As r increases, interest sensitive spending (consumption and investment) falls as we move along the IS curve toward the new general equilibrium at r = 8%. At the new equilibrium, output is again Y* but the real interest rate and the price level are higher. Also, the higher amount of government spending has crowded out some private consumption and investment expenditure due to the higher real interest rate. The end result of the increased level of government spending is no increase in real output but the composition of demand has changed: more government spending and less private spending.
Consider the economy initially in general equilibrium with r* = 5% and full employment output Y*. Recall, in general equilibrium the labor market is in equilibrium, the goods market is in equilibrium (aggregate demand = aggregate supply) and the money market is in equilibrium. The initial price level is given by P0. Now suppose the Fed increases the nominal money supply, through an open market purchase of government bonds, from M0 to M1. This shifts the LM curve down and to the right and increases the demand for goods by putting downward pressure on the real interest rate. The level of demand is determined by the intersection between IS and LM and this is denoted Yd. At the higher level of real balances the aggregate demand for goods is greater than the aggregate supply of goods, Y*. Firms will see their inventory of goods fall and they will respond by increasing prices. Workers react to the increase in prices by bargaining for higher nominal wages to keep their real wage constant. As overall prices and wage rise, the LM curve will shift up and to the left reversing the downward pressure on the real interest rate. Prices rise so that the LM curve shifts right back to where it was initially. The expansionary monetary policy in this example is completely neutral on the real economy: the increase in M has caused no change in the equilibrium values of the real variables Y, r, W/P. The higher money supply has increased the price level and the level of nominal wages and has caused a brief spurt of inflation.
Consider the economy initially in general equilibrium with r* = 5% and full employment output Y*. Recall, in general equilibrium the labor market is in equilibrium, the goods market is in equilibrium (aggregate demand = aggregate supply) and the money market is in equilibrium. The initial price level is given by P0. Now suppose that productivity temporarily increases from A0 to A1. This could be due to, for example, a temporary decrease in the price of oil. Recall, the textbook defines a temporary change as one that does not affect expectation variables and that a permanent change does affect expectation variables. The increase in productivity shifts up the production function, shifts out the demand for labor and leads to higher levels of employment, output and the real wage (assuming the price level is fixed at P0 the higher real wage is due to a higher nominal wage) . As a result, the FE (full employment output) line shifts to the right and the new potential supply of goods is now Y1*. At r = 5%, the level of aggregate demand (determined by the intersection between IS and LM) is less than the aggregate supply of goods, Y*. Firms will see their inventory of goods pile up and they will respond by decreasing prices. As overall prices (and nominal wages) fall, the LM curve will shift down and to the right and the real interest rate will fall. As r falls, interest sensitive spending (consumption and investment) rises as we move along the IS curve toward the new general equilibrium at r = 4%. At the new equilibrium, output (Y), employment (N), the real wage (W/P), consumption (C), investment (I) and saving (S) are higher and the real interest rate (r) and the general price level (P) are lower.