Tree Physiology 22: 31-40, 2002.
Variation in specific needle area (SNA; cm2 projected fresh needle area g-1 oven-dried needle weight) was investigated in relation to needle age, witing crown position and epicormic shoot production in 450-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirib. (Franco) var. menziesii) trees. Specific needle area decreased with increasing needle age. The magnitude and rate of change in SNA with needle age were greatest for lower-crown branches, and decreased toward the middle- and upper-crown branches. For all branches, there was no difference between regular and epicormic shoots in the relation between SNA and needle age. Specific needle area decreased with increasing distance from branch base, and this relationship was significant for the majority of needle age classes of the upper- and middle-crown branches. In the lower-crown branches, SNA did not vary with distance from branch base for the majority of needle age classes. For all branches, there was no difference between regular and epicormic shoots in the relationship between SNA and distance from branch base for the majority of needle age classes. These results indicate that renewal of foliage by epicormic shoot production maitains needle quality. Branch SNA increased linearly with decreasing height in the crown at a mean rate of 0.951 + 0.110 cm2 g-1 per vertical meter. Total needle area of branches was estimated from total needle dry weight taking into account within-branch variation in SNA. Analysis of allometric relationships between branch size and foliage amount (needle area and needle dry weight) showed that branch length was a better predictor of foliage amount than branch diameter for old Douglas-fir trees. Total needle dry weight and needle area of the sample trees, estimated from branch length and branch height and taking into account vertical within-crown variation in branch SNA, ranged from 42.4 to 154.3 kg and from 246.2 to 816.0 m2 per tree respectively.