Review Sheet 3. Schirokauer chapters 13, 14, 15, and 16

Words to identify

Kang Youwei Liang Qichao Sun Yat-sen Yuan Shikai

New Youth May Fourth Movement Lu Xun Northern Expedition Chiang Kaishek Mao Zedong Long March Yan'an Great Leap Forward Communes Cultural Revolution Red Guards Sino-Soviet split One-Child Family policy

Objective, short answer questions (there may be more than one correct answer—give all of them)

1. Compared to the old reformers in the Self-Strengthening movement, the new reformers who emerged after the defeat in the war of 1894-95 were more

a. reluctant to accept technological help from the West

b. reluctant to accept Western ideals

c. willing to reexamine their traditional views

d. ready to establish a communist China

2. For the new reformers, the best example of modernization was the

a. Meiji restoration

b. French revolution

c. Tongzhi’s Self-Strengthening

d. “hundred days of reform”

3. The Boxers, members of the Yihequan, were mostly

a. intellectuals with anti-Manchu attitudes

b. intellectuals with anti-Western attitudes

c. the poor and the illiterate with anti-Manchu attitudes

d. the poor and the illiterate with anti-Western attitudes

4. During the late nineteenth century, China witnessed the emergence of a semimodern urban elite composed of merchants, bankers, professional men and absentee landowners. (T/F)

5. Sun Yat-sen’s effort to gain support for his revolutionary activities from overseas Chinese communities was largely unsuccessful. (T/F)

6. Sun Yat-sen’s “Three Principles of the People” include

a. the people’s education, welfare, and military force

b. nationalism, Confucianism, and education

c. nationalism, democracy, and the people’s livelihood

7. The October 10 Incident in Wuchang marked

a. the beginning of the 1911 Revolution

b. the beginning of the communist era

c. the end of the Qing dynasty

d. the end of Sun Yat-sen’s leadership

8. 17. After the fall of Yuan Shikai, the actual power was in the hands of foreign powers

a. Communist party

b. Nationalist party

c. warlords

9. The period 1917-23 has been called “the golden age of Chinese capitalism” because

a. Chinese intellectuals enjoyed freedom of speech

b. the government allowed foreign imports

c. economically the modern sector expanded rapidly

10. A prime target for the new intellectuals was Confucianism. (T/F)

11. The leading proponent of the vernacular language movement was

a. Chen Duxiu

b. Hu Shi

c. Li Dazhao

d. Kang Youwei

12. During the May Fourth movement period, the Chinese literature had a tendency toward romantic emotionalism. (T/F)

13. The early Chinese Marxists were attracted by Marx and Engels’ concept of

a. class warfare

b. Asiatic mode of production

c. an egalitarian society

14. The Soviet Union played a role in the development of the Chinese communist party, primarily through an organization established to coordinate Communist movements around the world known as the _______________.

15. During the Guomindang and CCP period of cooperation, it was the Guomindang that reached out to mobilize and organize workers and farmers. (T/F)

16. During the last years of his life, Sun Yat-sen interpreted nationalism largely in terms of anti-imperialism. (T/F)

17. The first alliance between the Guomindang and CCP fell apart in 1927 when

a. CCP was no longer willing to accept Guomindang’s guidance

b. Chiang Kai-shek initiated a bloody campaign of suppression

c. the Northern Expedition succeeded in taking Beijing

18. Chen Duxiu was

a. a leading general and diplomat

b. a literary figure who joined the CCP

c. a artist who had studied in Japan

19. During the period of 1927-1937, the capital was located at ________.

20. In 1931, a small group of Japanese officers fabricated an excuse for hostilities that led to the Japanese seizing control of _______________.

21. In 1934 Chiang Kai-shek launched the New Life movement

a. exhorting the populace to observe Confucian values

b. encouraging girls to attend school

c. encouraging women to work

d. implementing a divorce law and welfare program

22. In 1931, a Soviet Republic was proclaimed in _________. Mao Zedong and Zhu De were two of the principle leaders of this soviet.

23. The Long March

a. was a direct result of Chiang Kai-shek’s “annihilation campaigns”

b. covered about 6,000 miles, and only less than 10 percent of the marchers completed the journey

c. greatly heightened the Red Army’s spirit and confidence

24. The _____ incident let to the formation of a united front in 1937 between the CCP and the GMD. This incident involved the kidnapping of _________.

25. In justifying its invasion of China, Japan proclaimed that it was establishing a “____________” as a bastion against both western imperialism and communism.

26. Nationalist troops put up a determined resistance against the Japanese at Shanghai in August-October, 1937. But after Shanghai fell, the Japanese attacked _______, where they went on a rampage, killing and raping tens of thousands of people.

27. In 1940 the Japanese established a puppet regime in Nanjing headed by the last emperor, Puyi. (T/F)

28. In 1942, the Japanese cut off the __________, the main supply route to the Nationalist capital.

29. During the war years (1937-1945) the Communist party

a. greatly expanded its membership

b. took over large regions of Southern China

c. successfully held several conventions

d. was headquartered in Yan’an.

30. The key to the Communist Party’s ultimate success was a mass mobilization of the peasantry. (T/F)

31. An immediate result of the war was that Japan had to relinquish

a. Manchuria

b. Taiwan

c. Korea

32. Japan’s surrender in 1945 did not bring a peace to China. On the contrary, China slipped into a civil war that lasted another four years. (T/F)

33. Although the CCP gained the support of the peasantry, the urban and educated segments of the population remained strong supporters of the Nationalists, above all because they were satisfied with the way the Nationalists had managed the economy. (T/F)

34. After the war against Japan, the Nationalist forces were not only superior to the CCP’s army in size and equipment, but also were supported by all the Allies, including the USSR (T/F)

35. The US firmly backed Chiang Kai-shek’s government at the end of the war, and urged him to refuse to negotiate with the Communists or consider any sort of coalition government. (T/F)

36. Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 19___.

37. After the Communists took over China, Chiang Kai-shek and his Nationalist government moved to ________.

38. Mao Zedong was the first person of peasant background to establish a new state or dynasty in Chinese history. (T/F)

39. After 1949, Hong Kong only remained Britain’s colony only in name, the Communist government regained rights over its policy making. (T/F)

40. A characteristic feature of the Chinese government system after 1949 is the separation between the government and the Communist party. (T/F)

41. After 1949, “autonomous regions” were created in areas where the majority of the population are

a. members of the Nationalist party

b. foreigners

c. Manchus

d. minorities

42. During 1951-52, the Communist government launched massive national campaigns to discipline CCP membership and deprive the national bourgeoisie of power. (T/F)

43. The relations between P.R.C. and U.S.S.R. soured when Stalin drove a hard bargain and was slow to relinquish special interests in ________ and Xinjiang.

44. The aim of P.R.C’s industrialization was to

a. create a socialist state with a proletarian base

b. create an advanced economy based on state supervision of capitalist enterprises

c. equip its army in the Korean War and build an export-oriented weapons industry

45. During the early 1950s, Chinese government carried out land redistribution in countryside. Landlords were forced to hand over at least one-third, but no more than half, of their land. (T/F)

46. Government attempts to extend agricultural collectivization after 1953 failed because of peasant resistance. (T/F)

47. China’s first modern census, taken at 1953, registered a total population of

a. 382,600,000

b. 582,600,000

c. 782,600,000

d. 982,600,000

48. The techniques that the government used in thought reform during the 1950s including

a. the five good, the five old, and the five antis

b. group discussion, self-criticism, and public confession

c. encouraging intellectuals give up their careers and start again as peasants or workers

49. Although in 1956 Mao invited intellectuals to “let a hundred flowers bloom; let a hundred schools contend,” intellectuals were unwilling to risk dare to criticizing the government. (T/F)

50. In 1958 the Chinese government abandoned the gradualism of Soviet-style central planning and initiated _____________ in hoping to accelerate China’s economic development.

51. Mao Zedong was both the head of the party and the government during 1949-1958. In 1958 he resigned from the government post and let Liu Shaoqi take charge of the rebuilding of government’s economic foundation. (T/F)

52. Mao pushed the Cultural Revolution in order to

a. shake up educational institutions

b. prevent the entrenchment of new vested interests in the state and the party

c. regain power he had lost after the Great Leap Forward

d. make revolution a continuing process

53. The most popular book during the Cultural Revolution was

a. The East is Red

b. Lei Feng, Model Worker

c. Learning From Dazhai

d. Quotations from Chairman Mao

54. A distinctive feature of the Cultural Revolution was the theory of “mass line” which meant

a. that people were the source of valuable ideas

b. that the masses must be carefully indoctrinated

c. that people should be responsible for their own actions

55. During the Cultural Revolution, many party cadres, intellectuals, and Red Guards were sent down to countryside to work with the peasants. (T/F)

56. Although the Cultural Revolution officially ended in 1969, radical Maoists remained influential in national politics during the next seven years. (T/F)

57. Lin Biao, Mao’s designated successor, was denounced during 1973-74 in a campaign that linked him with ________. Both men were portrayed as reactionaries who wanted to reinstate an outdated system.

58. Sino-American relations were greatly improved when Nixon visited Beijing and signed the Shanghai Communique in February 1972. However full formal diplomatic relations were not resumed until 1979. (T/F)

59. Mao’s true successor was ________, a party veteran who aimed at turning China into a modern state.

60. The so-called Four Modernizations aimed at modernizing

a. ideology, education, industry, and administration

b. agriculture, industry, science, and defense

c. technology, bureaucracy, transportation, and communication

d. backward regions, backward industries, backward nationalities, and backward institutions

61. A dramatic change in the countryside after Mao’s era occurred with

a. the establishment of communes

b. the implement of the “equal-field system”

c. de-collectivization

62. The suppression of the student movement in June 4, 1989 was the first time the government cracked down on intellectuals’ democratic movement since Mao died. (T/F)

63. During the 1980s Sino-Soviet relations improved while the Sino-Vietnamese relations remained tense. (T/F)

64. By 1980’s Taiwan had attained the third highest level of per capita income in Asia, exceeded only by Japan and South Korea. (T/F)

65. In order to meet popular pressures for democracy, the Taiwan government revoked the martial law in

a. 1957

b. 1967

c. 1977

d. 1987

66. After the establishment of the P.R.C., art

a. was banned by the government

b. was regarded as bourgeois liberalism

c. was regarded as cultural pollution

d. had to speak to a mass audience and serve the revolution

67. In 1976 there occurred

a. the death of Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek

b. the death of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai

c. the Tangshan earthquake

68. Both mainland and Taiwan government implemented land redistribution after 1949. (T/F)

69. Neither the mainland government nor the Taiwan government have ever denounced Confucianism (T/F)

70. Since the Opium War, the Korean War was the first time that China was not defeated by a foreign nation. (T/F)

71. The majority of the population in contemporary China are

a. urban citizens

b. rural peasants

c. factory workers

d. non-Han people

72. Essay questions on modern Chinese history

(1) Argue for or against the contention that most of China's troubles since the Opium War have been the result of imperialism and foreign intervention.

(2) Argue for or against the contention that the PRC deserves a lot of credit for improving the lives of ordinary Chinese.

(3) What are the most important intellectual developments in China during the twentieth century?

(4) Assess Mao Zedong's role in Chinese history.

73. Essay questions on the full sweep of Chinese history

(1) Which features of China's history are most important to understanding China in the last two decades?

(2) Is there anything in Chinese history that helps explain why China has retained a communist political system when so many other countries, including Russia, have abandoned it?

(3) Analyze China's population problems in the context of China's history.