BIO A 450: Biodemography. Autumn 2024
Email: djholman@uw.edu
Voice: 206-543-7586
Office: Department of Anthropology, Denny M237
Scope
Biodemography is the application of biological and evolutionary theory to an understanding of human population processes like aging, mortality, fertility, maturation and growth. This course is an introduction to the methods, theory, literature and applications of biodemography. The course draws from ideas in demography, anthropology, evolutionary biology, population biology, and reproductive ecology.
What will this course do for you? (1) Provide a solid foundation for understanding the evolution of human patterns of senescence, mortality and fertility. (2) Introduce new tools, concepts, and ways of thinking about quantitative problems in biological anthropology, demography, and evolutionary biology. (3) Provide sufficient historical, intellectual, and mathematical backgrounds to help you evaluate contemporary research in biodemography.
Classes
MWF: 2:30pm-3:20pm Savery (SAV) 121
Office Hours
I will be available after class most days. I will hold Zoom office hours Tuesdays 6:00pm-6:50pm. Contact me to set up an appointment outside these times.
Textbook and Readings
There is no textbook for this course. There are many readings, however. Please complete readings prior to the corresponding lecture. Readings in italics are optional.
Grading
There will be 4 problem sets (18% each) that will, in aggregate, make up 72% of your final grade. A final team project will make up 28% of your grade.
Problem sets
Problem sets will be assigned every two weeks (or so). Each problem set is worth 18% of your final grade. The problems will be based on lecture material and paper readings. Problem sets will be made up of both analytical problems and short written answers. I encourage you to work in groups on the problem sets. If so, use the opportunity to ensure you completely understand the problems. You may use any references (other books, readings, web pages) to work on the problems. Typically, problem sets will be oriented toward solving numerical problems and interpreting results.
In part, the problem sets test your ability to do the work under time constraints. Therefore, the grade of a late problem set will depreciate by 10% per day, including any fraction of a day late. For example, if you would have gotten a 95% on the problem set, it would depreciate to 95x0.9=85.5% for being one day late, 95x0.92=77% for 2 days late, 95x0.93=69% for day 3 and so on.
Exams
A final exam is scheduled for Tuesday, 10 December, from 2:30pm to 4:20pm. But it will not really be a final exam. Rather we will have a presentation session in which groups share their projects and give a "lightening talk." Attendance and participation is required. This will be done over Zoom rather than in the classroom.
Projects
Teams of 2 or 3 students will develop a project and make a brief presentation during the final exam period. More information about the projects and the format will be given out mid-term.
There are three types of projects possible that make use of the concepts from this course: (1) Review of a subject, (2) Original data analysis, (3) A research proposal.
A review project should (a) summarize the recent biodemographic literature on a topic, (b) provide a brief synthesis of the material, (c) provide visual material (tables and graphs) to help the reader understand the topic. Original data analysis projects will test some biodemographic hypothesis using data. These projects will provide the traditional (a) introduction, (b) subjects, materials and methods, (c) results, and (d) discussion. Finally, a research proposal will describe (a) the motivations for a project, (b) review the literature, (c) describe the data and analytical methods that will be used for the research.
Course Policies
Academic misconduct
The University's policy on plagiarism and academic misconduct is a part of the Student Conduct Code, which cites the definition of academic misconduct in the WAC 478-121. According to this section of the WAC, academic misconduct includes: "Cheating"-such as "unauthorized assistance in taking quizzes", "Falsification" "which is the intentional use or submission of falsified data, records, or other information including, but not limited to, records of internship or practicum experiences or attendance at any required event(s), or scholarly research"; and "Plagiarism" which includes "[t]he use, by paraphrase or direct quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear acknowledgment."
The UW Libraries have a useful guide for students here.
Accommodation
Your experience in this class is important to me. If you have already established accommodations with Disability Resources for Students (DRS), please communicate your approved accommodations to me at your earliest convenience so we can discuss your needs in this course. The website for the DRO provides other resources for students and faculty for making accommodations.
Washington state law requires that UW develop a policy for accommodation of student absences or significant hardship due to reasons of faith or conscience, or for organized religious activities. The UW's policy, including more information about how to request an accommodation, is available at Religious Accommodations Policy. Accommodations must be requested within the first two weeks of this course using the Religious Accommodations Request form.
Inclusion
Among the core values of the university are inclusivity and diversity, regardless of race, gender, income, ability, beliefs, and other ways that people distinguish themselves and others. If any assignments and activities are not accessible to you, please contact me so we can make arrangements to include you by making an alternative assignment available.
Learning often involves the exchange of ideas. To include everyone in the learning process, we expect you will demonstrate respect, politeness, reasonableness, and willingness to listen to others at all times-even when passions run high. Behaviors must support learning, understanding, and scholarship.
Preventing violence is a shared responsibility in which everyone at the UW plays apart. If you experience harassment during your studies, please report it to the SafeCampus website (anonymous reports are possible). SafeCampus provides information on counseling and safety resources, University policies, and violence reporting requirements help us maintain a safe personal, work and learning environment.
Safety
If you are ill, please do not come to class (or the campus, for that matter). For more information about covid-19 safety, see https://www.washington.edu/coronavirus/.
Readings:
Materials:
Readings:
Materials:
- Overheads Sep 30
- Overheads Oct 2
- Overheads Oct 4
- Problem set 1 distributed (Wednesday)
- Kobe Howard: How to make a Population Pyramid in Excel
- Key Life: How to make Population Pyramid in Excel | From Scratch | Tricky way
- MyOnlineTrainingHub:Excel Pyramid Charts 3 Ways - Great for Demographic Data
- Credibly Curious: Population Pyramid Plots in ggplot2 (R)
- Apyramid package: Introduction to {apyramid}
Readings:
Materials:
Readings:
- Kirkwood and Austad (2000)
- Kruger and Nesse (2004)
- Beltrán-Sánchez (2015)
- Gurven and Kaplan (2007)
Materials:
- Overheads Oct 14
- Overheads Oct 16
- Overheads Oct 18
- Growth rate Excel template for in-class exercise Oct 16
- Problem set 2 distributed (Wednesday)
- Growth rate Excel template for problem set 2
Readings:
Materials:
Readings:
Materials:
- Overheads Oct 28
- Overheads Oct 30
- Overheads Nov 1
- Final Presentation handout (Monday)
- Problem set 3 distributed (Wednesday)
Readings:
Materials:
Readings:
- Wood et al. (2001)
- O'Connor et al. (1998)
- Finch and Holmes (2010)
- Ferrell et al. (2012)
- Ellis et al. (2024)
Materials:
- Overheads Nov 13
- Overheads Nov 15
- Problem set 4 distributed (Wednesday)
Readings:
Materials:
Readings:
Materials:
Readings:
Materials:
- Problem set 4 due (Wednesday)
Materials:
- Resources for creating scientific presentations:
- Michael Alley: Scientific Posters
- NYU: Poster Basics
- UC Berkeley: "Scientific Poster Design" presentation (pdf)
- NCSU: Creating effective poster presentations
- Colin Purrington: Poster design tips
- Making a better research poster (video)
- U of Guelph: Dos and Donts of poster design (video)
- Gerry Overmeyr: Making an academic research poster using Power Point
- Adam Read: How to produe an academic poster (video)
- Michael Alley: Scientific Posters
- Presenting your project:
- Altmann J, et al. (2010) Life history context of reproductive aging in a wild primate model. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1204:127-138.
- Beltrán-Sánchez H, Finch CE, Crimmins EM. (2015) Twentieth century surge of excess adult male mortality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.;112(29):8993-8998. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421942112.
- Bloom DE (2011) 7 billion and counting. Science 333:562-569.
- Boquet-Appel, J-P (2011) When the world's population took off: the springboard of the Neolithic demographic transition. Science 333: 560-561.
- Bronikowski AM, et al. (2011) Aging in the natural world: comparative data reveal similar mortality patterns across primates. Science 331:1325-1328.
- Burger O, Baudisch A, Vaupel JW (2012) Human mortality improvement in evolutionary context. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109:18210-18214.
- de Jesús Rovirosa-Hernández M, González MH, Guevara-Pérez MÃ, GarcÃa-Orduña F, de los Ãngeles Aguilar-Tirado A, Puga-OlguÃn A, Vásquez-DomÃnguez BP (2017) Menopause in Nonhuman Primates: A Comparative Study with Humans. InA Multidisciplinary Look at Menopause. InTech.
- Ellis S, Franks DW, Nielsen MLK, Weiss MN, Croft DP (2024). The evolution of menopause in toothed whales. Nature, 1-7.
- Ferrell RJ, Rodriguez G, Holman D, O'Connor K, Wood JW, Weinstein M (2012) Hypoestrogenic "inactive phases" at the start of the menstrual cycle: changes with age and reproductive stage, and relationship to follicular depletion. Fertility and Sterility. 98(5):1246-1253. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1101
- Finch CE, Holmes DJ (2010). Ovarian aging in developmental and evolutionary contexts. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1204, 82-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05610.x
- Feinleib M (2008) The epidemiologic transition model: Accomplishments and challenges. Annals of Epidemiology 18(11):865-867.
- Gage TB (2005) Are modern environments really bad for us? Revisiting the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 48:96-117.
- Holman DJ, Wood JW, Campbell KL (2000) Age-dependent decline of female fecundity is caused by early fetal loss. Chapter 9 in te Velde ER, Broekmans F, and Pearson P (eds.) Female Reproductive Ageing. Studies in Profertility series, Vol 9, Carnforth, UK: Parthenon Publishing Group. pp. 123-136.
- Howell N (1982) Village composition implied by a paleodemographic life table: the Libben site. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59:263-269.
- Jones JH (2010) Demograpy. In Muehlenbein MP (ed.) Human evolutionary biology.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 74-91.
- Kaplan H, Gurven M (2008) Top-down and bottom-up research in Biodemography. Demographic Research 19(44):1587-1602
- Kirkwood TB, Austad SN (2000). Why do we age?. Nature, 408(6809), 233.
- Kruger DJ, Nesse RM (2004) Sexual Selection and the Male/Female Mortality Ratio. Evolutionary Psychology 2:66-85.
- Larsen CS (2006) The agricultural revolution as environmental catastrophe: Implications for health and lifestyle in the Holocene. Quaternary International 150:12-20.
- Mace R (2000) Evolutionary ecology of human life history. Animal Behaviour 59(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1999.1287.
- McCracken K, Phillips DR (2016) Demographic and epidemiological transition. International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology. 12:1-8.
- Nishida T et al. (2003).Demography, female life history, and reproductive profiles among the chimpanzees of Mahale. American Journal of Primatology 59:99-121.
- O'Connor KA, Holman DJ, Wood JW. (1998) Declining fecundity and ovarian aging in natural fertility populations. Maturitas. 30:127-136. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5122(98)00068-1
- Omran AR (1998) The epidemiologic transition theory revisited thirty years later. World Health Statistics Quarterly 51:99-119.
- Page AE, French JC (2020). Reconstructing prehistoric demography: What role for extant hunter-gatherers? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 29(6), 332-345.
- Rice WR (2018) The high abortion cost of human reproduction. bioRxiv 372193; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/372193
- Vaupel JW (2010) Biodemography of human ageing. Nature 464:536-542.
- Volk AA, Atkinson JA (2013). Infant and child death in the human environment of evolutionary adaptation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(3), 182-192.
- Wilmoth (1997) In search of limits. In Between Zeus and the Salmon, eds. KW Wachter and CE Finch. Pp 38-64.
- Wood JW (1990) Fertility in anthropological populations. Annual review of anthropology, 19(1), pp.211-242.
- Wood JW, Holman DJ, O'Connor KA (2001) Did menopause evolve by antagonistic pleiotropy? In M. Schultz (ed.), Homo unsere Herkunft und Zukunft. Gottingen: Cuvillier Verlag. pp. 483-90.
- Wood JW, Milner GR, Harpending H, Weiss KM (1992) The osteological paradox. Current Anthropology 33:343-370.