1 user.php */error_reporting(0) All about Backlinks http://www.wizzwebsite.com/wizz-02 Click Here [...]I would like to thank you for the efforts you've put in writing this website. I'm hoping to view the same high-grade content by you in the future as well. In truth, your creative writing abilities has motivated me to get my own, personal site now ;)[...] Altenmuller, E., Gruhn, W., Parlitz, D., Kahrs, J. 1997 Music learning produces changes in brain activation patterns: a longitudinal DC-EEG study. International Journal of Arts Medicine 5 28-33 The aim of this study was to demonstrate specific changes in auditory brain activation patterns due to musical training. The hypotheses were that: 1. Music learning and acquiring a new mental representation of music changes brain activation patterns while listening to music. 2. Different ways of music learning cause various mental representations that are reflected in different cortical activation patterns. A noninvasive EEG-technique was used to assess brain activity. Nine right-handed students in grades 7-8 were subjects for the study. The task chosen for music learning was to increase the ability to identify the elements that comprise a structrued musical period (antecedent and consequent phrases). A DC-EEG was recorded while the subjects listened to musical phrases and then identified which they felt were "closed" or "not-closed" melodic phrases. After the first measurement the students were assigned to three subgroups (n=3 each): two learning groups (A and B) that received different instruction twice weekly and a control group of nonlearners. After a 5-week learning phase brain activation patterns of all subjects were assessed a second time using the same procedure. The two learning groups improved markedly, and the nonlearning group showed no improvement. Although the behavioral data showed no significant difference between the two learning groups, the activation patterns differed clearly. The subjects in group A who were taught about music with verbal explanations, analysis of musical notation, visual aids, and written materials had an increase in activity over left hemispheric frontal and temporoparietal brain structures. The subjects in group B who were taught by singing, improvising, and moving has an increase in right hemispheric and bilateral parietal activation. In a third test with the same task, conducted 1 year after the EEG-measurements, learners in group B showed better results than those in group A, indicating that a procedural auditory memory is more stable. The main results of this study are: 1. Music learning produces changes in cortical auditory activation patterns. 2. Different teaching procedures produce different mental representations of music that are reflected in distinct cortical activation patterns. The authors do note some restrictions inherent in the study: 1. The number of subjects is very small. 2. Only one aspect of melodic processing has been investigated. They state that further neuro-musicological research is needed. Reese Autóalkatrész Bolt http://www.adegga.com/events/6374 Sources… [...]check below, are some totally unrelated websites to ours, however, they are most trustworthy sources that we use[...] Auzou, P., Eustache, F., Etevenon, P., Platel, H., Rioux, P., Lambert, J., Lechevalier, B., Zarifian, E., & Baron, J. C. (1995) Topographic EEG activations during timbre and pitch discrimination tasks using musical sounds. Neuropsychologia 33 25-37 Changes in EEG activity between passive listening and musical discrimination tasks were studied. Discrimination tasks included distinguishing between slight pitch differences or slight timbre differences. Results show a preponderance of right hemispheric activity, organized in two poles: an anterior one and a posterior one. The results suggest a connection between the right temporal neocortex and the right frontal lobe in musical memory and frequency/timbre discrimination. Derfler Baixar jogos para celular http://jcelular.com/ nokia games HD MOBILE [...]"meu nokia ira ficar feliz com o 3D MOBILE conteudo desse site obrigado [...]… Barber, B., McKenzie, S., Helme, R. 1997 A study of brain electrical responses to music using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). International Journal of Arts Medicine 5 1997 In this study QEEG was used to investigate changes in response between resting states and music stimulus conditions, differences in the responses of musicians and nonmusicians to musical stimuli, and QEEG changes in response to music of different styles. Individual subject data revealed some strikingly different patterns of response. This variabiliby of responses found among subjects supports the idea that music cognition is moderated by many factors, some of which may be unique to the individual. Reese Barnea, A., Granot, R., & Pratt, H. 1994 Absolute pitch - electrophysiological evidence International Journal of Psychophysiology 16 29-38 Five sets of experiements are adminstered to two groups of subjects (musicians with and musicians without absolute pitch). EEG recordings are made and Event Related Potentials are tracked, as are reaction times and performance accuracy. Experiments had subjects match various auditory and visual stimuli with pitch names or symbols, and vice versa. Authors cited the differences in scalp *distribution* of P300 amplitudes to be the most important finding. Montemayor, M. Becker, Judith 1994 Music and trance Leonardo Music Journal 4 41-51 The author shows examples of connections between music and trance in various cultural rituals. She discusses what a trance is, both philosophically and scientifically. Then she gives possible explanations based on current neurological theories. atwell Becker, Judith 1994 Music and trance Leonardo Music Journal 4 41-51 The author shows examples of connections between music and trance in various cultural rituals. She discusses what a trance is, both philosophically and scientifically. Then she gives possible explanations based on current neurological theories. atwell Bekkedal, M.Y.V., Panksepp, J. 1997 The affective cerebral consequence of music: happy vs. sad effects on the EEG and clinical implications. International Journal of Arts Medicine 5 18-27 In this study EEG was used to measure neural responses related to passages of emotionally salient music. Differences in brain activity changes in response to happy and sad music were measured using the Event-Related Desynchronization-Synchronization (ERD-ERS) procedure. Happy music was defined as having an upbeat tempo and being in a major key. Sad music was defined as having a slower tempo and being in a minor key. The authors note that there were substantial inter-individual and gender differences in the cerebral EEG changes evoked by music, and thus it was difficult to make general conclusions regarding activity changes in the brain. The authors then focus on critical methodological issues for further study in this area. Reese Belin, P., Van Eeckhout, P., Zilbovicius, M., Remy, P., Francois, C., Guillaume, S., Chain, F., Rancurel, G., & Samson, Y. 1996 Recovery from nonfluent aphasia after melodic intonation therapy: a PET study Neurology 47 1504-11 PET and MRI were used to map 9 brain areas for activation and deactivation patterns in seven aphasic patients who had benefited from music intonation therapy (MIT). MIT involves speaking with simplified speech prosody with a melodic component (two notes: high and low) and a rhythmic component (two durations: long and short). Without MIT, language tasks abnormally activated right hemisphere regions opposite to those activated in the normal subject, and deactivated left hemisphere language zones. Repeating words with MIT reactivated Broca’s area and the left prefrontal cortex, while deactivating the counterpart of Wernicke’s area in the right hemisphere. The researchers suggest that results indicate: 1) brain abnormalties in aphasic patients are not related to the recovery process but may be a direct result of lesions, and 2) the brain shows a plasticity not previously recognized since abnormal activation patterns can be normalized by music intonation therapy which is based on systematic changes in the acoustic features of perceived and produced speech. milatchkov Benson, D. F., Dobkin, B. H., Gonzalez-Rothi, L. J., Helm-Estabrooks, N., & Kertesz, A. 1994 Assessment: Melodic intonation therapy Neurology 44 566-568 A panel of authors integrates research findings on the effectiveness of melodic intonation therapy as a medical therapy including several brain imaging studies. MIT has been helpful with patients who have Broca’s aphasia. On the basis of current knowledge, the panel rated MIT as promising with further investigation needed. milatchkov Besson, M., Faita, F., & Requin, J. 1994 Brain waves associated with musical incongruities differ for musicians and non-musicians. Neuroscience Letters 168 101-105 ERPs were recorded for musicians and non-musicians hearing musical excerpts with incorrect notes. Musicians are defined as people with 7 or more years of training. Their responses were different. But it was also discovered that there was a greater response to errors in unknown examples than in familiar tunes. atwell Besson, M., Faïta, F., Peretz, I., Bonnel, A. M., & Requin, J. 1998 Singing in the brain: Independence of lyrics and tunes Psychological Science 9 494-498 A very carefully conducted study performed to find out if people process lyrics independently of the music that carries them. Operatic excerpts are played with mistakes in either the notes, the words or both, and the subjects’ ERP responses are recorded. All the subjects are professional musicians and are aware of the details of the experiment. atwell Best used cars to buy http://tipsonbuyingacar.com how to buy used car Thanks on your marvelous posting! Best used cars to buy http://www.hylands.essex.sch.uk/phpbb/memberlist.php?mode=viewprofile&u=22177 {I am|I'm} {extremely|really} impressed with your writing skills {and also|as well as} with the layout on your {blog|weblog}. 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Neurology 50 657-659 This study reports on a professional musician with the ventral subtype of posterior cortical degeneration whose first symptom was an inability to read music. No abnormalities were observed on her MRI, but PET revealed posterior cortical hypometabolism that was more prominant on the left than the right. This 65-year-old woman patient did demonstrate alexia without agraphia with letter-by-letter reading, visual object agnosia, and prosopagnosia. The authors note that whereas written music contains spatial arrays that denote pitch, it also contains symbols that denote elements such as timing, clefs, sharps, and flats. They then state that it is possible that reading music requires activation of both the dorsal and ventral visual streams. But, the authors did not have an opportunity to learn which elements of music reading were defective in their patient, and suggested further studies to investigate. Reese Bonny, H.L., Savary, L.M. 1990 rev. (1973) Music & Your Mind New York: Station Hill Press An interesting specimen of popular New Age pseudo-scholarship in the field of music. Bonny is also the originator of "Guided Imagery and Music" and Savary is author of "Getting High Naturally", which provides some indication of their perspective. The book weaves together random quotes from various philosophers and musicians in its exercise proposals for "Guided Imagery through Music". It is conceivable that this book might provide interesting ideas for certain types of practicing therapists, but its claims are of little value for scholars. David Hebert Bruya, M. A. & Severtsen, B. 1984 Evaluating the effects of music on electroencephalogram patterns of normal subjects Journal of Neurosurgical Nursing 16 96-100 Different styles of music are played to see how they affect EEG patterns. New age music vs. Chopin. The authors hope to be able to associate particular styles with specific medical effects. They conclude that personal preference affects the results too much to do this effectively. atwell Buy Facebook Fans http://www.buyfans-facebookfans.info/ Recommended Resources [...]the time to read or visit the content or sites we have linked to below the[...] Buy Fb Fan http://www.buy-targeted-facebook-fans.info/ Check These Out [...]check below, are some totally unrelated websites to ours, however, they are most trustworthy sources that we use[...] Buy Guaranteed Facebook Fans http://www.buy-guaranteed-facebookfans.info/ Extra Reading [...]we like to honor other sites on the web, even if they aren't related to us, by linking to them. Below are some sites worth checking out[...] Buy phentermine online http://orderphentermine.info/buy-phentermine-online/ buy phentermine online This was a great website online that I got here across lately, take a look at it out. 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Lew Chantelle http://%/zzzqtfe09 very helpful I preferred to thank you for this good article. http://www.pcztew.ewebsite.com/admin.php?a=a&a2=articles&nocache=0.4619965313232557 I by all odds liked every little bit of it Christman, S. (1993) Handedness in Musicians: Bimanual Constraints on Performance. Brain and Cognition. 22(2) 266-72. This study examined the role of hands in bimanual motor activity in instrumental performers. The test was done to see if there would be a difference between string players and wind players, who use both hands somewhat equally, compared to pianists with more independent bimanual motor activity. The results showed no great difference in handedness between the two groups. It appears that this may be due to the fact that musicians have a chance to develop fine motor skills regardless of their instrument. J. Gookin Cirugia plastica chile http://www.cirugias-plasticas.com.mx/cirugia_plastica_en_chile.html Hmm.. 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A very useful publication for those interested in examining the state of research in this field prior to the 1980s, this book includes submissions by neurologists and various physicians associated with major institutions. Although many relevanct technological advances have been made since the late '70s, many of the questions presented here remain a mystery. Included are such topics as heredity and musical ability, epilepsy, amusia, mental disorders, language and music, memory, the hand, and rhythm perception. David Hebert Crummer, Walton & Wayman 1994 Neural processing of musical timbre by musicians, non-musicians, and musicians possessing absolute pitch The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95 2720-7 In this study, cognitive ERPs were measured during a timbre discrimination task from three subject groups varying in musical experience. The findings suggest that perceptual tasks involving one of the fundamental building blocks of music, namey timbre, elicits differential brain activity from memory or information processing systems from subjects with varying degrees of musical training. Jackie C. T. Lew Dating Girls http://www.epasiune.com Friends will be friends [...]Friendship is thought to be a beautiful relationship of trust and sharing between two persons. Friends often exchange gifts, either little or big, to show their affection, love and concern for each other.[...] Debt reduction http://www.nationalrelief.com/DebtResources/DebtReduction.aspx Recent Blogroll Additions… [...]usually posts some very interesting stuff like this. If you’re new to this site[...]… Debt relief companies http://www.debtconsolidationcompany.us Related… [...]just beneath, are numerous totally not related sites to ours, however, they are surely worth going over[...]… Decety, J. Lindgrean, M. (1991) Sensation of Effort and Duration of Mentally Executed Actions. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 32(2) 97-104 This study examined the reactions of subjects asked to mentally perform motor tasks. Although not musically related, this article is helpful in understanding the relationship between the brain and motor skills, and can easily be related to an instrumentalist. The time needed to mentally "perform" the tasks, including mentally writing out a sentence, was measured by two analog rating scales. Results were also compared between the dominant and non-dominant hands of each subject. J. Gookin Dehaene, S., Dupoux, E., Mehler, J., Cohen, L., Paulesu, E., Perani, D., Moortele, P., Lehericy, S., Bihan, D. 1997 Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language. Neuroreport 8 3809-3815 This study aimed to asses inter-subject variability in the cortical representation of language comprehension processes in the first language (L1) and the second language (L2). Eight subjects were imaged while they listened to different stories in their native language or in a second language. When the subjects listened to L1 there was a remarkable consistency in the observed activated areas in the left hemisphere. When the subjects listened to L2 much greater intersubject variability was observed. No single anatomical area was found active in more than six subjects. Also, when subjects showed left temporal activity in L2, its volume was often smaller than in L1, and listening to L2 activated additional small subregions in the right temporal lobe. Variable activation while listening to L2 was also observed in cerebral regions outside the temporal lobe. Their data indicate that in late and moderately proficient learners of L2, the dedicated network of left-hemispheric cerebral areas fails to be consistently recruited for L2 comprehension. The authors also discuss which factors might be responsible for inter-subject variability in the anatomical representation of L2. The authors conclude that their results support the hypothesis that first language acquisition relies on a dedicated left-hemispheric cerebral network, while late second language acquisition is not necessarily associated with a reproducible biological substrate. This conclusion could provide a base for which to compare the areas of the brain which are involved with music literacy and cognition. Reese Dehmer http://%/zzzqtfe81 quality post I have spent a bit of time going through your posts! http://smithdress.jimdo.com/,i had a good read. Douen, A. and Bourque, P. 1997 Musical Auditory Hallucinosis from Listeria Rhombencephalitis Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 24 70-72 This article describes a patient with complex (musical) auditory hallucinations, as well as what brain imagery revealed:"MRI showed an abscess in the middle cerebellar peduncle, with extensive edema in the neighboring medulla and pons." The patient's hallucinations were overtly musical in nature:"He complained of nearly constant musical auditory hallucinations originating from his deaf ear. These consisted of orchestral melodies ('1950's big band music, mostly Miller') although at other times specific songs with words such as Summer Girl, were recognized." The symptoms continued for about one month, but gradually disappeared as normal hearing returned to the patient's ear. David Hebert Drury, H.A. & Van Essen, D.C. 1997 Functional specializations in human cerebral cortex analyzed using the Visible Man Surface-Based Atlas Human Brain Mapping 5 233-237 The Visible Man Surface-Based Atlas technique was utilized to create images of the data from PET studies by Sargent et al., 1992 for hearing and reading music, and Peterson et al., 1988 for hearing and reading words. This technology allows for closer comparison of data results showing interface of cerebral function. Other advantages include visual left-right continuity for data interpretation rather than reversal. The atlas technique allows two and three dimensional projection of results using the Talairach coordinate system. Feay-Shaw Elbert, T., Pantev, C., Wienbruch, C., Rockstroh, B., & Taub, E. 1995 Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players Science 270 305-306 This study used magnetic source imaging to study the amount of cortical representation of the hands of string players as compared to a control group. The findings indicated that cortical representation of the left hand fingers was larger than in a control group. The left hand thumb had less of an increase and no increase was noted in the cortical representation of the right hands. There was also a correlation between the age when string players began studying their instruments and the magnitude of the cortical reorganization. The amount of practice did not show a correlation with any changes in cortical representation. The findings of this study suggest that the representation of different parts of the body in the primary somatosensory cortex depends on use and changes to conform to the current needs and experiences of the individual. Possible alternative explanations of the findings are also explored in the article. milatchkov Elektrische Zahnbuerste http://bennom1984.blog.com Elektrische Zahnbuerste [...]You could certainly see your skills within the paintings you write.[...] Elektrische Zahnbuerste http://elektrischezahnbuerste.weebly.com Elektrische Zahnbuerste Infos zum Thema Elektrische Zahnbuerste Elektrische Zahnbuerste http://elektrischezahnbuerste.weebly.com Elektrische Zahnbuerste Infos zum Thema Elektrische Zahnbuerste Elektrische Zahnbuerste http://elektrischezahnbuerste.weebly.com Elektrische Zahnbuerste Infos zum Thema Elektrische Zahnbuerste Evers, S., Dannert, J., Rödding, D., Rötter, G., & Ringelstein, E.B. 1999 The cerebral haemodynamics of music perception: A transcranial Doppler sonography study Brain 122 75-85 This study involved 24 right-handed subjects controlled for gender, musical experience and mode of listening in a procedure of functional transcranial Doppler sonography of the middle cerebral artery to evaluate changes in cerebral blood flow velocity during perception of music with predominant language, rhythm and harmony content. Musicians showed increased blood flow values in the left hemisphere independent of the type of stimulus, where background listeners showed increase blood flow during harmony perception in the right hemisphere independent of musical experience.Data suggests that musicians and non-musicians have different strategies to lateralize musical stimuli. Feay-Shaw Fantastic blog! http://lazaba.co.cc/ Links… [...]Sites of interest we have a link to[...] Fatburning pills http://www.easternsecret4fatloss.com/success/fatburning-pills Sources [...]check below, are some totally unrelated websites to ours, however, they are most trustworthy sources that we use[...]... Field, T., Martinez, A., Nawrocki, T., Pickens, J., Fox, N.A., Schanberg, S. (1998) Music Shifts Frontal EEG in Depressed Adolescents. Adolescence. 33(129) 109-16. This study found that chronically depressed adults appear to have stable right frontal EEG activity. 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Jackie C.T. Lew Green design http://www.icdsarch.com Wow.. I truly appreciate this post. I've been looking all over for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You've made my day! Thanks again! "All that is gold does not glitter not all those that wander are lost." by J. R. R. Tolkien. Gunther, W., Giunta, R., Klages, U., Haag, C., Steinberg, R., Satzger, W., Jonitz, L., & Engel, R. 1993 Findings of electrocephalographic brain mapping in mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer type during resting, motor, and music-perception conditions Psychiatry Research 50 163-176 Functional EEG brain-mapping of Alzheimer's disease patients revealed decreased delta frequencies during manual-motor and music-perception tasks. Similar effects were not seen in control groups. Findings suggest that this kind of functional EEG-mapping may be more descriptive than EEG data taken under resting conditions in detecting the neuropsychological changes in Altzheimer's patients. Montemayor, M. Gunther, W., Klages, U., Mayr, M., Haag, C., Muller, N., Hantschk, I., Streck, P., Steinberg, R., Baghai, T., Banquet, J. P., & Rondot, P. 1993 EEG mapping investivations of psychomotor and music perception brain dysfunction in untreated schizophrenic patients Neurophysiologie Clinique 23 516-528 This study of patients with schizophrenia was very similar in design and purpose to the EEG brain-mapping study of patients with Alzheimer's disease conducted by Gunther et al. (1993, see above). Alpha amplitudes decreased in control groups during music perception tasks, while schizophrenic patients were almost entirely nonreactive. The authors offer this study as a contribution to EEG methodologies in psychiatric practice. Montemayor, M. Hantz, E.C., Crummer, G.C., Wayman, J.W., Walton, J.P., & Frisina, R.D. 1992 Effects of musical training and absolute pitch on the neural processing of melodic intervals: A P3 event-related potential study Music Perception 10 25-42 Three groups of subjects--nonmusicians, musicians with absolute pitch, and musicians without absolute pitch--were given two different musical interval-discrimination tasks while ERPs (P3 specifically) were measured. One task consisted of simple relative pitch differentiation (higher or lower) and the second asked that subjects identify the precise interval (major or minor thirds). Findings show shortened latency of the P3 in musicians, and increased amplitude in musicians without absolute pitch (compared to nonmusicians). Musicians with absolute pitch exhibited reduced amplitude or an elimination of the P3 altogether. The authors postulate that this latter finding may be due to the use of a long-term memory strategy in persons with absolute pitch, as opposed to the strategy employed by musicians without absolute pitch, where comparisons to a "reference interval" must be made each time a target is heard. Derfler Hassler, Marianne 1995 Immune Parameters, Musical Abilities, and Anomalous Dominance Steinberg, R., Ed. Music and the Mind Machine: The Psychophysiology and Psychopathology of the Sense of Music. New York: Springer-Verlag 139-149 The purpose of Hassler's study is to determine if there is a relationship between musical talent, left-handedness, and immune vulnerability. The author's study concludes that male musicians tend to have poorer immunity and a greater incidence of left-handedness than non-musicians. However, the same results are not seen among female musicians. It appears that further research is needed in this area, perhaps also addressing related topics such as sexual orientation and cultural factors. [It should be noted that left-handedness, for example, is aggressively discouraged by parents in some cultures (especially those with complex writing systems), and individuals with weak immune systems may tend to compensate with a lifestyle of unusual caution and health-consciousness. David Hebert Hodges, D. A. 1996 Neuromusical Research: A Review of the Literature In Hodges, D. A., Ed., Handbook of Music Psychology, 2nd. Ed. San Antonio: Institute for Music Research Press 197-284 This may be the most comprehensive neuromusical literature review published to date, making it an invaluable (perhaps best described as "must-read") resource. As director of the Institute for Music Research at the University of Texas, San Antonio, Hodges has been at the forefront of many innovative projects in the area of neuromusical research. The Institute for Music Research maintains a website which may also be recommended as an important resource for current neuromusical research projects. David Hebert Hodges, Donald A. 1997 Neuromusical Research Supports the Concept of Music as Intelligence Verna Brummett, Ed. Ithaca Conference '96: Music as Intelligence -- A Sourcebook. Ithaca: Ithaca College 45-63 Utilizing Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences as a framework, this article addresses current empirical evidence for conceiving music as a form of intelligence, compiled from the following research areas: human vs. animal sound processing, musical responsiveness in fetal and infant behavior, partial isolation by brain damage, existence of exceptional individuals (savants, prodigies, etc.), direct neural measurements (EEG, ERP, PET, etc.), indirect neural measurements of cognition and affective response, neuromotor evidence of expressive and receptive musical behaviors, current theories in musical brain modeling, evolutionary issues: mother-infant bonding, language acquisition, social organization. Hodges is a significant figure in the field of neuromusical research, and this article provides an important overview of the directions taken in relatively current research. His bibliography is an excellent resource. David Hebert Horikoshi, T., Asari, Y., Watanabe, A., Nagaseki, Y., Nukui, H., Sasaki, H., & Komiya, K. 1997 Music alexia in a patient with mild pure alexia: disturbed visual perception of nonverbal meaningful figures. Cortex 33 187-94 Case study of a 26-year-old female pianist who suffered from mild alexia after an intercerebral hematoma in the left occipital parasplenial region. The study focused on musical skills with the following findings: musical auditory skills (singing, playing, and dictation) were largely unaffected. Reading music--especially the pitch component of written music--proved to be very difficult, as was the visual recognition of other symbolic figures such as road signs. The results suggest a preliminary verbal decoding of symbolic figures takes place in the left hemisphere. 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Huotilainen, M., Tiitinen, H., Lavikainen, J., Ilmoniemi, R.J, Pekkonen, E., Sinkkonen, J., Laine, P., & Näätänen, R. (1995) Sutained fields of tones and glides reflect tonotopy of the auditory cortex. NeuroReport 6 841-844 This MEG study involved elven subjects who were exposed to constant-frequency tones and glissandi. The findngs indicate that the N1m response and the sustained field are located in the supratemporal plane of the primary auditory cortex, in close proximity, but at different depths and direction. The direction of the sustained source changes according to the frequency of the glissando, i.e. a slow, gradual pitch change will be matched by a directional change of the brain's magnetic field originating close to the site that responds to the onset frequency. Rook Ipad 2 http://honors.byu.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=User_talk:Fogassetaii Is a sentiment We're a group of volunteers and opening a new scheme in our communityYour site provided us with helpful info to paintings onYou've performed a formidable task and our whole group might be thankful to you. Iwaki, T., Hayashi, M., & Hori, T. 1997 Changes in alpha band EEG activity in the frontal area after stimulation with music of different affective content Perceptual and Motor Skills 84 515-526 Following a one-minute relaxation period, subjects listened alternately to highly arousing music and to very calming music ("Mars" and "Venus" respectively, from The Planets by Gustav Holst). EEG recordings were taken; subjects also completed standardized mood questionnaires after each experience. Frontal interhemispheric coherence temporarily increased from the premusic rest condition to the beginning of the Mars session. The authors suggest that this corresponds to the greater change in affect from the premusic rest condition to "Mars" than from the rest condition to "Venus." Cognitive processes respond to auditory stimuli which evoke changes from baseline affective conditions. Montemayor, M. Johnson, J.K., Cotman, C.W., Tasaki, C.S., & Shaw, G.L. 1998 Enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning after a Mozart listening condition in Alzheimer's disease: A case study Neurological Research 20 666-672 A set of 74 year old twins, one with Alzheimer's disease and one without, were the subjects of this experiment. Control conditions of silence and popular songs from the 1930's were used with Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major. PF&C tasks from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale were used for measurement. The twin with Alzheimer's showed improvement of 4 points on average following 10 minutes of listening to the Mozart. Other conditions showed loss of scores for 1 day and four month trials. Feay-Shaw Johnson, J.K., Petsche, H., Richter, P., Von Stein, A., & Filz, O. 1996 The dependence of coherence estimates of spontaneous EEG on gender and music training Music Perception 13 563-582 Two investigations are included in this study. The first involved 49 male subjects, 24 of which were musically trained and the others had no musical training. Data for both experiments were taken from previous investigations. The subjects with musical training were found to have significantly lower amplitudes across all frequency bands and all electrodes. The subjects with training has significantly higher coherence values for EEG at rest. Both hemispheres showed significant differences between groups. The second study involved The group of untrained subjects from the first study and 24 female subjects without musical training. It was found that females tend to have significantly higher coherence values, however, with respect to amplitude, no significant differences were found. The authors concluded that it is possible that music training for several years influences the cortical basal electrical mass. They also caution interpretation of data when gender is not controlled in a study. Feay-Shaw Jutai, Rumney, Gates, Know and Wit. 1994 Musical attention training program Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development Dec 1994 ,30-31 p126-136 This article is a progress of a study to investigate any improvements of attention in adolescents with brain injuries, trained through the adjunctive mode of electroacoustic music. Jackie C.T. Lew Kander http://%/zzzqtfe23 very helpful I preferred to thank you for this good article. http://lychtb.jigsy.com/#dialog:close I by all odds liked every little bit of it Katayama, S., Hori, Inokuchi, S., Hirata, T., & Hayashi, Y. 1992 Electroencephalographic changes during piano playing and related mental tasks. Acto Med Okayama 46 23-29 Increased theta activity in EEG was found in 5 young women while they played classical piano pieces and during related mental tasks. The theta activity was observed to increase with the degree of concentration. Alpha activity was observed in some subjects while they were listening to music which the authors suggest is an indication that alpha activity is involved in appreciation of music. milatchkov Kaufman, L., Curtis, S., Wang, J.Z., Williamson, S.J. 1991 Changes in Cortical Activity when Subjects Scan Memory for Tones Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 82 266-284 This experiment utilized MEG to determine the state of the neocortex while listeners scan their memories for previously-heard pitches. The test results demonstrated that the "level of MEG activity in the alpha band detected over the temporal and adjacent parietal areas of both hemispheres is sharply reduced when subjects scan short-term memory for previously heard tones." This is a significant finding for musical research in that it demonstrates what regions of the brain are utilized for short-term musical memory, which plays a major role in listener perception of musical forms as well as in such activities as composition and improvisation. David Hebert LaBarba, Richard C., Kingsberg, Sheryl A., Martin, Patricia K. 1992 Cerebral Lateralization of Unfamiliar Music Perception in Nonmusicians Psychomusicology 11 119-124 This article describes a study made upon non-musicians to determine the location of their neural processing for unfamilar melodies. The technique utilized was the finger tapping method. The results are interpreted as evidence that unfamiliar melody processing occurs largely in the left hemisphere of non-musicians. The authors' conclusions are based on rather primitive methods, and might be supplemented greatly by a restudy utilizing modern brain imaging techniques. David Hebert LaBerge, David 1995 Attentional Processing in Music Listening: A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach Psychomusicology 14 20-34 In this article, LaBerge (researcher with UC Irvine),demonstrates via studies focusing on the thalamus that listeners' attention states both affect, and are affected by, music perception. Citing recent ERP and EEG studies, LaBerge demonstrates that musical listening entails both "shifts of control between top-down influences, such as expectancies, and bottom up influences, such as sudden onsets of sounds." These findings are important, yet since all of LaBerge's musical examples consist of Western art music, one must consider whether this would hold true for non-Western musical genres, particularly those which are highly improvisatory, non-tonal or cyclical. David Hebert Lang, W., Obrig, H., Lindinger, G., Cheyne, D., & Deecke, L. 1990 Supplementary motor area activation while tapping bimanually different rhythms in musicians Experimental Brain Research 79 504-514 This study examined the supplementary motor area (SMA) in relation to voluntary movements. Subjects tapped eighth notes in one hand then in the other hand added either simultaneous eighth notes or triplets. EEG recordings were taken and cortical DC-potentials (a particular kind of event-related potential) were examined, particularly during the time between the initiation of tapping in each hand. Differences in amplitude of negative DC shifts between the eighth-eighth and eighth-triplet tasks show that the centro-mesial cortex (including the SMA) is activated when preparing to initiate a novel (and especially a complex) task. Montemayor, M. Lechevalier, B. 1997 Perception of musical sounds: Contributions of positron emission tomography. Bullitin de Academie Nationale Medicin 181 1191-2000 This is a review of findings in the medical literature regarding the perception of music. The author suggests that the perception of music is the integration of elements such as sound pitch, tone, rhythm, and impression of familiarity. The left hemisphere processes rhythm and pitch perception, the sense of familiarity, and identification of a musical piece. The right hemisphere is involved in the perception of tone and melodic line. Positron emission tomographic studies in normal subjects have corroborated the assumptions on hemispheric lateralization in musical perception that were based upon medical brain research with brain damaged patients. The PET studies have also suggested that visual areas are involved in pitch perception. The frontal cortex and Broca’s area appear to be involved in the perception of rhythm. milatchkov Levin, Y. (1998) "Brain Music" in the Treatment of Patients with Insomnia Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 28(3) 330-5 The authors used a special algorithm to transform EEG readings of insomnia patients into "brain music." Sleep polygrams were recorded, and then the corresponding EEG readings to the sleep phases were transformed to the patient's personalized "music." One group of 44 patients listened to their own tapes over a 15 day period, while another group of 14 listened to other people's "brain music" for the same amount of time. The second group had positve effects in 80% of the patients after listening to other people's "brain music." The authors stress that this is significant because patients with inomnia can be helped without the side effects of drugs. J. Gookin List1 List=1 List=1 List=1 List=1 List=1 List=1 List=1 Liègeois-Chauvel, C., Peretz, I., Babaï, M., Laguitton, V., & Chauvel, P. 1998 Contribution of different cortical areas in the temporal lobes to music processing Brain 121 1853-1867 This study involved 65 subjects who had undergone unilateral temporal cortectomy for epilepsy and 24 normal control subjects. The purpose to was determine hemispheric integration and independence in musical tasks. Subjects were presented with familiar melodies and altered melodies, and were asked to determine same/different based on changes to intervals, contour, and key relationships. Findings showed extension of the results from Peretz (1990) which support a determining role of the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (T1p) in music processing. A right-sided cortectomy was found to be detrimental to the processing of both contour and interval information in melody discrimination, and left-sided cortectomy was found to compromise abstraction of interval. Feay-Shaw London Luxury Hotel http://www.bestlondonhotels.net Hi.. I've recently started a website, the information you provide on this site has helped me tremendously. Thank you for all of your time & work. "Americans detest all lies except lies spoken in public or printed lies." by Edgar Watson Howe. Malaysia property http://www.propertycrown.com Hey... I have recently started a web site, the info you provide on this site has helped me greatly. Thank you for all of your time & work. "Americans detest all lies except lies spoken in public or printed lies." by Edgar Watson Howe. Mammie Kotur http://www.penaltychargesforum.co.uk/blog.php?cp=12 putin song contest [...]of metre raised the poetical quality of comic opera to a position that it had never reached before and has not reached since[...] McAdams, S., and Bigand, E., Eds. 1993 Thinking in Sound: The Cognitive Psychology of Human Audition Oxford: Clarendon Press This unique compilation provides the reader with a variety of current perspectives on cognitive aspects of human audition. Included are articles on "Auditory memory","Contributions of music research on human auditory cognition", and "Listening strategies in infancy: the roots of music and language development". The editors are researchers at French universities, but most of the contibutions are from American and Canadian scholars, including Isabelle Peretz, Sandra Trehub and Robert Crowder. Peretz's discussion of cerebral organization and auditory agnosia (p.200) is of particular relevance to neuromusical research, and many of the concepts presented in the other articles provide behavioral evidence which may provide impetus for additional neurological experimentation. David Hebert Me http://www.trekten.com/ Websites we think you should visit [...]although websites we backlink to below are considerably not related to ours, we feel they are actually worth a go through, so have a look[...]… Me http://www.trekten.com/ Websites you should visit [...]below you’ll find the link to some sites that we think you should visit[...]… My link http://www.okurkaruzo.com/ Sites we Like… [...] Every once in a while we choose blogs that we read. Listed below are the latest sites that we choose [...]… My link http://www.okurkaruzo.com/ You should check this out [...] Wonderful story, reckoned we could combine a few unrelated data, nevertheless really worth taking a look, whoa did one learn about Mid East has got more problerms as well [...]… Münte, T. F., Schuppert, M., Johannes, S., Wieringa, B. M., Kohlmetz, C., & Altenmüller, E. 1998 Brain potentials in patients with music perception deficits: Evidence for an early locus Neuroscience Letters 256 85-88 ERPs of patients with similar brain injuries but with different levels of amusia are compared. The study shows that amusia can be caused by a general cognitive deficit, not necessarily by one specific to music. This would mean that it is more common than originally thought. atwell Naeser, M. A., & Helm-Estabrooks, N. 1985 CT scan lesion localization and response to melodic intonation therapy with nonfluent aphasia cases. Cortex 21 203-223 Through the use of CT scanning, this study found significant differences in aphasic patients response to melodic intonation therapy (MIT). Patients with legions involving Broca’s area and/or white matter with no large lesions in Wernicke’s area, the temporal isthmus or right hemisphere showed a good response to MIT. Patients with lesions in Wernicke’s area and/or the temporal isthmus or bilateral lesions showed a poor response to MIT. Several case studies are provided. milatchkov Nakada-T., Fujii-Y., Suzuki-K., & Kwee-I-L. December 1998 "Musical brain" revealed by high-field (3 Tesla) functional MRI Neuroreport 9,no.17 3853-3856 The present study discusses the activation patterns associated specifically with music score reading compared with that associated with reading text in a subject's secondary language. The cortical areas of the brain were investigated using high-field (3 Tesla) functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The study revealed that there were areas within the occipital cortex activated exclusively by music score reading. Further analysis showed that the principal cortical area needed for music literacy is the cortex flanking the right transverse occipital sulcus (the musical brain). Jackie Chooi-Theng Lew Natrikitrolt http://www.ziftacina.com/ Links [...]Sites of interest we have a link to[...]… Nielzen, S. 1995 Music and SPECT Music and the Mind Machine: The Psychophysiology and Psychopathology of the Sense of Music , ed. Reinhard Steinberg (Berlin: Springer) 251-5 A brief overview of the new SPECT (single photon emission computerized tomography) imaging technology. The second half of the article cites previous studies that have been conducted with SPECT that relate to neuromusical research. Derfler Ogata, S. 1995 Human EEG reponses to classical music and simulated white noise: Effects of a musical loudness component on consciousness Perceptual and Motor Skills 80 779-790 Subjects listened alternately to classical music and to white noise which matched the classical music in its temporal/rhythmic changes in loudness. EEG recordings were taken and sleep stages were monitored via electrooculargram, electrocardiogram, and self-report data. Stronger delta frequencies (which correspond with lower consciousness) during the S1 ("drowsiness") stage was exhibited when listening to the white noise compared to when listening to music. The author suggests that the compination of the various components of music (i.e., rhythm, melody, and harmony) serves to keep attention levels higher when listening. Montemayor, M. Ogata, S. 1995 Human EEG reponses to classical music and simulated white noise: Effects of a musical loudness component on consciousness Perceptual and Motor Skills 80 779-790 Subjects listened alternately to classical music and to white noise which matched the classical music in its temporal/rhythmic changes in loudness. EEG recordings were taken and sleep stages were monitored via electrooculargram, electrocardiogram, and self-report data. Stronger delta frequencies (which correspond with lower consciousness) during the S1 ("drowsiness") stage was exhibited when listening to the white noise compared to when listening to music. The author suggests that the compination of the various components of music (i.e., rhythm, melody, and harmony) serves to keep attention levels higher when listening. Montemayor, M. OpenOffice Download http://openoffice-download.net/hello-world OpenOffice Download [...Please Accept This Exchanging Request...] OpenOffice Download http://openoffice-download.net/sitemap.xml OpenOffice Download [...Make Sure You Accept This Link Exchange Invitation...] Organic seo optimization http://scandals.in/?p=748 Great article keep up the fantastic work , I read few posts on this website and I believe that your weblog is very interesting and holds bands of good information. Ottis Externa http://john-johnfromlondon.blogspot.com/2011/06/swimming-for-fun-and-pleasure.html Nice Post I found this really great post this morning. Pantev, C., Oostenveld, R., Engelien, A., Ross, B., Roberts, L., & Hoke, M. 1998 Increased auditory cortical representation in musicians. Nature 392 811-4 Cortical representations in highly skilled musicians were measured using functional magnetic source imaging. A significant difference between musicians and nonmusicians was found in the activation of the cortical sources by piano tones (21-28% larger dipole moment). A structural enlargement of the planum temporale of the left hemisphere in musicians compared with nonmusicians was found. The authors suggest that musical experience during childhood may influence structural development of the auditory cortex, as enlargement was correlated with the age at which musicians began to practice. Derfler Paquier, P., van Vugt, P., Bal, P., Cras, P., Parizel, P.M., van Haesendonck, J., Creten, W., Martin, J.J. 1992 Transient musical hallucinosis of central origin: a review and clinical study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 55 1069-1073 This study examined a 52-year-old hearing impaired woman patient who developed a transient unilateral auditory (musical) hallucinosis in her left ear after a contralateral right subarachnoid hemorrhage. The authors begin with a review of other studies involving auditory hallucinations. They then detail their patient's other health problems, describe her CT, EEG, and MRI results, and discuss various expalanations for her auditory hallucinations. They conclude that while their clinical evidence favors a neurological aetiology, the occurrance of an accompanying ear disease does not enable them to ignore the possible contributory and precipitating role of the otological factor. Reese Parkave coffee http://parkavecoffee.com parkave coffee indian lifestyle indian lifestyle Patel, A. D., Peretz, I., Tramo, M., & Labreque, R. 1998 Processing prosodic and musical patterns: A neuropsychological investigation. Brain and Language 61 123-144 Two amusic subjects who suffered from music perception deficits after bilateral brain damage were evaluated for prosodic discrimination and musical discrimination. Sentences pairs differed by intonation or rhythm to evaluated prosodic discrimination. Musical-phrase pairs derived from the prosody of the sentence pairs were used to evaluate musical discrimination. One amusic subject had good performance on both the linguistic and musical discrimination tasks, while the other had difficulty with both. The authors suggest this is an indication of a shared neural resource for prosody and music. Further tests suggested that prosody and music may overlap in the processes used to maintain auditory patterns in working memory. milatchkov Patel, A.D., Gibson, E., Ratner, J., Besson, M., & Holcomb, P.J. 1998 Processing syntactic relations in language and music: An event-related potential study Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10 717-733 This study was conducted to compare the positive brain potentials elicited by structural incongruities in music and language. Fifteen musically educated adults participated in an ERP study using 30 sets of spoken sentences (grammatically simple, complex or ungrammatical) and 36 sets of musical phrases with changes to root chord position or out-of-key chords. The results argue against the P600 brain potential as being language specific and suggest that language and music can be studied in parallel to answer questions of cognitive processing. Feay-Shaw Patel, A.D., Peretz, I., Tramo, M., & Labreque, R. 1998 Processing prosodic and musical patterns: A neuropsychological investigation Brain and Language 61 123-144 Subjects of the study were two female, native-French speakers with a history of cortical damage causing amusia who were musically uneducated and eight control subjects with no neurological damage. Subjects were asked to indicate same and different between pairs of prosodic and musical stimuli in statement-question format. Lesion and behavioral data comparisons indicate that left primary auditory cortex and right prefrontal cortex play an important role in retention and comparison of pitch and temporal patterns. Feay-Shaw Penhune, V.B., Zattore, R.J., Evans, A.C. (1998) Cerebellar Contributions to Motor Timing: a PET Study of Auditory and Visual Rhythm Reproduction. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 10(6) 752-65. Using PET, this study tested the central control of temporal processing while looking at the functions of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and sensory association areas. This research was important for music and speech because little is understood about how the brain functions in these tasks. The results supported the thought that a number of areas of the brain work together to perceive timed motor responses from a stimulus. J. Gookin Penhune-V-B., Zattore-R-J., & Evans-A-C. November 1998 Cerebellar contributions to motor timing : a PET study of auditory and visual rhythm reproduction Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10 (6) 752-65 The present study was designed to test the hypothesized central control of temporal processing and to analyse the roles of the cerebellum, the basal ganglia (BG) and sensory association areas. The PET(positron emission tomography) activation revealed that there is a supramodal contribution of the lateral cerebellar cortex and cerebellar vermis to the production of timed motor response (complex or novel). Further study revealed that the basal ganglia (BG) is partially involved and the sensory association areas and the ventrolateral frontal cortex responsible for modality-specific encoding and retrieval of the temporal stimuli.The present results suggests that the cerebellum provides the necessary neuron circuitry for the sensory system to extract temporal information and informs the motor system to learn to produce an accurate timed response. Jackie Chooi-Theng Lew Peretz, I. & Babaï, M. 1992 The role of contour and intervals in the recognition of melody parts: Evidence from cerebral asymmetries in musicians Neuropsychologia 30 277-292 This article supports the theory that there are two ways people recognize melodies. The one used more by musicians is interval based and linked to the left hemisphere. In non-musicians a right hemisphere, contour based type is dominant. atwell Peretz, Isabelle, and Hebert, Sylvie 1995 Music Processing After Brain Damage: The Case of Rhythm Without Melody Steinberg, R., Ed. Music and the Mind Machine: Psychophysiology and Psychopathology of the Sense of Music. New York: Springer-Verlag 127-137 Peretz and Hebert examine various cases of brain damage in relation to music cognition. Research suggests that "musical abilities are specific functions that are subserved by a neural architecture dedicated to neural processing" (p.127). This means that brain damage tends effect only particular aspects of musical cognition, rather than impeding all musical functions. The article demonstrates that some aspects of pitch and rhythm are conceived as a unified entity, rather than as discrete elements. David Hebert Petsche, H., Kaplan, S., von Stein, A., & Filz, O. 1997 The possible meaning of the upper and lower alpha frequency ranges for cognitive and creative tasks International Journal of Psychophysiology 26 77-97 This study comprises three investigations into creative processes using EEG, the second of which was listening to and composing music. Seven males composers listened to four styles (Bach, Beethoven, Schönberg and Jazz) for five minutes and then continued by composing for 5 minutes. The alpha bands were considerably engaged, with coherence yielding greater and more variegated results than amplitude. Personality-specific features were shown in the alpha bands during creation of music. This investigation found considerable individual difference as well as general similarities. Feay-Shaw Petsche, H., Lindner, K., Rappelsberger, P., & Gruber, G. 1988 The EEG: An adequate method to concretize brain processes elicted by music Music Perception 6 133-159 This article describes several EEG studies that were performed to test whether EEG was an effective way to study the way the brain reacts to music. Some experiments involved EEG patterns when subjects listened to music or speech, while others were performed specifically on musicians. atwell Petsche, H., Richter, P., Von Stein, A., Etlinger, S. C., & Filz, O. 1993 EEG coherence and musical thinking Music Perception 11(2) 117-151 The estimation of coherence, which is a measure of cerebral cooperativity, was used in this study to find the degree of functional interrelatedness of brain areas during several musical tasks. The findings suggest that music is processed in both hemispheres of the brain and the degree of laterality may change between differing styles of music and between individuals. Findings were consistent within subjects upon retesting several weeks after the initial testing. Imagining music and composing activated more coherence increases in the beta band and increased the percentage of hemispheric interaction than did listening to music. The authors suggest that there may be a system of differential attention that selects and orders the sensory inputs before the musical material is further processed at higher order hierarchical levels. milatchkov Phen375 review http://phen375reviews.webstarts.com Phen375 reviews I'm impressed, I have to say. Actually hardly ever do I encounter a weblog that's each educative and entertaining, and let me inform you, you've gotten hit the nail on the head. Your idea is excellent; the problem is one thing that not sufficient individuals are speaking intelligently about. I'm very completely happy that I stumbled across this in my seek for something relating to this phen375 reviews Pintor economico Barcelona http://www.ustawy.com Customer suggestions Added to our Customer recommendations Platel, H., Price, C., Baron, J.C., Wise, R., Lambert, J., Frackowiak, R.S.J., Lechevalier, B., & Eustache, F. 1997 The structural components of music perception: A functional anatomical study Brain 120 229-243 Six healthy male subjects between the age of 20 and 30 years old participated in PET scans to measures changes in cerebral blood flow. Tonal patterns of approximately 2.5 seconds were developed utilizing melodic contour or rhythmic patterns of familiar pieces with alterations made to timbre, pitch or rhythm. Activation patterns for familiarity of pitch tasks and rhythm were found in the left hemisphere and activation for timbre was shown on the right. According to the authors, attention to selective components can radically alter the brain activation pattern. Feay-Shaw Polk, M., & Kertesz, A. 1993 Music and language in degenerative disease of the brain Brain and Cognition 22 98-117 Music and language functions were studied in two musicians whose CT and MRI scans showed degenerative diseases. The first patient was aphasic, the second was agraphic but nonaphasic; both exhibited different elements of amusia. Experiments yielded performance deficit patterns which were incongruous between music and language, i.e., the first patient had difficulty with speaking but could produce music fluently, the second patient could read text normally but had impaired music-reading abilities, etc. Findings suggest the existence of independent cognitive systems for language processing and for music processing. Montemayor, M. Pratt, R.R., Abel, H., Skidmore, J. 1995 The effects of neurofeedback training with background music on EEG patterns of ADD and ADHD children. International Journal of Arts Medicine 4 24-31 Nineteen subjects with a primary diagnosis classified as either Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) received neurofeedback training sessions. The subjects in the experimental group listened to background music (Mozart) during the training sessions, while the control group had no music during the training sessions. Mozart was chosen because of the patterned rhythm in the music. To quantify the effects of neurofeedback training on the cortical activity of the brain in ADD and ADHD children, the EEG power in different frequency bands was computed and compared between pre- and posttest of behaviors associated with the disorders: focusing, impulsivity, social skills, and control of moods. The results of the neurofeedback training showed that in general the ADD subjects improved their behavior over ADHD subjects. Specifically, the ADD subjects who had music in the background improved their focus behaviors over the ADD subjects without music. In the areas of impulsivity, social skills, and mood control, there was no significant difference among music listening and no music listening groups. The authors state that having a larger sample size, and using improved software and neurofeedback equipment in a future study might enlighten further on the role of music in neurofeedback training. Reese Property malaysia http://www.propertycrown.com Hi... Thank you for sharing excellent informations. Your web site is very cool. I am impressed by the details that you've on this website. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles. You, my pal, ROCK! I found just the info I already searched everywhere and simply could not come across. What an ideal web site. Que es rinoplastia http://www.cirugias-plasticas.com.mx/que_es_rinoplastia.html Wow.. I truly appreciate this post. I've been looking all over for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You have made my day! Thanks again! "Every time we remember to say thank you, we experience nothing less than heaven on earth." by Sarah Ban Breathnach. Raleigh Shivel http://www.penaltychargesforum.co.uk/blog.php?cp=12 president putin holiday [...]this is helpful for my further studies and i am looking forward to know more about this[...] Ramos, J. & Corsi-Cabrera, M. 1989 Does brain electrical activity react to music? International Journal of Neuroscience 47 351-357 In this study, music is used as a pleasurable auditory stimulus rather than as a mental activity. It is contrasted against a non-musical, unpleasant sound (a crying infant) and EEG patterns are compared. The subjects were chosen based on having a preference for classical music. atwell Rauscher, Frances H. 1997 A Cognitive Basis for the Facilitation of Spatial-Temporal Cognition Through Music Instruction Verna Brummett, Ed. Ithaca Conference '96: Music as Intelligence -- A Sourcebook. Ithaca: Ithaca College 31-44 This article begins with a review of current research on the relationship between spatial-temporal reasoning and music. This is followed by a detailed explanation of an experiment conducted with 78 preschool children to determine the nature of this relationship. The experiment concluded with results that have rather unclear implications and the experiment itself seems subject to a variety of variables which complicate its interpretation. The experiment used a small sample (78 preschool students), providing varying degrees of musical training to designated groups, then testing for spatial reasoning and recognition. Only one group showed a significant test score increase: students who had 15-min. weekly private piano lessons and 30-min. daily singing. The score was on only one of the four tests, and was not seen in the group of students who did only 30-min. daily singing (without piano). The article suggests that results such as these might be effectively utilized by those who advocate the importance of music as an essential component in school curriculum. David Hebert Rideout, B.E., & Laubach, C.M. 1996 EEG correlates of enhanced spatial performance following exposure to music. Perceptual and Motor Skills 82 427-32 The EEG analyses of undergraduate subjects are discussed in relation to performance on two equivalent spatial tests, one following a control procedure and one following exposure to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major. Results suggest that performance improved significantly after the presentation of the music. A correlation between changes in performance and changes in EEG characteristics is also found. Derfler Rideout, B.E., Dougherty, S., Wernert, L. (1998) Effect of Music on Spacial Performance: a Test of Generality. Perceptual and Motor Skills 86(2) 512-4. This research was motivated by the inconsistent results of studies trying to determine whether ten minutes of litening to music would enhance spacial performance. In this study, 16 subjects had improvement with a paper-folding-and-cutting task after listening to ten minutes of a Mozart piano sonata. It should be noted that the subjects also listened to ten minutes of a relaxation tape. J. Gookin Roehmann, F.L., Wilson, F.R., Eds. 1988 The Biology of Music Making: Proceedings of the 1984 Denver Conference St.Louis: MMB Music, Inc. 55-130 Now somewhat dated, 7 articles deal with "Neuropsychologic Issues in Music", including such topics as brain mechanisms, visualization, auditory perception, and PET studies. The authors are primarily neurologists from California and the Northwest, including Frank Wilson, Tedd Judd, George Moore, John Mazziotta, and others. Other sections include articles on related topics, including music and medicine, and biomechanics of the hand. David Hebert Rosenboom, D. 1990 The performing brain Computer Music Journal 14 48-66 David Rosenboom is a composer who has been involved with using neuronal activity (read via EEG) as the basis for compositions from 1969 to the present. In this article, Rosenboom describes some of his brainwave compositions, with an emphasis on EEG and ERP technologies. He also mentions some compositional possibilities of more recent brain imaging techniques (PET, MRI, and CT). The concentration is chiefly upon algorithms Rosenboom developed "to facilitate the evolution in performance of a musical structure in response to shifts in selective attention, as evidenced by phenomena detected in the electroencephalogram (EEG)." Derfler Sarnthein, J., vonStein, A., Rappelsgerger, P., Petsche, H., Rauscher, G.H., Shaw, G. l. (1997) Persistent Patterns of Brain Activity: an EEG Coherence Study of the Positive Effect of Music on Spatial-Temporal Reasoning. Nerological Research. 19(2) 107-16. Using EEG recordings, a study was done on the brain activity of college students following exposure to a Mozart sonata. This research has motivated more studies that demonstrate short-term enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning due to exposure to Mozart, with no enhancement in the control groups. The research team feels that these results provide the beginnings of understanding the casual enhancement of spacial-temporal reasoning when listening to certain music. J. Gookin Schlaug, G., Jancke, L., Huang, Y., Steinmetz, H. 1995 In vivo evidence of structural brain asymmetry in musicians. Science 267 699-701 The authors open with a discussion/review of studies that have shown that the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant in the production and comprehension of language in the vast majority of persons. They also note that right hemispheric activation sites are found for melodic and pitch perception, at least in musically naive subjects. This rightward deviation from the usual pattern of cerebral asymmetry may be associated with increased giftedness for talents for which the right hemisphere is assumed to be important, like musical talent. The authors' study found that the posterior superior temporal gyrus (PT) was more lateralized to the left in musicians, and that the data supporting this concurs with the general concept that because of time constraints of interhemispheric transfer, efficiency of neuronal assemblies is expected to increase with the number of elements clustered in one hemisphere. Reese Schlaug, G.,Jancke, L., Huang, Y., Staiger, J.F., Steinmetz, H. 1995 Increased corpus callosum size in musicians. Neuropsychologia 33 1047-1055 In this study the authors tested the hypothesis that early and intensive training in key and string players may facilitate increased and faster interhemispheric transfer in order to perform complex sequential bimanual motor sequences. They examined 30 professional classical musicians who were also subdivided into musicians who had begun music training before age 7, and a control group of 30 volunteers matched for sex, age, and handedness. Subjects' brains were imaged using MRI under the following conditions: while hand preference was assessed with the Witeson questionaire, while motor performance was assessed by the maximal index finger tapping rate recorded over 20 sec., and by a paper-and-pencil hand dominance test. The results showed that in the hand dominance test and index finger tapping rate musicians showed significantly more symmetric performances of these dexterity tasks. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences in callosal anatomy between musicians and controls. A significantly larger anterior callosum was found in musicians with early commencement of musical training compared to controls, and compared to musicians beginning training after age 7. This variation in callosal size is generally considered to be a morphological substrate of interhemispheric connectivity and of hemispheric symmetry, with more symmetrically organized brains having larger callosa. The authors' results are also compatible with other studies in humans and animals that describe the plastic changes of components of the corpus callosum during a maturation period within the first decade of human life. Reese Sergent, J. (1993) Music, the Brain, and Ravel. Trends in Neurosciences 16(5) 168-72. Although this is an earlier article, it is very well written and provides defense of the importance of understanding the neurocognitive bases of musical function. Sergent discusses the value of studying musicians like Maurice Ravel who have suffered brain damage. Research on such patients will help to understand the music-brain relationship as well as the neurofunctional anatomy of musical abilities. J. Gookin Sergent, J. 1993 Mapping the musician brain Human Brain Mapping 1 20-38 Sergent has looked at studies designed to investigate the musical, cognitive process as it has used the language study model.This investigation looks at problems that arise from hemispheric studies, PET and other models, and what restructuring may be necessary to facilitate useful information being obtained. Further delineation of musical tasks into underlying operations will result in greater specificity of results. Feay-Shaw Sergent, J. 1994 Brain-imaging studies of cognitive functions. Trends in Neuroscience 17 221-227 This article discusses the difficulties involved in brain-imaging studies. The complexities of the PET technique and the fMRI technique are examined. The author highlights several assumptions made in brain-imaging cognitive studies: 1. Variations in CBF (cerebral blood flow) reflect changes in neuronal, and specifically synaptic, activity. 2. Patterns of cerebral activity provide a reliable basis from which to infer functional anatomy even though they depict physiology. 3. Increases in CBF reflects excitatory processes. 4. Increase in CBF is proportionally related to the extent of neuronal activity. 5. The higher the increase in CBF, the higher the contribution of the cerebral area to the realization of the task. 6. Increase in the participation of a structure in a task is reflected by the same CBF increase in all cerebral structures. 7. Absence of CBF change implies no change in cerebral activity. The author also discusses difficulties in methodological issues such as computational models, subtraction, PET being a time-integrated measure of neuronal activity, the relativity of PET findings, experimental designs, mandatory processing, activation versus de-activation, and participation versus necessary involvement. The author concludes by acknowledging that although brain-imaging techniques often promise to progress in uncovering the functional organization of the human brain, our ability to visualize the workings of the brain will be of little use if theoretical frameworks, experimental designs, and procedures for cognitive sutdies do not evolve and adapt together. Reese Sergent, J., Zuck, E., Terriah, S., & MacDonald, B. 1992 Distributed neural network underlying musical sight-reading and keyboard performance. Science 257 106-9 Through PET and MRI techniques, the neuroanatomy of sight-reading was studied in ten professional pianists. After stereotaxic image-averaging across subjects, significant foci of activation due to CBF changes related to the performance of seven task activation conditions resulted in the following findings: cortical areas activated were adjacent to but separate from those involved in similar verbal tasks. These areas of activity form a neural network distributed over the four cortical lobes and the cerebellum. Derfler Site http://www.hazukailut.com/ Read was interesting, stay in touch… [...]please visit the sites we follow, including this one, as it represents our picks from the web[...]… Skus http://www.skus.sk Links [...]Sites of interest we have a link to[...]… Sousou, S.D. (1997) Effects of Melody and Lyrics on Mood and Memory. Perceptual and Motor Skills 85(1) 31-40. This study was done to determine whether music and lyrics would influence the moods of 137 undergraduates at Le Moyne College. The tasks included listening to intrumental music and mentally creating a melody while reading lyrics. The results showed that music, not lyrics, did influence the moods of the participants. J. Gookin Steinberg, R., Gunther, W., Stiltz, I. 1992 EEG-Mapping During Music Stimulation Psychomusicology 11 159-170 This purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the status of musical research with electroencephalography by comparing 4 recent studies in this area. The authors begin with a discussion of the historical development and application of EEG. Then they compare the results discussed in several publications relating to 4 actual studies: Behne & Lehmkuhl 1997, Behne, Lehmkuhl, & Hassebrauck 1988,Breitling et al. 1987, Gunther 1991, Petsche et al. 1988, Steinberg, Raith, & Gunther 1989, and Stiltz 1990. With careful critique of each study the authors come to some general conclusions: "The data presented here suggest that music processing is not as much restricted to well circumscribed cortical or subcortical areas as it seems to be for language processing. A simplistic hemispheric dichotomy for music processing in contrast to language did not appear at all. Rather the involvement of larger areas of both hemispheres can be assumed. The mapping technique serves as an appropriate means for research in understanding the music mind. But as expected, it is obvious that music processing is not a simple, holistic matter, which can be seen as a well determined or performed circuit of the cortex or deeper structures. The clear effect of training suggests the plasticity of nervous structures. Familiarity, expectancy, acceptance, and preference, and even cultural background will play an important role as will the nature of the auditory stimulus itself. This means that stimulus material and presentation will have to be controlled appropriately as well as the subjects' interactions to the stimuli applied." David Hebert Steinberg, R., Gunther,W., Stiltz, I., Rondot, P. 1992 EEG-mapping during music stimulation. Psychomusicology 11 159-170 This article opens with a very general discussion of the attributes and drawbacks of various techniques such as PET, MEG, EEG, fMRI, SPECT, and ERP for identifying cognitive function and the processing of music within the brain. The authors then examine EEG-mapping studies with music published by four different groups: 1. Petsche, et al. 2. Gunther, Steinberg, and Stiltz 3. Breitling and Rondot 4. Behne, et al. The common denominator of the studies is the use of musically noneducated healthy subjects. The authors conclude that the studies examined show that processing is not restricted to well circumscribed cortical or subcortical areas as it seems to be for language processing. They also note that the effect of musical training suggests the plasticity of nervous structures, and that music cognition involves areas of both hemispheres of the brain. Reese Susan Okie 1997 Neurology : the asymmetry of perfect pitch The Washington Post TWP9-233-83 Okie reviews materials on hemispheric dominance of the human brain. People with left-brain dominnce, an area of the brain's left temporal lobe called the planum temporale, which contains nerve cells that process auditory signals, plays an important role in understanding speech. The right brain is involved in spatial skills such as three-dimensional visualization and is also believed to help determine musical talent. Jackie C.T.Lew Swartz, K. P., Walton, J. P., Hantz, E. C., Goldhammer, E., Crummer, G. C., & Frisina, R. D. 1994 P3 event-related potentials and performance of young and old subjects for music perception tasks International Journal of Neuroscience 78 223-239 Event-related potentials data were taken from EEG recordings of young and old non-musician subjects performing auditory discrimination tasks including pitch, timbre, rhythm, and interval discrimination, detection of a meter shift, and discrimination of open and closed harmonic endings. P3 latencies were found to be generally longer in older subjects. No significant differences between the groups were found for performance scores or P3 amplitudes. Pitch and timbre discrimination tasks appear to involve less complex neural processing than do the other tasks. Montemayor, M. Sydney escort www.globallovebookdsaadsadsasd.com Nice... I saw this really good post today. Tervaniemi, M., Alho, K., Paavilainen, P., Sams, M., Naatanen, R. 1993 Absolute Pitch and Event-Related Brain Potentials Music Perception Vol. 10, No. 3 305-316 This concise article, by researchers from the University of Helsinki, describes an experiment utilizing ERP (Event Related Potential) and MMN (mismatched negativity) techniques conducted on a group of "absolute pitch" individuals as well as a control group. Aural stimuli included pitches of the traditional Western scale, as well as quarter tone and semitone pitches. The results suggest that pitch discrimination and identification are distinct tasks, involving different brain processes. David Hebert Tervaniemi, M., Ilvonen, T., Karma, K., Alho, K., Naatanen, R. 1997 The musical brain: brain waves reveal the neurophysiological basis of musicality in human subjects. Neuroscience Letters 226 1-4 This study addressed the neurophysiological basis of cognitive aspect of musicality by recording the mismatch negativity component of the auditory ERP. Subjects were given two sets of same-different tests. One set involved rhythm patterns and the other set involved pitch patterns. The authors felt the results showed that the musical subjects' central auditory system responds more vigorously to temporal-order reversals in repetitive sound patterns than that of the non-musical subjects. And, that this suggests that auditory-cortex based sensory memory encodes the auditory information structure more accurately in the musical than in the non-musical subjects. Reese Triloketrio http://www.dertutrolki.com/ Superb website [...]always a big fan of linking to bloggers that I love but don’t get a lot of link love from[...]… Unlock Nokia phones http://www.unlocknetwork.com Anjanette Hoge I as well conceive thence , perfectly written post! . Used car buying guide http://tipsonbuyingacar.com how to buy used car I do love the way you have framed this situation plus it does indeed present me personally some fodder for thought. Web design newcastle http://www.edot3.com/ I must admit that: Pretty interring angle. I may show a article using my own pals / buddies and may take a note of it all asap. I found ones web site some time ago with subscribed to obtain news not to mention updates. Weight loss calculator http://www.rmrcalculator.org Hiya.. Excellent read, I just passed this onto a friend who was doing some research on that. And he just bought me lunch since I found it for him smile Therefore let me rephrase that: Thanks for lunch! "England and America are two countries separated by the same language." by George Bernard Shaw. Weinberger, Norman M. 1998 Brain, behavior, biology, and music : some research findings and their implications for educational policy Arts Education Policy Review 99 28-36 The author discusses research on the brain and how music affects behavior and brain functions. He focuses primarily on children and the effects of music education on cognitive development. Jackie C. T. Lew Wessinger, C.M., Buonocore, M.H., Kussmaul, C.L., & Mangun, G.R. 1997 Tonotopy in human auditory cortex examined with functional magnetic resonance imaging Human Brain Mapping 5 18-25 Processing of tones within the auditory cortex was investigated using fMRI. Six male subjects underwent a single scanning session with a high frequency tone and low frequency tone stimuli during the scan. Echo planar imaging noise was well outside the focus range of the stimuli tones. Imaging results showed that there were individual sights identified for both the high frequency and low frequency tones. Comparison of subjects showed general similarity of activated area with slight individuality. Feay-Shaw Wieser, H. G., & Mazzola, G. 1986 Musical consonances and dissonances: Are they distinguished independantly by the right and left hippocampi? Neuropsychologia 24 805-812 A very scientific approach to the way the brain registers consonance and dissonance. Depth EEG patterns are recorded in specific areas of the brain while playing sets of intervals. Very specific in the use of music theory as well as neurology. atwell Wilson, B.A., Baddeley, A.D., & Kapur, N. 1995 Dense amnesia in a professional musician following a herpes simplex virus encephalitis Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 17 668-81 Article focuses on the nature of the subject's memory deficits, but does not refer specifically to musical memory problems. The authors did say that the subject's performance ability was not affected in ways apparent to the untrained observer. The authors promised that the subject's musical memoyr would be dealt with in a later publication demorest Zatorre, R.J., Evans, A.C., Meyer, E. (1990). Neural Mechanisms Underlying Melodic Perceptions and Memory for Pitch. Journal of Neuroscience. 14(4) 1908-19. An excellent article about a study on the neural correlates of music perception measured by cerebral blood flow with positron emission tomography. Twelve subjects, six men and six women, were used and none were professional musicians. Using the bolus water method, the volunteers were asked to listen to four conditions. They were: listening to a sequence of noise bursts, listening to unfamiliar tonal melodies, comparing the pitch of the first two notes of the same set of melodies, and comparing the pitch of the first and last notes of the melodies. As predicted, cerebral blood flow increased in the right superior temporal and right occipital corticles in the first two conditions. In the third, (pitch judgements), CBF increased in the right frontal lobe, while the high memory task created CBF in the right frontal and temporal lobes as well as the parietal and insular cortex. J. Gookin Zatorre, R.J., Perry, D.W., Beckett, C.A., Westbury, C.F., & Evans, A.C. (1998) Functional anatomy of musical processing in listeners with absolute pitch and relative pitch. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95 3172-3177 Two groups of musicians, with absolute pitch and relative pitch, are involved in this PET study. Cerebral bloodflow was measured during the presentation of pitches.Both groups exhibited increased blood flow in auditory cortical areas. The absolute pitch group showed activation of the left posterior dorsolateral frontal cortex when listening to tones, which, oddly, only occurs with the relative pitch group during interval quality judgement tasks. The latter group also exhibited right inferior frontal cortex activity during an interval judgement task, by contrast to the AP group. The authors surmise that those with absolute pitch do not require the right inferior frontal cortex mechanisms during the interval identification task. Findings were coroborrated via MRI, revealing a larger left planum temporale volume in the AP group. Rook Zxcvasdfqwer1234 http://www.test1.com Websites worth visiting [...]here are some links to sites that we link to because we think they are worth visiting[...]…