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Kyoto emission limits

European Union 8%

U.S. 7%

Japan and Canada 6%

Russia and Ukraine 0% just hold base line

If all met targets = 5.2% below 1990 levels

Last minute changes to get agreement:

Mechanisms for exchange of emission-reduction obligations between nations by paying cost of larger cut elsewhere

Meeting obligations by planting trees

Lots of additions negotiations over next 3 years after Kyoto signing

USA, Russia, Japan, Canada and others sought more liberal credit fro enhancing CO2 uptake by forests, more flexibility to substitute cuts abroad for cuts a home; Europeans wanted less flexibility in these regards

2000 at Hague, French and German Green Party members say costs/concessions too great to get USA committed

Clinton record confusion and inconsistent

Bush clearly hostile

2002 Bush issues proposal for “greenhouse gas intensity” - GHG emissions/$1 of GDP 18%, more $ for research, tax incentives for renewable energy, programs for voluntary reduction activities