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| The Electromagnetic Spectrum |
| Sun radiates shortwave energy | |
| Shorter wavelengths have higher energy | |
| Earth radiates longwave energy |
| Fig. 4.12 Energy budget by latitude, p. 93. |
| Fig 4.10
Detail of the Earth-atmosphere energy balance, p. 92. . |
| The Earth-Atmosphere Heating & Cooling System |
| More verbal description of EARTH-ATMOSPHERE ENERGY FLUX SYSTEM |
| Total SOLAR INPUTS: 100 Units of Shortwave Radiant Energy INPUTS of which: | |
| - ABSORBED BY ATMOSPHERE: | |
| 3 Units absorbed of Ultraviolet radiation (converted to Heat) by Ozone | |
| 21 Units absorbed by atmospheric gases mainly Carbon Dioxide and Water (vapor, liquid and solid) MAINLY NEAR INFRARED portion of Solar Spectrum | |
| - ABSORBED BY GROUND: | |
| 45 Units of Solar absorbed by ground (non-selective by wavelength) | |
| - REFLECTION OF SHORT-WAVE RADIANT ENERGY: (TOTAL = 31 UNITS) | |
| 28 Units reflected from Atmosphere (especially by clouds = 21, diffuse reflection v& scatter = 7) | |
| 3 Units reflected from the earth | |
| - TOTAL OUTPUTS (Å 100 UNITS): | |
| 31 Units reflected from Atmosphere (28 units) and Earth (3 units) | |
| 8 Units emitted Long-Wave Radiation by Earth to Space | |
| 3 Units emitted Long-Wave Radiation by Stratospheric ozone layer to Space | |
| 58 Units emitted Long-Wave Radiation by Atmosphere to Space | |
| Total = 100 units |
| Atmospheric Heating & Cooling Subsystem |
| Heating and cooling of EARTH SUB-SYSTEM: |
| Next Topics |
| Determinants of Temperature continued | ||
| Daily and seasonal temperature patterns | ||
| Temperature and Elevation | ||
| Temperature and Latitude | ||
| Temperature and Maritime vs. Continental Locations | ||
| Introduction to Water | ||
| Urban Climate & Heat Island | ||
| Human Responses to Temperature Extremes & Wind Chill | ||
| Learning objectives |
| Fig. 5.2 Temperature scales, p. 109. |
| Determinants of Daily and Seasonal Surface Air Temperature Patterns |
| I) Astronomical factors | ||
| a) Output of solar energy (the solar constant) | ||
| b) Earth-Sun distance | ||
| c) DIRECTNESS of incident Solar Radiation | ||
| d) Length of daylight | ||
| II) Atmospheric factors in Surface air temperatures | ||
| a) Diurnal (daily) patterns (highest on average - early afternoon) | ||
| b) Clouds and Moisture (moderate Temperature ranges) | ||
| c) Thickness of atmosphere | ||
| III) Thermodynamic factors | ||
| a) Conduction (major control on daily surface air T. patterns) | ||
| b) Convection (rising air cools, sinking air heats) | ||
| c) Advection (wind) | ||
| d) Angular momentum | ||
| Isotherms |
| Fig. 4.14 Daily radiation curves. |
| Principal Temperature Controls |
| Surface winds in the two hemispheres |
| Coriolis Animation: part 1 |
| Coriolis Animation: part 2 |
| The Coriolis Effect |
| Figure 6.7a Pressure gradient, p. 137. |
| Figure 6.7b Pressure gradient + Coriolis forces (upper level winds), p. 137. |
| Figure 6.7c Pressure gradient + Coriolis + friction forces (surface winds), p. 137. |
| Upper Air Geostrophic Wind in N. Hemisphere |
| Temperature change for past 1800 years |
| Temperature over past 1000 years |
| Global temperature and radiative forcing |
| Ocean vs land heat content |
| Various temperature graphs |
| Patterns of climate change |