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	GEOG 495 The Geographies of Climate Change June 26, 2013

Fig 2.1  Radiation balance of planet earth

Table 2.1  Composition of the atmosphere

Fig. 2.2 Schematic of the natural geenhouse effect

Figure 2.3 Greenhouse

Pioneers of the science of the greenhouse effect

Fig. 2.4  Distribution of temperature

Fig 2.5 Thermal radiation in the infrared region

Fig. 2.6 The blanketing effect of greenhouse gases

Fig. 2.7  Components of the radiaiton entering & leaving the EarthÕs atmosphere

Fig 2.9. Enhanced Green House Gas Effect

Figure 3.1 Global Carbon Cycle

Figure 3.2. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration Houghton, 2009, p. 39.

Fig 3.2a Atmospheric C02 over last 10,00 years

Fig 3.2b CO2 annual change; 5-yr moving ave. 2 sources; top line annual increase if all CO2 stayed in atmosphere (i.e., no oceanic uptake of CO2.

Table 3.1 Components of annual average global carbon budget for 1980s & 1990s in Gt carbon/yr.

Table 3.2 Estimated sources & sinks of methane in millions of tons/year.

Fig. 3.3 CO2 concentrations (monthly averages) Mauna Loa & Baring Head, New Zealand;  O2/N2 ration

Fig. 3.5  Possible effects of climate feedbacks on the carbon cycle.

Fig. 3.6 Changes in(a) methane & (b) nitrous oxide concentrations over last 10,000 years

Ozone depletion over Antarctica Sept. 1980  & Sept 2008.

Figure 3.7 Distribution of atmospheric aerosols:

Fig, 3.7a  Distribution of total aersol optical depth  (Houghton, 2009, p. 59)

Fig 3.7b Amount of sulphate (SO4) aerosol  (Houghton, 2009, p. 59)

Figure 3.8 Model calculation of effect on global man surface air temperatue of removing all sulphate aerosols in the year 2000.

Figure 3.9 Cloud albedo & lifetime indirect effect on radiation forcing.

Fig. 3.10 Cloud droplet radii for ship track clouds and background water clouds

Figure 3.11 Global annual mean radiative forcings (W/m2)

Figure 3.12 Global surface albedo for the period 1-16, January 2002.

Annual average Global Surface Temperature Change 1880-202008 relative to the average temperature for the period 1901-2000 (gray bar is incertainty).

Probability of Temperature extremes with climate.

Holocene temperature variations Source: Kitchen, 2014, p. 5.

1.1 Pause for thought