What have been/were the arguments in Russia for and against ratifications of Kyoto Protocol?
¥Against
Climate change impacts may be positive for high Latitude Russia
Extent of anthropogenic climate change is (very) uncertain
Revenues from ratification and compliance are likely to be low
Costs would be too high for domestic compliance
Kyoto Protocol unfair because not all countries have taken on emission (reduction) commitments
Second phase or post-2012 GHG limits could conflict with RussiaÕs ambitious economic growth goals
US withdrawal, makes Kyoto Protocol nearly pointless
Kyoto Protocol is at best ineffective and more radical approaches are necessary
Sources: Pluzhnikov (2002), Nikitina (2003), Williamson (2004) and  Kkorppoo et al (2006).