What have been/were the arguments in Russia for and against ratifications of Kyoto Protocol?
¥Against
–Climate change impacts may be positive for high Latitude Russia
–Extent of anthropogenic climate change is (very) uncertain
–Revenues from ratification and compliance are likely to be low
–Costs would be too high for domestic compliance
–Kyoto Protocol unfair because not all countries have taken on emission (reduction) commitments
–Second phase or post-2012 GHG limits could conflict with RussiaÕs ambitious economic growth goals
–US withdrawal, makes Kyoto Protocol nearly pointless
–Kyoto Protocol is at best ineffective and more radical approaches are necessary
Sources: Pluzhnikov (2002), Nikitina (2003), Williamson (2004) and  Kkorppoo et al (2006).