Environmental Expenditure in Russia, 1992 – 1997
(% GDP)
1992 1993 1994 1995 1997
Total expenditure* 1.58 1.64 2.28 2.60 2.15
Incl. operation/
Maintenance 1.21 1.17 1.75 2.1 1.75
Gross fixed capital
formation .28 .35 .39 .39 .32
Forest/nature
management .09 .12 .14 .11 .09
Revenue from
ecological funds .24 .046 .066 .057 .056
*Includes OECD estimates of offset payments as
well as monetary expenditures
Source: OCED Environmental Performance Reviews,
p. 146