¥
–WWI & Civil War -2 million
–Epidemics 1917-23 - 3 million
–Famines, human-induced -5.5 million
–Forced collectivization - 10 million
–Famines & Purges of the 1930s - 15 million
–World War II -
¥Direct losses - 25-30 million
¥Population indirect effects -birth deficits - 15 million
–Total population deficits including Òecho effects
total ~ 150 million by 1991