¥Rich chernozem (black
earth)
¥Construction of Black Sea
ports
¥Russian Ukraine becomes
breadbasket of Europe
¥Moscow-Ivanovo textile belt
flourished
¥Old manufacturing complexes in
St. Petersburg grew and
¥
diversified
¥Coking coal of Donets Basin
(Donbas) and high-grade iron ore
¥ of Kryvyy
Rih exclipse charcoal-based metallurgy of Urals
¥European timber markets
invigorated both European North and port
¥ of ArkhangelÕsk
¥Emancipation of serfs in
1861
¥Trans-Siberian RR begun 1891,
finished in 1917
¥Revolution, foreign
intervention, and civil war 1918-1921
¥