| Return to Home Page |
| Historical Geography #8 |
| Historical Geography #9 |
| Historical Geography #10 |
| Growth of the Russian (European) Empire |
| 1533-1598 |
| Russian EmpireÕs March across Siberia |
| RussiaÕs turn westward |
| Catherine II (Òthe GreatÓ) |
| Catherine IIÕs successors |
| 19th century economic transformation |
| Fig 1.13 Industrial Geography of European Russia 1913. |
| Table 1.2 Russian industrial output |
| Table 1.3 National income in 1913: Russia & other selected countries |
| Table 1.4 Russian economic indicators, 1890-1914 |
| MarxÕs Historical Materialism |
| Primitive communism | |
| Slavery | |
| Feudalism | |
| Capitalism | |
| Socialism | |
| Communism | |
| Soviet economic history |
| Revolution | |
| War Communism | |
| New Economic Policy | |
| Industrialization Debate | |
| Scissors crisis | |
| Soviet Economic Development Model |
| Early Economic History |
| Civil War (1917-1920) | |
| War Communism (approx. 1917-1921) | |
| New Economic Policy (NEP) (1921-1928) | |
| Industrialization Debate (1924-1928) | |
| First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) | |
| Second 5-Yr Plan (1933-1937) | |
| Third 5-Yr Plan disrupted (1938-1942) | |
| Fourth 5-Yr Plan (1946-1950) |
| Early Economic History |
| Civil War (1917-1920) | |
| War Communism (approx. 1917-1921) | |
| New Economic Policy (NEP) (1921-1928) | |
| Industrialization Debate (1924-1928) | |
| First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) | |
| Second 5-Yr Plan (1933-1937) | |
| Third 5-Yr Plan disrupted (1938-1942) | |
| Fourth 5-Yr Plan (1946-1950) |
| Key Polices of War Communism |
| Nationalization of all businesses with 5 or more employees | |
| Elimination of markets in agriculture and retail trade | |
| Agriculture remained in private ownership & control | |
| Massive spontaneous peasant land seizures and land redistribution in 1917 | |
| Industrial labor conscripted | |
| Labor receives payments-in-kind from state stores | |
| Requisitioned agriculture produce | |
| Demonetized economic environment | |
| Tax-in-kind of peasants | |
| Practically all food stuffs rationed |
| Tensions during War Communism |
| Passive peasant resistance–> | |
| Famine of 1921 | |
| Kronstadt Naval Revolt 1921 | |
| Lenin calls for tactical retreat 1921 | |
| NEP comes into effect in 1922 |
| No.2 banks & No 3 ind. enterprises |
| No. 4 Foreign trade & No 5 Inheritance |
| No. 6 large ind & No 7 real estate |
| No. 8 Constitution - Chapter 2 |
| Fig 2.1 USSR about 1923. |
| NEP policies |
| Revival of private ownership & market economy | |
| BUT small & medium industries and transport facilities remained nationalized | |
| Reason: create incentive for peasants to produce | |
| NEP –> spectacularly rapid increases in output, I.e., restoring production | |
| Improve smyshka between peasants & proletariat | |
| By 1926 significant class wealth division in countryside - kulaks | |
| Scissors crisis worsens | |
| No, 9 NEP |
| Industrialization Debates |
| Question of pace and source of investment | ||
| Question of sectoral distribution of investment | ||
| Question of pace of industrialization | ||
| Right - gradualist | ||
| Bukharin, Stalin, slow, emphasis on agriculture | ||
| Left - intensive industrialization, rapid pace | ||
| - Preobrazhensky, Trotsky | ||
| Backdrop for political power struggle after Lenin dies in 1924 | ||
| Irony - according to Marxism, primitive capitalist accumulation, with concomitant increasing misery of the working class, was to provide the material basis for socialism | ||
| Right - ÒnaturalÓ socioeconomic development | ||
| Left - violation of Marxist doctrine | ||
| By 1928 Stalin had a free hand and embarked on decisive, radically new policies. | ||
| No. 10 - output 1913-1928 |
| End of NEP |
| Deteriorating economic conditions of 1927-28 | ||
| December 1929 Stalin issues collectivization orders | ||
| By March 1930 - over 50% of agriculture labor force in collectives. | ||
| Arguments for collectivization: | ||
| 1) increase marketed share of agriculture production | ||
| 2) shift resources from consumption into industrial investments | ||
| 3) eliminate private ownership of land | ||
| 4) vanquish the kulak opposition to StalinÕs regime | ||
| No. 16 - Dizzy with Success |