¥Environmental Justice (1970s - present): Ecological problems exist
because of the structure of society and its
imperatives, and the benefits of environmental exploitation accrue to the
wealthy while the poor and marginal bear most of the costs. Hence the resolution of environmental problems requires fundamental social
change (CitizenÕs Clearinghouse for Hazardous
Waste).
¥Deep Ecology (1980s - ): The richness and diversity of life has intrinsic
values, so human life is privileged only
to the extent of satisfying basic needs. Maintenance of biodiversity
requires decreasing the human impact (Earth First!).
¥Ecofeminism (1980s - present): Ecosystem abuse us rooted in androcentric ideas and institutions. Relations of complementarity rather
than domination are required to resolve conflicts between
culture/nature, human/nonhuman, and male/female relationships (World
Women in Development and Environment).
¥Ecospiritualism (1990s- present): Nature is GodÕs creation, and
humans have a moral
obligation to keep and tend the creation, including biodiversity and unpolluted
ecosystems (National Council of Churches, as well as some new evangelical
church movements).
"Source: E&S, p. 273.