¥Preservation & Transcendentalism(1830s - ): Nature important to support both the physical and spiritual
life of humans, hence continued existence of wilderness and
wildlife undisturbed by human action is necessary (ex.,
Wilderness Society, Sierra Club) Henry David Thoreau ÒOn Walden Pond,Ó Ralph Waldo
Emerson, George Catlin,
John Muir.
¥Conservation (1860s - ): Natural Resources should be scientifically managed from a utilitarian prospective to
provide for the greatest good for the people over the longest
period of time (Society of American Foresters) TD, Pinchot.
¥Wildlife Management (1890s-): The scientific management of ecosystems can ensure stable populations
of wildlife, viewed as a crop from which excess populations can be
harvested, particularly in creation and sport (Ducks Unlimited, Aldo
Leopold).
¥Reform Environmentalism (1870s - peaked in 1960s): Human health is linked to ecosystem conditions like
water quality and air pollution. To maintain a healthy human society,
ecologically responsible actions are required, which can be
developed and implemented through the natural sciences
(Environmental Disaster Fund - Love Canal).
¥Source: E&S, p. 273.